RESUMO
Like other lepidopteran insects, males of the tobacco cutworm moth, Spodoptera litura produce two kinds of spermatozoa, eupyrene (nucleate) and apyrene (anucleate) sperm. Formed in the testis, both kinds of sperm are released into the male reproductive tract in an immature form and are stored in the duplex region of the tract. Neither type of sperm is motile at this stage. When stored apyrene sperm from the duplex are treated in vitro with an extract of the prostatic region of the male tract, or with mammalian trypsin, they become motile; activation is greater and achieved more rapidly with increasing concentration of extract or enzyme. The activating effect of prostatic extract is blocked by soybean trypsin inhibitor (SBTI), also in a dose-dependent way. These results suggest that the normal sperm-activating process is due to an endogenous trypsin-like protease produced in the prostatic region. Proteomic analysis of S. litura prostatic extracts revealed a Trypsin-Like Serine Protease, TLSP, molecular weight 27 kDa, whose 199-residue amino acid sequence is identical to that of a predicted protein from the S. litura genome and is highly similar to predicted proteins encoded by genes in the genomes of several other noctuid moth species. Surprisingly, TLSP is only distantly related to Serine Protease 2 (initiatorin) of the silkmoth, Bombyx mori, the only identified lepidopteran protein so far shown to activate sperm. TLSP has features typical of secreted proteins, probably being synthesized as an inactive precursor zymogen, which is later activated by proteolytic cleavage. cDNA was synthesized from total RNA extracted from the prostatic region and was used to examine TLSP expression using qPCR. tlsp mRNA was expressed in both the prostatic region and the accessory glands of the male tract. Injection of TLSP-specific dsRNA into adult males caused a significant reduction after 24 h in tlsp mRNA levels in both locations. The number of eggs laid by females mated to adult males that were given TLSP dsRNA in 10 % honey solution, and the fertility (% hatched) of the eggs were reduced. Injecting pupae with TLSP dsRNA caused the later activation of apyrene sperm motility by adult male prostatic extracts to be significantly reduced compared to controls. Exposure of S. litura pupae to ionizing radiation significantly reduced expression of tlsp mRNA in the prostatic part and accessory gland of irradiated males in both the irradiated generation and also in their (unirradiated) F1 progeny. The implications of these findings for the use of the inherited sterility technique for the control of S. litura and other pest Lepidoptera are discussed.
Assuntos
Proteínas de Insetos , Espermatozoides , Spodoptera , Animais , Masculino , Spodoptera/genética , Spodoptera/enzimologia , Proteínas de Insetos/metabolismo , Proteínas de Insetos/genética , Espermatozoides/efeitos da radiação , Interferência de RNA , Sequência de Aminoácidos , Genitália Masculina/metabolismo , Genitália Masculina/efeitos da radiação , Proteômica , Serina Proteases/metabolismo , Serina Proteases/genética , Radiação Ionizante , Serina Endopeptidases/metabolismo , Serina Endopeptidases/genética , TranscriptomaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The impact of electromagnetic radiation from communication on the male reproductive system has emerged as a significant concern in public health. A notable distinction of the 5G sub-6 GHz band, compared to traditional 2G, 3G, and 4G frequency bands, is the inclusion of higher frequency bands. This has raised public concerns regarding the potential effects of these higher frequencies on organisms, particularly their reproductive systems. While it is imperative to investigate the biological effects and potential risks associated with these new frequency bands in laboratory settings, comparing and evaluating differences between various frequency bands remain challenging due to the absence of standardized parameters such as exposure conditions and duration. In contrast, dose assessment offers a simpler and more reliable approach. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The dose assessment method was employed in this study to investigate the risks associated with sub-6 GHz electromagnetic radiation from 5G base stations on the male reproductive system. A classical human body model (Duke) was utilized, and an electromagnetic simulation environment was established based on the actual polarization direction of the exposed base stations and various body postures. This research explored the effects of field direction, posture, public population, and frequency on the specific absorption rate of the reproductive system. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: While maintaining the same level of exposure, a higher frequency results in a reduced dosage on reproductive system. Further analysis reveals that, considering the public exposure threshold, the employment of higher frequency bands in 5G sub-6 GHz does not present a greater dosage on reproductive system compared to lower frequency bands. Consequently, with regard to dosage, there is no need for excessive concern among the general public regarding the impact of electromagnetic radiation emitted by 5G base stations operating below 6 GHz on male reproductive health.
Assuntos
Radiação Eletromagnética , Masculino , Humanos , Absorção de Radiação , Reprodução/efeitos da radiação , Genitália Masculina/efeitos da radiação , Doses de RadiaçãoRESUMO
Male fertility has been declining in recent decades, and a growing body of research points to environmental and lifestyle factors as the cause. The widespread use of radiation technology may result in more people affected by male infertility, as it is well established that radiation can cause reproductive impairment in men. This article provides a review of radiation-induced damage to male reproduction, and the effects of damage mechanisms and pharmacotherapy. It is hoped that this review will contribute to the understanding of the effects of radiation on male reproduction, and provide information for research into drugs that can protect the reproductive health of males.
Assuntos
Reprodução , Masculino , Humanos , Reprodução/efeitos da radiação , Reprodução/efeitos dos fármacos , Infertilidade Masculina/prevenção & controle , Infertilidade Masculina/etiologia , Genitália Masculina/efeitos da radiação , AnimaisRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Exposure to the ionizing radiation (IR) encountered outside the magnetic field of the Earth poses a persistent threat to the reproductive functions of astronauts. The potential effects of space IR on the circadian rhythms of male reproductive functions have not been well characterized so far. METHODS: Here, we investigated the circadian effects of IR exposure (3 Gy X-rays) on reproductive functional markers in mouse testicular tissue and epididymis at regular intervals over a 24-h day. For each animal, epididymis was tested for sperm motility, and the testis tissue was used for daily sperm production (DSP), testosterone levels, and activities of testicular enzymes (glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH), sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH), lactic dehydrogenase (LDH), and acid phosphatase (ACP)), and the clock genes mRNA expression such as Clock, Bmal1, Ror-α, Ror-ß, or Ror-γ. RESULTS: Mice exposed to IR exhibited a disruption in circadian rhythms of reproductive markers, as indicated by decreased sperm motility, increased daily sperm production (DSP), and reduced activities of testis enzymes such as G6PDH, SDH, LDH, and ACP. Moreover, IR exposure also decreased mRNA expression of five clock genes (Clock, Bmal1, Ror-α, Ror-ß, or Ror-γ) in testis, with alteration in the rhythm parameters. CONCLUSION: These findings suggested potential health effects of IR exposure on reproductive functions of male astronauts, in terms of both the daily overall level as well as the circadian rhythmicity.
Assuntos
Ritmo Circadiano/efeitos da radiação , Expressão Gênica/efeitos da radiação , Genitália Masculina/efeitos da radiação , Exposição à Radiação , Radiação Ionizante , Fenômenos Reprodutivos Fisiológicos/efeitos da radiação , Fatores de Transcrição ARNTL/genética , Fosfatase Ácida , Animais , Proteínas CLOCK/genética , Epididimo/efeitos da radiação , Glucosefosfato Desidrogenase , L-Iditol 2-Desidrogenase , L-Lactato Desidrogenase , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Modelos Animais , Membro 1 do Grupo F da Subfamília 1 de Receptores Nucleares/genética , Membro 2 do Grupo F da Subfamília 1 de Receptores Nucleares/genética , Membro 3 do Grupo F da Subfamília 1 de Receptores Nucleares/genética , RNA Mensageiro/genética , Motilidade dos Espermatozoides/efeitos da radiação , Espermatozoides/efeitos da radiação , Testículo/enzimologia , Testículo/efeitos da radiaçãoRESUMO
Extensive use of Wi-Fi has contributed to radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation (RF-EMR) pollution in environment. Various studies have been conducted to evaluate the effect of RF-EMR emitted by Wi-Fi transmitter on male reproduction health. However, there are conflicting findings between studies. Thus, this review aims to elucidate the possible effects of 2.45 GHz Wi-Fi exposure on both animal and human male reproductive system. A computerized database search performed through MEDLINE via Ovid and PUBMED with the following set of keywords: 'Wi-Fi or WiFi or wireless fidelity or Wi-Fi router or WiFi router or electromagnetic or radiofrequency radiation' AND 'sperm or spermatozoa or spermatogenesis or semen or seminal plasma or testes or testis or testosterone or male reproduction' had returned 526 articles. Only 17 studies conformed to pre-set inclusion criterion. Additional records identified through Google Scholar and reviewed article further revealed six eligible articles. A total of 23 articles were used for data extraction, including 15 studies on rats, three studies on mice, and five studies on human health. Sperm count, motility and DNA integrity were the most affected parameters when exposed to RF-EMR emitted by Wi-Fi transmitter. Unfortunately, sperm viability and morphology were inconclusive. Structural and/or physiological analyses of the testes showed degenerative changes, reduced testosterone level, increased apoptotic cells, and DNA damage. These effects were mainly due to the elevation of testicular temperature and oxidative stress activity. In conclusion, exposure towards 2.45 GHz RF-EMR emitted by Wi-Fi transmitter is hazardous on the male reproductive system.
Assuntos
Radiação Eletromagnética , Genitália Masculina/efeitos da radiação , Animais , Humanos , MasculinoRESUMO
INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE: In the light of current data concerning the growing exposure to ionizing radiation (IR) originating from atrificial sources, especially from medical ones, and also related to occupational exposure, it is justifiable to systematize the state of knowledge concerning the effect of IR on the male reproductive system. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE STATE OF KNOWLEDGE: There is no basis for the application of the hypothesis of hormesis in the area of male reproductive health. Regarding the impact of IR on spermatogenesis, spermatogonia are less susceptible to the occurrence of DNA damage after exposition to IR, but are characterized by slower DNA repair compared to somatic cells. Damage to the genes after exposure to IR is possible at each stage of spermatogenesis; however, haploidal spermatids show the highest radiosensitivity in this respect. The genetic risk of the cells differentiating during spermatogenesis is limited to one cycle of spermatogenesis, whereas the genetic instability may persist for the whole period of life, and DNA damage induced by IR may be transmitted to future generations. The minimum dose causing detectable DNA damage was 30 Gy. While exceeding this dose, the number of single-strand DNA breaks increases. Among males exposed to IR, a decrease was observed in sperm motility and in the percentage of morphologically normal spermatozoa as well as in an intensification of vacuolization. The genetic material in the sperm of these males showed higher fragmentation and methylation of genomic DNA. CONCLUSION: In the context of the epidemiological situation concerning the prevalence of infertility, while assessing the health effects of exposure to IR from artificial, including medical sources, the reproductive risk should be considered.
Assuntos
Genitália Masculina/efeitos da radiação , Espermatozoides/efeitos da radiação , Animais , Dano ao DNA/efeitos da radiação , Humanos , Masculino , Radiação Ionizante , Espermatogênese/efeitos da radiação , Espermatozoides/citologiaRESUMO
CBLB502, a Toll-like receptor (TLR)5 agonist derived from Salmonella flagellin, was shown to protect mammalian hematopoietic and gastrointestinal systems from acute irradiation syndrome and to stimulate regeneration. To explore whether CBLB502 can improve testicular injuries caused by irradiation, mice were intraperitoneally injected with 0.2 mg/kg CBLB502 or vehicle control 30 min prior to applying 5.0 Gy ionizing radiation (IR). We observed these mice for the following 120 days and determined that CBLB502 pretreatment alleviated IR-induced oxidative stress, alleviated the distorted architecture of seminiferous tubules, reversed the decline of sperm quantity and quality, and helped recover male mouse fertility. Additionally, CBLB502 efficiently reduced DNA damage and chromosomal aberrations in IR-treated mice and their offspring. Due to the suppression of p53-dependent apoptosis, in IR-treated mice, CBLB502 was shown to significantly activate the nuclear factor kappa B (NFκB) pathway and reduce the apoptotic rate in association with an increase in anti-apoptotic B-cell lymphoma 2 levels and a decrease in the levels of DNA repair protein and proliferating cell nuclear antigen. Moreover, an IR-induced reduction in serum testosterone and superoxide dismutase levels and an increase in malondialdehyde levels were considerably reversed in CBLB502-pretreated mice. No significant reverse effects were found in Tlr5 knockout mice, suggesting that protection of the testis against IR by CBLB502 is primarily dependent on the TLR5 signaling pathway. Our results may help further investigations into potential CBLB502 applications for the protection of the male reproductive system during radiotherapy.
Assuntos
Doenças dos Genitais Masculinos/prevenção & controle , Genitália Masculina/efeitos dos fármacos , Peptídeos/uso terapêutico , Lesões por Radiação/prevenção & controle , Protetores contra Radiação/uso terapêutico , Radioterapia/efeitos adversos , Animais , Citoproteção/efeitos dos fármacos , Avaliação Pré-Clínica de Medicamentos , Preservação da Fertilidade/métodos , Doenças dos Genitais Masculinos/etiologia , Genitália Masculina/patologia , Genitália Masculina/efeitos da radiação , Infertilidade Masculina/etiologia , Infertilidade Masculina/prevenção & controle , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Camundongos Knockout , Peptídeos/farmacologia , Lesões por Radiação/complicações , Radiação Ionizante , Dosagem Radioterapêutica , Receptor 5 Toll-Like/agonistas , Receptor 5 Toll-Like/genéticaRESUMO
Since the development of communication devices and expansion of their applications, there have been concerns about their harmful health effects. The main aim of this study was to investigate laptop thermal effects caused by exposure to electromagnetic fields and thermal sources simultaneously; propose a nondestructive, replicable process that is less expensive than clinical measurements; and to study the effects of positioning any new device near the human body in steady state conditions to ensure safety by U.S. and European standard thresholds. A computer simulation was designed to obtain laptop heat flux from SolidWorks flow simulation. Increase in body temperature due to heat flux was calculated, and antenna radiation was calculated using Computer Simulation Technology (CST) Microwave Studio software. Steady state temperature and specific absorption rate (SAR) distribution in user's body, and heat flux beneath the laptop, were obtained from simulations. The laptop in its high performance mode caused 420 (W/m2 ) peak two-dimensional heat flux beneath it. The cumulative effect of laptop in high performance mode and 1 W antenna radiation resulted in temperatures of 42.9, 38.1, and 37.2 °C in lap skin, scrotum, and testis, that is, 5.6, 2.1, and 1.4 °C increase in temperature, respectively. Also, 1 W antenna radiation caused 0.37 × 10-3 and 0.13 × 10-1 (W/kg) peak three-dimensional SAR at 2.4 and 5 GHz, respectively, which could be ignored in reference to standards and temperature rise due to laptop use. Bioelectromagnetics. 38:550-558, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Assuntos
Simulação por Computador , Computadores , Campos Eletromagnéticos/efeitos adversos , Genitália Masculina/efeitos da radiação , Pele/efeitos da radiação , Temperatura , Absorção de Radiação , Adulto , Temperatura Corporal/efeitos da radiação , Humanos , Masculino , Especificidade de ÓrgãosRESUMO
AIM: To retrospectively investigate the risk factors and time to occurrence of genitourinary (GU) toxicity after radiotherapy for localized prostate cancer. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The study included 320 patients. The radiotherapy planning target volume encompassed the prostate with a 1-cm margin in the transverse plane and a 1-cm margin (Group A) or a 1.5-cm margin (Group B) in the longitudinal plane. Incidence rates, risk factors and time to occurrence of GU toxicity were evaluated. RESULTS: After a median follow-up of 38.2 months, the rate of late grade 2-3 GU toxicity was 5.9% and the median interval was 18.3 months. The wider longitudinal margin was the single significant independent factor. The 2-year cumulative incidence rates of late grade ≥2 GU toxicity were 2.8% and 7.5% in Group A and B patients. CONCLUSION: A wider radiotherapy margin increased the risk of GU toxicity and led to earlier occurrence.
Assuntos
Genitália Masculina/efeitos da radiação , Neoplasias da Próstata/radioterapia , Sistema Urinário/efeitos da radiação , Idoso , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Radioterapia/efeitos adversos , Fatores de Risco , Fatores de Tempo , Adulto JovemRESUMO
BACKGROUND: To assess the relationship between dosimetric parameters and the quality of life (QL) outcomes of patients with low-intermediate-risk localised prostate cancer (LPC) treated with low-dose-rate brachytherapy (LDR-BT). MATERIALS AND METHODS: We evaluated the participants in two consecutive prospective studies of the QL of patients treated with LDR-BT for LPC. QL was evaluated by means of a patient-completed questionnaire assessing non functional [physical (PHY) and psychological (PSY) well-being, physical autonomy (POW), social relationships (REL)] and functional scales [urinary (URI), rectal (REC), and sexual (SEX) function]; a scale for erectile function (ERE) was included in the second study. Urethra (D10 ≤ 210 Gy) and rectal wall constraints (V100 ≤ 0.5 cc) were used for pre-planning dosimetry and were assessed with post planning computerized tomography one month later for each patient. RESULTS: QL was assessed in 251 LPC patients. Dosimetry did not influence the non-functional scales. As expected, a progressive impairment in sexual and erectile function was reported one month after LDR-BT, and became statistically significant after the third year. Rectal function significantly worsened after LDR-BT, but the differences progressively decreased after the 1-year assessment. Overall urinary function significantly worsened immediately after LDR-BT and then gradually improved over the next three years. Better outcomes were reported for V100 rectal wall volumes of ≤ 0.5 cc and D10 urethra values of ≤ 210 Gy. CONCLUSIONS: The findings of this study show that dosimetric parameters influence only functional QL outcomes while non-functional outcomes are only marginally influenced.
Assuntos
Adenocarcinoma/radioterapia , Braquiterapia/efeitos adversos , Neoplasias da Próstata/radioterapia , Qualidade de Vida , Dosagem Radioterapêutica , Atividades Cotidianas , Adenocarcinoma/psicologia , Idoso , Braquiterapia/métodos , Seguimentos , Genitália Masculina/efeitos da radiação , Humanos , Relações Interpessoais , Enteropatias/etiologia , Enteropatias/psicologia , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Órgãos em Risco/efeitos da radiação , Estudos Prospectivos , Neoplasias da Próstata/psicologia , Planejamento da Radioterapia Assistida por Computador , Reto/efeitos da radiação , Disfunções Sexuais Fisiológicas/etiologia , Disfunções Sexuais Fisiológicas/psicologia , Inquéritos e Questionários , Uretra/efeitos da radiação , Bexiga Urinária/efeitos da radiação , Transtornos Urinários/etiologia , Transtornos Urinários/psicologiaRESUMO
This study was designed to investigate the effects of 2 weeks of exposure of male mice to bisphenol A (BPA) alone or in a combination with X-rays on the sperm count and quality as well as induction of DNA strand breaks in somatic and germ cells. Pzh:SFIS male mice were exposed to X-rays (0.05 and 0.10 Gy) or BPA (5, 10, 20, and 40 mg/kg) or to a combination of both (0.05 Gy + 5 mg/kg body weight of BPA and 0.10 Gy + 10 mg/kg of BPA). Both X-rays and BPA administered alone decreased sperm count and quality. X-rays induced DNA strand breaks in spleen cells, whereas BPA induced DNA strand breaks in lymphocytes and in cells from spleen, kidneys, and lung and in germ cells. After combined exposure to both agents, sperm count and quality were similar as after exposure to each agent alone and significantly reduced, compared to control. Levels of DNA damage in somatic and germ cells after combined exposure to lower, as well as higher, doses were significantly reduced, compared to the effects of BPA alone. Results confirmed the mutagenic ability of BPA. Combined exposure to X-rays and BPA leads to the prevention of DNA damage in somatic and germ cells of mice.
Assuntos
Compostos Benzidrílicos/toxicidade , Dano ao DNA , Disruptores Endócrinos/toxicidade , Genitália Masculina/efeitos dos fármacos , Genitália Masculina/efeitos da radiação , Fenóis/toxicidade , Raios X/efeitos adversos , Animais , Masculino , Camundongos , Contagem de Espermatozoides , Motilidade dos Espermatozoides/efeitos dos fármacos , Motilidade dos Espermatozoides/efeitos da radiaçãoRESUMO
In recent decades, concern has been growing about decreasing fecundity and fertility in the human population. Exposure to non-ionizing electromagnetic fields (EMF), especially radiofrequency (RF) fields used in wireless communications has been suggested as a potential risk factor. For the first time, we evaluated the effects of exposure to the 2450MHz Wi-Fi signal (1h/day, 6days/week) on the reproductive system of male and female Wistar rats, pre-exposed to Wi-Fi during sexual maturation. Exposure lasted 3 weeks (males) or 2 weeks (females), then animals were mated and couples exposed for 3 more weeks. On the day before delivery, the fetuses were observed for lethality, abnormalities, and clinical signs. In our experiment, no deleterious effects of Wi-Fi exposure on rat male and female reproductive organs and fertility were observed for 1h per days. No macroscopic abnormalities in fetuses were noted, even at the critical level of 4W/kg.
Assuntos
Desenvolvimento Embrionário/efeitos da radiação , Desenvolvimento Fetal/efeitos da radiação , Infertilidade Feminina/etiologia , Infertilidade Masculina/etiologia , Ondas de Rádio/efeitos adversos , Maturidade Sexual/efeitos da radiação , Tecnologia sem Fio , Animais , Relação Dose-Resposta à Radiação , Implantação do Embrião/efeitos da radiação , Perda do Embrião/etiologia , Ingestão de Energia/efeitos da radiação , Feminino , Genitália Masculina/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Genitália Masculina/imunologia , Genitália Masculina/efeitos da radiação , Masculino , Exposição Materna/efeitos adversos , Tamanho do Órgão/efeitos da radiação , Ovário/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Ovário/imunologia , Ovário/efeitos da radiação , Exposição Paterna/efeitos adversos , Distribuição Aleatória , Ratos , Ratos WistarRESUMO
Approximately 50% of males will develop cancer during their lifetime. In the past, oncologic therapies have largely been focused primarily on cure of the underlying malignancy. With improvements in both diagnostic modalities and treatments, pediatric and adult cancer patients are routinely surviving their disease. For this large group of patients, survivorship issues have become a major concern. Central among these survivorship issues is fertility. For males diagnosed with a malignancy, impaired reproductive potential is often noted even before any cancer therapy has been initiated. Furthermore, cancer treatments, in the form of chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and surgery, can all have potentially deleterious and lasting effects on male reproductive capability. For these reasons, a change in oncologic treatment paradigms has occurred. Now, the offer of fertility preservation to males diagnosed with cancer is a key component of comprehensive oncologic care.
Assuntos
Preservação da Fertilidade/métodos , Infertilidade Masculina/prevenção & controle , Adolescente , Adulto , Antineoplásicos/efeitos adversos , Antineoplásicos/uso terapêutico , Azoospermia/fisiopatologia , Criança , Disfunção Erétil/etiologia , Disfunção Erétil/terapia , Previsões , Genitália Masculina/lesões , Genitália Masculina/fisiopatologia , Genitália Masculina/efeitos da radiação , Genitália Masculina/cirurgia , Humanos , Hipogonadismo/etiologia , Sistema Hipotálamo-Hipofisário/fisiopatologia , Sistema Hipotálamo-Hipofisário/efeitos da radiação , Sistema Hipotálamo-Hipofisário/cirurgia , Infertilidade Masculina/etiologia , Síndrome de Klinefelter/fisiopatologia , Masculino , Neoplasias/psicologia , Neoplasias/terapia , Traumatismos dos Nervos Periféricos/etiologia , Complicações Pós-Operatórias/etiologia , Complicações Pós-Operatórias/prevenção & controle , Lesões por Radiação/etiologia , Lesões por Radiação/fisiopatologia , Radioterapia/efeitos adversos , Análise do Sêmen , Preservação do Sêmen , Bancos de Esperma , Espermatogênese/efeitos dos fármacos , Espermatogênese/fisiologia , Espermatogênese/efeitos da radiação , Sobreviventes/psicologiaRESUMO
More and more evidence from over 50 years of researches on the effects of electromagnetic radiation on male reproduction show that a certain dose of electromagnetic radiation obviously damages male reproduction, particularly the structure and function of spermatogenic cells. The mechanisms of the injury may be associated with energy dysmetabolism, lipid peroxidation, abnormal expressions of apoptosis-related genes and proteins, and DNA damage.
Assuntos
Dano ao DNA/efeitos da radiação , Radiação Eletromagnética , Reprodução/efeitos da radiação , Animais , Proteínas Reguladoras de Apoptose/metabolismo , Relação Dose-Resposta à Radiação , Metabolismo Energético/efeitos da radiação , Genitália Masculina/efeitos da radiação , Peroxidação de Lipídeos/efeitos da radiação , Masculino , Radiação IonizanteRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to evaluate and compare organ and effective dose savings that could be achieved using conventional lead aprons and a new, custom-designed shield as out-of-plane shielding devices during chest CT scans. METHODS: Thermoluminescent dosimeters were used to measure doses throughout the abdomen and pelvis during CT scans of the chest of a RANDO phantom. Dose measurements were made with no shielding, with lead aprons and with the new shield around the abdomen and pelvis in order to quantify the achievable organ and effective dose reductions. RESULTS: Average dose savings in the 10 phantom sections ranged from 5% to 78% with the highest point dose saving of 93% being found in the mid-pelvis. When shielding was used, the maximum measured organ dose reduction was a 72% dose saving to the testes. Significant dose savings were found throughout the abdomen and pelvis, which contributed to an effective dose saving of 4% that was achieved over and above the dose savings obtained through conventional optimisation strategies. This could yield significant population dose savings and reductions in collective radiation risk. CONCLUSION: In this study significant organ and effective dose reductions have been achieved through the use of abdominal shielding during chest CT examinations and it is therefore recommended that out-of-plane patient shielding devices should be used for all chest CT scans and potentially for every CT scan, irrespective of body part.
Assuntos
Medula Óssea , Genitália Feminina , Genitália Masculina , Imagens de Fantasmas , Proteção Radiológica/instrumentação , Dosimetria Termoluminescente , Tomografia Computadorizada por Raios X/efeitos adversos , Adulto , Medula Óssea/efeitos da radiação , Desenho de Equipamento , Feminino , Genitália Feminina/efeitos da radiação , Genitália Masculina/efeitos da radiação , Humanos , Masculino , Equipamentos de Proteção , Doses de Radiação , Fatores de RiscoRESUMO
Influence of anabolic drug (phenobolin) injection at a dose of 2.5 mg/kg on some indexes of blood, reproductive system, the level of thyroid hormones, corticosterone and testosterone in blood serum of the male rats exposed to a fractional irradiation at the total dose of 2.0 Gy have been studied. A significant decrease in the quantity of leucocytes and lymphocytes after a fractional irradiation without and with phenobolin introduction was determined. Introduction of anabolic drug resulted in a significant drop of relative mass of testes and, particularly, epididymes, and also in a sharp decrease of the number of mature germ cells isolated from epididymes. A combined action of phenobolin and fractional irradiation (2.0 Gy) led to a significant reduction (3-5 times) in the quantity of mature germ cells in an epididymis. In some cases phenobolin influenced the level of testosterone in blood serum of the intact and irradiated animals. The anabolic steroid drug affects negatively the state of reproductive system of male rats.
Assuntos
Anabolizantes/efeitos adversos , Raios gama/efeitos adversos , Genitália Masculina , Hormônios/sangue , Nandrolona/análogos & derivados , Animais , Contagem de Células Sanguíneas , Corticosterona/sangue , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Relação Dose-Resposta à Radiação , Epididimo/efeitos dos fármacos , Epididimo/efeitos da radiação , Genitália Masculina/efeitos dos fármacos , Genitália Masculina/efeitos da radiação , Masculino , Nandrolona/efeitos adversos , Ratos , Espermatogênese/efeitos dos fármacos , Espermatogênese/efeitos da radiação , Testículo/efeitos dos fármacos , Testículo/efeitos da radiação , Testosterona/sangue , Hormônios Tireóideos/sangueRESUMO
To evaluate the radiation-protect effects of Laminaria japonica polysaccharides (LJP) on male reproductive system damage and mating dysfunction induced by multiple mini-dose ionizing radiations, male rats were administrated with radiation and/or LJP. Results showed that mating function (such as erection, mount and ejaculation), sperm count and survival rate in LJP group were significantly better than the corresponding model group after the radiation. The testis organ coefficient, GSH (glutathione) content, serum sex hormones (luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, testosterone and estradiol) levels improved while MDA (malondialdehyde) content decreased. In addition, SOD (superoxide dismutase), GSH-PX (glutathione peroxidase), LDH (lactate dehydrogenase) activities were enhanced while testicular tissue damage was reduced, 14 days after the cessation of radiation; all indicators in the LJP group were similar to the control group. Our results suggest that, LJP has some promoting effects on the recovery of the reproductive system and mating dysfunction induced by radiation.
Assuntos
Medicamentos de Ervas Chinesas/uso terapêutico , Laminaria , Fitoterapia , Lesões Experimentais por Radiação/tratamento farmacológico , Protetores contra Radiação/uso terapêutico , Comportamento Sexual Animal/efeitos dos fármacos , Animais , Medicamentos de Ervas Chinesas/farmacologia , Estradiol/sangue , Feminino , Hormônio Foliculoestimulante/sangue , Genitália Masculina/efeitos dos fármacos , Genitália Masculina/metabolismo , Genitália Masculina/patologia , Genitália Masculina/efeitos da radiação , Glutationa/metabolismo , Glutationa Peroxidase/metabolismo , L-Lactato Desidrogenase/metabolismo , Laminaria/química , Hormônio Luteinizante/sangue , Masculino , Malondialdeído/metabolismo , Polissacarídeos/farmacologia , Polissacarídeos/uso terapêutico , Lesões Experimentais por Radiação/metabolismo , Lesões Experimentais por Radiação/patologia , Protetores contra Radiação/farmacologia , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Comportamento Sexual Animal/efeitos da radiação , Disfunções Sexuais Fisiológicas/tratamento farmacológico , Disfunções Sexuais Fisiológicas/etiologia , Superóxido Dismutase/metabolismo , Testosterona/sangueRESUMO
Male reproductive disorders that are of interest from an environmental point of view include sexual dysfunction, infertility, cryptorchidism, hypospadias and testicular cancer. Several reports suggest declining sperm counts and increase of these reproductive disorders in some areas during some time periods past 50 years. Except for testicular cancer this evidence is circumstantial and needs cautious interpretation. However, the male germ line is one of the most sensitive tissues to the damaging effects of ionizing radiation, radiant heat and a number of known toxicants. So far occupational hazards are the best documented risk factors for impaired male reproductive function and include physical exposures (radiant heat, ionizing radiation, high frequency electromagnetic radiation), chemical exposures (some solvents as carbon disulfide and ethylene glycol ethers, some pesticides as dibromochloropropane, ethylendibromide and DDT/DDE, some heavy metals as inorganic lead and mercury) and work processes such as metal welding. Improved working conditions in affluent countries have dramatically decreased known hazardous workplace exposures, but millions of workers in less affluent countries are at risk from reproductive toxicants. New data show that environmental low-level exposure to biopersistent pollutants in the diet may pose a risk to people in all parts of the world. For other toxicants the evidence is only suggestive and further evaluation is needed before conclusions can be drawn. Whether compounds as phthalates, bisphenol A and boron that are present in a large number of industrial and consumer products entails a risk remains to be established. The same applies to psychosocial stressors and use of mobile phones. Finally, there are data indicating a particular vulnerability of the fetal testis to toxicants-for instance maternal tobacco smoking. Time has come where male reproductive toxicity should be addressed form entirely new angles including exposures very early in life.
Assuntos
Exposição Ambiental , Doenças dos Genitais Masculinos/etiologia , Genitália Masculina/efeitos dos fármacos , Doenças dos Genitais Masculinos/induzido quimicamente , Genitália Masculina/efeitos da radiação , Humanos , Masculino , Radiação IonizanteRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Phototherapy is a useful therapy for many dermatologic disorders and is known for its low side-effect profile. However, one potential notable side effect is genital skin cancer. Unfortunately, no standards for genital protection currently exist for this preventable complication. Patients treated with phototherapy may already have a decreased quality of life because of their primary dermatologic disorder. Development of squamous cell carcinoma of the genitalia may certainly further affect the quality of life. OBJECTIVE: The objective was to determine which readily available materials afford the best photoprotection of the male genitalia. METHODS: Seven common materials used in phototherapy units for genital protection were placed over ultraviolet (UV) B and UVA monitors and placed in broadband UVB, narrowband UVB, and UVA full-body units. The percentage of light blocked was then calculated. RESULTS: Blue and white cotton underwear, blue surgical towels, an athletic supporter with or without a cup, and the psoralen plus UVA pouch provided acceptable means of genital protection; however, surgical masks did not. LIMITATIONS: Only the most commonly used materials were tested in the phototherapy units. The materials were not of a single material type or similar masses. In addition, only one of each type of full-body phototherapy unit was used to obtain the data. CONCLUSION: Although a polyester composition provides better UV protection, factors such as low porosity and higher mass are intrinsic to decreasing the amount of UV penetration of any fabric. Of the commonly used objects, surgical masks do not provide sufficient protection to the genital area.