RESUMO
BACKGROUND: Emodin-8-O-ß-D-glucopyranoside (Em8G) is an active ingredient of traditional Chinese medicine Rhei Radix et Rhizoma and Polygonum multiflorum Thunb.. And it caused hepatotoxicity, while the underlying mechanism was not clear yet. PURPOSE: We aimed to explore the detrimental effects of Em8G on the zebrafish liver through the metabolome and transcriptome integrated analysis. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: In this study, zebrafish larvae were used in acute toxicity tests to reveal the hepatotoxicity of Em8G. Adult zebrafish were then used to evaluate the gender differences in hepatotoxicity induced by Em8G. Integration of transcriptomic and metabolomic analysis was used further to explore the molecular mechanisms underlying gender differences in hepatotoxicity. RESULTS: Our results showed that under non-lethal concentration exposure conditions, hepatotoxicity was observed in Em8G-treated zebrafish larvae, including changes in liver transmittance, liver area, hepatocyte apoptosis and hepatocyte vacuolation. Male adult zebrafish displayed a higher Em8G-induced hepatotoxicity than female zebrafish, as demonstrated by the higher mortality and histopathological alterations. The results of transcriptomics combined with metabolomics showed that Em8G mainly affected carbohydrate metabolism (such as TCA cycle) in male zebrafish and amino acid metabolism (such as arginine and proline metabolism) in females, suggesting that the difference of energy metabolism disorder may be the potential mechanism of male and female liver toxicity induced by Em8G. CONCLUSIONS: This study provided the direct evidence for the hepatotoxicity of Em8G to zebrafish models in vivo, and brought a new insight into the molecular mechanisms of Em8G hepatotoxicity, which can guide the rational application of this phytotoxin. In addition, our findings revealed gender differences in the hepatotoxicity of Em8G to zebrafish, which is related to energy metabolism and provided a methodological reference for evaluating hepatotoxic drugs with gender differences.
Assuntos
Doença Hepática Induzida por Substâncias e Drogas , Fígado , Metabolômica , Peixe-Zebra , Animais , Masculino , Feminino , Fígado/efeitos dos fármacos , Fígado/metabolismo , Transcriptoma/efeitos dos fármacos , Glucosídeos/toxicidade , Glucosídeos/farmacologia , Fatores Sexuais , Emodina/análogos & derivados , Emodina/toxicidade , Emodina/farmacologia , Larva/efeitos dos fármacos , Antraquinonas/toxicidade , Testes de Toxicidade Aguda , Medicamentos de Ervas Chinesas/toxicidadeRESUMO
Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is an extremely hazardous food/feed pollutant, posing a serious threat to health of human and animals. Particularly, exposure to AFB1 provokes enterocytes oxidative stress and inflammation, which lead to intestinal damage. Polydatin (PD), a stilbenoid glucoside, is known to possess antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties and is being investigated for use in various disorders. The present study was intended at investigating the protective efficacy of polydatin against AFB1-induced ileum damage in mice. Kunming male mice received oral gavage of AFB1 (300 µg/kg body weight/day) and PD (100 mg/kg body weight/day) for 18 days. The results showed that mice exposed to AFB1 exhibited the impaired morphology, the suppressed disaccharidase activities, the down-regulated mRNA expressions of tight junction protein genes, oxidative stress, inflammation and the up-regulated mRNA expressions of genes related to mitophagy in the ileum, whereas PD treatment reversed the AFB1-induced disruption of ileal structure, digestion, barrier function, redox and immune status. The findings of the present study suggested that PD may have a potential benefit in preventing AFB1-induced ileum damage.
Assuntos
Aflatoxina B1 , Estilbenos , Camundongos , Humanos , Animais , Masculino , Aflatoxina B1/toxicidade , Estresse Oxidativo , Inflamação/induzido quimicamente , Glucosídeos/toxicidade , Estilbenos/farmacologia , RNA Mensageiro , Íleo , Peso Corporal , FígadoRESUMO
Goji berry leaf (GL) has been used for medicinal foods for its pharmacological effects, including anti-oxidative and anti-obesity activities. Nevertheless, toxicological information on GL is limited for developing health functional ingredient. The aim of the research was to evaluate the single dose acute, 14-day repeated oral toxicity, and genotoxicity of standardized roasted GL extract (rGL) rich in kaempferol-3-O-sophoroside-7-O-glucoside. Tested rGL was found to be stable as kaempferol-3-O-sophoroside-7-O-glucoside, showing 0.7-2.1% of analytical standard variance. According to the single dose toxicity for 14 days, the lethal dose of rGL was determined to be ≥ 2000 mg/kg. Repeated doses of 0-1000 mg/kg of rGL per day for 14 days did not show any toxicity signs or gross pathological abnormalities. No genotoxic signs for the rGL treatment appeared via bacterial reverse mutation up to 5000 µg/plate. There was no significant increase in chromosomal aberration of rGL irrespective of metabolic activation by using CHO-K1 cells (p > 0.05). Regarding carcinogenic toxicity, chromosomal aberrations were not induced at 2000 mg of rGL/kg by using the in vivo bone marrow micronucleus test (p > 0.05). Results from the current study suggest that rGL could be used as a functional ingredient to provide various effects with safety assurance.
Assuntos
Lycium , Cricetinae , Animais , Testes de Mutagenicidade/métodos , Extratos Vegetais/toxicidade , Glicosídeos/toxicidade , Quempferóis/toxicidade , Aberrações Cromossômicas , Cricetulus , Glucosídeos/toxicidadeRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The occurrence of severe liver injury by the herbal medicine Polygoni Multiflori Radix (PMR) has drawn significant attention. The fact that processing attenuates PMR-induced hepatotoxicity has been well accepted, but the mechanisms are still ambiguous. PURPOSE: This study aimed to illuminate the mechanism of processing-based attenuation of PMR hepatotoxicity. METHODS: The contents of emodin-8-O-ß-d-glucoside (EG) and emodin (EMD) in raw and processed PMR were quantified. The difference in toxicokinetic behaviors of EG and EMD was determined in vivo, and the disposition properties of EG were investigated in vitro and in vivo. RESULTS: Decreased EG content was found in processed (black bean) PMR. Processed PMR showed reduced adverse effects relative to raw PMR. In addition, less hepatic protein adduction derived from EMD was produced in mice after exposure to processed PMR than that in animals receiving raw PMR. Glucose transporters SGLT1 and GLUT2 participated in the absorption of EG, and effective hydrolysis of EG to EMD took place in the intestinal epithelial cells during the process of absorption. Cytosolic broad-specificity ß-glucosidase and lactase phlorizin hydrolase, as well as intestinal flora, participated in the hydrolysis of EG. The circulated EMD resulting from the deglycosylation of EG executed the hepatotoxic action. CONCLUSION: EG is a pre-toxin and can be metabolically activated to EMD participating in the hepatotoxic event. The reduction of EG content due to processing is a key mechanistic factor that initiates the detoxification of PMR.
Assuntos
Doença Hepática Induzida por Substâncias e Drogas , Medicamentos de Ervas Chinesas , Emodina , Polygonum , Camundongos , Animais , Glucosídeos/toxicidade , Emodina/toxicidade , Medicamentos de Ervas Chinesas/toxicidade , Raízes de PlantasRESUMO
Bioaccumulation and biotransformation are critical factors that affect the release of easily metabolizable chemicals to cause human toxicity. The glucoside-type modified mycotoxin Zearalenone-14-Glucoside (Z14G) has attracted global attention for its high occurrence in foodstuffs and the potential threat to humans as its high rate of transformation into parent forms. Given the limited toxicokinetics information, this study assessed the absorption, distribution, biotransformation and excretion of Z14G, aiming to define the potential risk of Z14G. The toxicokinetics of Z14G were assessed after intravenous (IV) or oral administration (PO) in SD rats at doses of 10 mg/kg·b.w. In addition, comparative work with the parent mycotoxin ZEN was performed in parallel. The determination of Z14G and its metabolites (ZEN, α-zearalenol, ß-zearalenol, α-zearalanol, ß-zearalanol) proceeded with a sensitive UHPLC-MS/MS method. Our research indicated that Z14G readily disappeared from the blood, and distributed throughout the tissues via transformation into its parent form ZEN, and excreted primarily through urine. More importantly, the metabolite α-ZEL was observed in most analyzed tissue, urine and feces samples. Overall, our findings highlight the importance of biotransformation with regard to Z14G, providing critical insight for the health risk assessment of co-exposure of humans to glucoside-type modified mycotoxins.
Assuntos
Micotoxinas , Espectrometria de Massas em Tandem , Ratos , Humanos , Animais , Toxicocinética , Espectrometria de Massas em Tandem/métodos , Distribuição Tecidual , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , Micotoxinas/toxicidade , Glucosídeos/toxicidadeRESUMO
This study aims to establish an ultra-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry(UPLC-Q-TOF-MS) method for the determination of emodin-8-O-ß-D-glucoside(EG) and its metabolites in plasma, and to investigate the toxicokinetics(TK) behavior of them in rats. To be specific, the TK of EG and its metabolites from the first to the last administration in the repeated dose toxicity study was determined, and the kinetic parameters were calculated. The exposure of EG prototype and metabolites in rat plasma after oral administration of different doses of EG was evaluated. The result showed that the prototype of EG and its metabolites aloe-emodin-8-O-ß-D-glucoside, emodin, aloe-emodin, and hydroxyemodin could be detected in rats after oral administration of high-, medium-, and low-dose EG. The area under the curve(AUC) of the prototype and metabolites after the first and last administration was in positive correlation with the dose. The time to the maximum concentration(T_(max)) of EG and metabolites in the three administration groups was <6 h, and the longest in vivo residence time was 12 h. The T_(max) and in vivo residence time of EG were prolonged with the increase in the dose. The metabolites emodin, aloe-emodin, and hydroxyemodin all had two peaks. Both hydroxyemodin and aloe-emodin exhibited increased plasma exposure, slow metabolism, and accumulation in vivo. In addition, aloe-emodin-8-O-ß-D-glucoside and emodin disappeared with the increase in dose, suggesting the change of the metabolic pathway of EG in vivo in the case of high-dose administration. The mechanism of high-dose EG in vivo needs to be further explored. This study preliminarily elucidates the TK behavior of EG in rats, which is expected to support clinical drug use.
Assuntos
Emodina , Animais , Antraquinonas , Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Pressão/métodos , Emodina/toxicidade , Glucosídeos/toxicidade , Espectrometria de Massas , Ratos , ToxicocinéticaRESUMO
The reported toxicity of oxybenzone-based sunscreens to corals has raised concerns about the impacts of ecotourist-shed sunscreens on corals already weakened by global stressors. However, oxybenzone's toxicity mechanism(s) are not understood, hampering development of safer sunscreens. We found that oxybenzone caused high mortality of a sea anemone under simulated sunlight including ultraviolet (UV) radiation (290 to 370 nanometers). Although oxybenzone itself protected against UV-induced photo-oxidation, both the anemone and a mushroom coral formed oxybenzone-glucoside conjugates that were strong photo-oxidants. Algal symbionts sequestered these conjugates, and mortality correlated with conjugate concentrations in animal cytoplasm. Higher mortality in anemones that lacked symbionts suggests an enhanced risk from oxybenzone to corals bleached by rising temperatures. Because many commercial sunscreens contain structurally related chemicals, understanding metabolite phototoxicity should facilitate the development of coral-safe products.
Assuntos
Antozoários , Anêmonas-do-Mar , Animais , Benzofenonas , Glucosídeos/toxicidade , Protetores Solares/toxicidadeRESUMO
Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) can accumulate in the livers of humans and animals via the food chain, resulting into liver injury, which is closely related to intestinal flora dysbiosis. Gastrodin has been reported to have hepatoprotective effect. However, whether gastrodin can alleviate PFOA-induced liver injury via modulating gut microbiota remains unclear. Herein, a PFOA-induced liver injury model was established by gavage of PFOA (5 mg/kg body weight) in 2% Tween 80 solution once daily for 6 weeks in mice, and then gastrodin in saline (20 mg/kg body weight) was used once daily for 8 weeks to treat liver damage. The biochemical indexes associated with liver function, oxidative stress, and inflammatory factors were examined. Hematoxylin-eosin staining was used to determine the liver histopathological changes. Besides, 16S rRNA sequencing was used to analyze the difference of gut microbiota between the model and treatment groups. The results showed that gastrodin significantly improved the oxidative stress caused by PFOA. Intestinal flora analysis showed that gastrodin treatment significantly increased the relative abundance of probiotics, such as Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, and Bacteroides, while the harmful bacteria, including Desulfovibrio were decreased. Gastrodin treatment also significantly increased the level of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), such as butyric acid and isobutyric acid. Spearman correlation analysis showed that the composition changes of gut microbiota and SCFAs increase were both beneficial to alleviate the liver injury caused by PFOA. To sum up, gastrodin can effectively alleviate PFOA-induced liver injury through regulating gut microbiota composition.
Assuntos
Álcoois Benzílicos/farmacologia , Álcoois Benzílicos/toxicidade , Microbioma Gastrointestinal , Glucosídeos/farmacologia , Glucosídeos/toxicidade , Fígado/lesões , Fígado/microbiologia , Animais , Caprilatos , Ceco/metabolismo , Citocinas/sangue , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Ácidos Graxos Voláteis/metabolismo , Fluorocarbonos , Microbioma Gastrointestinal/efeitos dos fármacos , Hepatomegalia/sangue , Hepatomegalia/patologia , Mediadores da Inflamação/sangue , Fígado/efeitos dos fármacos , Fígado/patologia , Masculino , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Estresse Oxidativo/efeitos dos fármacos , Filogenia , Substâncias Protetoras/farmacologiaRESUMO
Gut enzymes can metabolize plant defense compounds and thereby affect the growth and fitness of insect herbivores. Whether these enzymes also influence feeding preference is largely unknown. We studied the metabolization of taraxinic acid ß-D-glucopyranosyl ester (TA-G), a sesquiterpene lactone of the common dandelion (Taraxacum officinale) that deters its major root herbivore, the common cockchafer larva (Melolontha melolontha). We have demonstrated that TA-G is rapidly deglucosylated and conjugated to glutathione in the insect gut. A broad-spectrum M. melolontha ß-glucosidase, Mm_bGlc17, is sufficient and necessary for TA-G deglucosylation. Using cross-species RNA interference, we have shown that Mm_bGlc17 reduces TA-G toxicity. Furthermore, Mm_bGlc17 is required for the preference of M. melolontha larvae for TA-G-deficient plants. Thus, herbivore metabolism modulates both the toxicity and deterrence of a plant defense compound. Our work illustrates the multifaceted roles of insect digestive enzymes as mediators of plant-herbivore interactions.
Plants produce certain substances to fend off attackers like plant-feeding insects. To stop these compounds from damaging their own cells, plants often attach sugar molecules to them. When an insect tries to eat the plant, the plant removes the stabilizing sugar, 'activating' the compounds and making them toxic or foul-tasting. Curiously, some insects remove the sugar themselves, but it is unclear what consequences this has, especially for insect behavior. Dandelions, Taraxacum officinale, make high concentrations of a sugar-containing defense compound in their roots called taraxinic acid ß-D-glucopyranosyl ester, or TA-G for short. TA-G deters the larvae of the Maybug a pest also known as the common cockchafer or the doodlebug from eating dandelion roots. When Maybug larvae do eat TA-G, it is found in their systems without its sugar. However, it is unclear whether it is the plant or the larva that removes the sugar. A second open question is how the sugar removal process affects the behavior of the Maybug larvae. Using chemical analysis and genetic manipulation, Huber et al. investigated what happens when Maybug larvae eat TA-G. This revealed that the acidity levels in the larvae's digestive system deactivate the proteins from the dandelion that would normally remove the sugar from TA-G. However, rather than leaving the compound intact, larvae remove the sugar from TA-G themselves. They do this using a digestive enzyme, known as a beta-glucosidase, that cuts through sugar. Removing the sugar from TA-G made the compound less toxic, allowing the larvae to grow bigger, but it also increased TA-G's deterrent effects, making the larvae less likely to eat the roots. Any organism that eats plants, including humans, must deal with chemicals like TA-G in their food. Once inside the body, enzymes can change these chemicals, altering their effects. This happens with many medicines, too. In the future, it might be possible to design compounds that activate only in certain species, or under certain conditions. Further studies in different systems may aid the development of new methods of pest control, or new drug treatments.
Assuntos
Besouros/enzimologia , Glucosídeos/metabolismo , Herbivoria , Proteínas de Insetos/metabolismo , Lactonas/metabolismo , Sesquiterpenos/metabolismo , Taraxacum/metabolismo , beta-Galactosidase/metabolismo , Animais , Besouros/embriologia , Besouros/genética , Digestão , Glucosídeos/toxicidade , Glutationa/metabolismo , Hidrólise , Inativação Metabólica , Proteínas de Insetos/genética , Lactonas/toxicidade , Larva/enzimologia , Larva/genética , Metabolismo Secundário , Sesquiterpenos/toxicidade , Taraxacum/toxicidade , beta-Galactosidase/genéticaRESUMO
Background: 2,3,5,4'-Tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-ß-D-glucoside (TSG) from Polygonum multijiorum Thunb. (PMT), is a major bioactive component. This review is aimed to summarize the present development of TSG regarding pharmaceutics, pharmacology and toxicology, with a focus on the novel mechanism of drug-induced toxicity and provides insight for its potential developments and applications in the future on traditional Chinese medicine. Methods: Studies about TSG's activities and toxicity were searched and summarized. Targets and mechanisms were predicted and analyzed with network pharmacology methods. Affinities and binding modes of key targets with TSG were verified by AutoDock Vina software. Results: TSG plays an essential role among the chemical components of PMT because of multiple pharmacological activities, which suggests a potential application of TSG for a variety of diseases, like atherosclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, cerebral I/R injury, diabetes, osteoporosis, colitis. However, mild liver toxicity of TSG is also pointed out. Conclusions: As a biologically active natural product in PMT, TSG has shown prospective pharmacological activities, particularly as an agent for cardiovascular protection and neuroprotection.
Assuntos
Biologia Computacional , Estilbenos , Glucosídeos/toxicidade , Estudos Prospectivos , Estilbenos/toxicidadeRESUMO
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: The idiosyncratic hepatotoxicity of Polygonum multiflorum Thunb. (PM) has attracted great interest, and tetrahydroxy stilbene glucoside (TSG) was the main idiosyncratic hepatotoxicity constituent, but biological detoxification on idiosyncratic hepatotoxicity of PM was not well investigated. AIM OF THE STUDY: This study aimed to illustrate biological detoxification mechanism on PM-induced idiosyncratic hepatotoxicity by Ganoderma lucidum (G. lucidum). MATERIALS AND METHODS: G. lucidum was used for biological detoxification of tetrahydroxy stilbene glucoside (TSG)-induced idiosyncratic hepatotoxicity of PM. The TSG consumption and products formation were dynamically determined during transformation using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with diode-array detection and electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-DAD-MSn). The transformation invertases (ß-D-glucosidase and lignin peroxidase) were evaluated by using intracellular and extracellular distribution and activity assay. The key functions of lignin peroxidase (LiP) were studied by experiments of adding inhibitors and agonists. The entire TSG transformation process was confirmed in vitro simulated test. The cellular toxicity of TSG and the transformation products was detected by MTT. RESULTS: A suitable biotransformation system of TSG was established with G. lucidum, then p-hydroxybenzaldehyde and 2,3,5-trihydroxybenzaldehyde can be found as transformation products of TSG. The transformation mechanism involves two extracellular enzymes, ß-D-glucosidase and LiP. ß-D-glucosidase can remove glycosylation of TSG firstly and then LiP can break the double bond of remaining glycosides. The toxicity of TSG after biotransformation by G. lucidum was attenuated. CONCLUSIONS: This study would reveal a novel biological detoxification method for PM and explain degradation processes of TSG by enzymic methods.
Assuntos
Fallopia multiflora/química , Glucosídeos/metabolismo , Glucosídeos/toxicidade , Hepatócitos/efeitos dos fármacos , Reishi/enzimologia , Estilbenos/metabolismo , Estilbenos/toxicidade , Biotransformação , Linhagem Celular , Fermentação , Glucosídeos/química , Humanos , Peroxidases/metabolismo , Reishi/metabolismo , Estilbenos/químicaRESUMO
Drug-induced ototoxicity has become a serious global problem, because of leading to deafness in hundreds of thousands of people every year. It always results from exposure to drugs or environmental chemicals that cause the impairment and degeneration of the inner ear. Herein, we focused on the in silico modeling of drug-induced ototoxicity of chemicals. We collected 1,102 ototoxic medications and 1,705 non-ototoxic drugs. Based on the data set, a series of computational models were developed with different traditional machine learning and deep learning algorithms implemented on an online chemical database and modeling environment. Six ML models performed best on 5-fold cross-validation and test set. A consensus model was developed with the best individual models. These models were further validated with an external validation. The consensus model showed best predictive ability, with high accuracy of 0.95 on test set and 0.90 on validation set. The consensus model and the data sets used for model development are available at https://ochem.eu/model/46566321. Besides, 16 structural alerts responsible for drug-induced ototoxicity were identified. We hope the results could provide meaningful knowledge and useful tools for ototoxicity evaluation in drug discovery and environmental risk assessment.
Assuntos
Aprendizado Profundo , Aprendizado de Máquina , Ototoxicidade/etiologia , Bases de Dados de Compostos Químicos , Descoberta de Drogas , Glucosídeos/toxicidade , Humanos , Modelos Teóricos , Interface Usuário-ComputadorRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The outbreak of coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) disease caused more than 100,000,000 people get infected and over 2,200,000 people being killed worldwide. However, the current developed vaccines or drugs may be not effective in preventing the pandemic of COVID-19 due to the mutations of coronavirus and the severe side effects of the newly developed vaccines. Chinese herbal medicines and their active components play important antiviral activities. Corilagin exhibited antiviral effect on human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis C virus (HCV) and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). However, whether it blocks the interaction between SARS-CoV-2 RBD and hACE2 has not been elucidated. PURPOSE: To characterize an active compound, corilagin derived from Phyllanthus urinaria as potential SARS-CoV-2 entry inhibitors for its possible preventive application in daily anti-virus hygienic products. METHODS: Computational docking coupled with bio-layer interferometry, BLI were adopted to screen more than 1800 natural compounds for the identification of SARS-CoV-2 spike-RBD inhibitors. Corilagin was confirmed to have a strong binding affinity with SARS-CoV-2-RBD or human ACE2 (hACE2) protein by the BLI, ELISA and immunocytochemistry (ICC) assay. Furthermore, the inhibitory effect of viral infection of corilagin was assessed by in vitro pseudovirus system. Finally, the toxicity of corilagin was examined by using MTT assay and maximal tolerated dose (MTD) studies in C57BL/6 mice. RESULTS: Corilagin preferentially binds to a pocket that contains residues Cys 336 to Phe 374 of spike-RBD with a relatively low binding energy of -9.4 kcal/mol. BLI assay further confirmed that corilagin exhibits a relatively strong binding affinity to SARS-CoV-2-RBD and hACE2 protein. In addition, corilagin dose-dependently blocks SARS-CoV-2-RBD binding and abolishes the infectious property of RBD-pseudotyped lentivirus in hACE2 overexpressing HEK293 cells, which mimicked the entry of SARS-CoV-2 virus in human host cells. Finally, in vivo studies revealed that up to 300 mg/kg/day of corilagin was safe in C57BL/6 mice. Our findings suggest that corilagin could be a safe and potential antiviral agent against the COVID-19 acting through the blockade of the fusion of SARS-CoV-2 spike-RBD to hACE2 receptors. CONCLUSION: Corilagin could be considered as a safe and environmental friendly anti-SARS-CoV-2 agent for its potential preventive application in daily anti-virus hygienic products.
Assuntos
Enzima de Conversão de Angiotensina 2/metabolismo , Antivirais/farmacologia , Glucosídeos/farmacologia , Interações Hospedeiro-Patógeno/efeitos dos fármacos , Taninos Hidrolisáveis/farmacologia , Glicoproteína da Espícula de Coronavírus/metabolismo , Enzima de Conversão de Angiotensina 2/química , Animais , Antivirais/química , Antivirais/toxicidade , COVID-19 , Infecções por Vírus Epstein-Barr/tratamento farmacológico , Glucosídeos/química , Glucosídeos/toxicidade , Células HEK293 , Humanos , Taninos Hidrolisáveis/química , Taninos Hidrolisáveis/toxicidade , Infecções por Lentivirus/tratamento farmacológico , Masculino , Dose Máxima Tolerável , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Simulação de Acoplamento Molecular , Glicoproteína da Espícula de Coronavírus/químicaRESUMO
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Semen Cuscutae and Fructus Lycii (SC-FL) is a commonly used herbal pair for male infertility treatment. Studies have found that the mechanism of SC-FL treatment may be related to repairing the blood-testis barrier (BTB). The application of network pharmacology can be used to explore the correlation between medicines and diseases and predict the potential pharmacological mechanisms of SC-FL. AIM OF THE STUDY: This study aimed to explore the specific effects and mechanisms of SC-FL in repairing the BTB and initially revealed the mechanism of Chinese medicine treating male infertility through network pharmacology and animal experiments. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We searched databases using the network pharmacology method and performed mass spectrometry analysis. We analyzed and predicted the active ingredients, targets and key pathways of SC-FL in male infertility treatment. Then, we designed animal experiments to verify the results. Thirty-six Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into the normal control group (NC group), spermatogenic dysfunction group (SD group) and SC-FL treatment group (SCFL group). Glucosides of Tripterygium wilfordii Hook. F (GTW) (40 mg/kg/d) was administered for 4 weeks to generate a spermatogenic dysfunction model. The rats in the SCFL group were given the SC-FL suspension (6 g/kg/d) daily. After 4 weeks of treatment, we detected the sperm quality of each group of rats and observed the cell morphology. Western blotting and qRT-PCR were used to detect the expression of BTB-related proteins in testicular tissues. RESULTS: 213 chemical ingredients of SC and FL were retrieved from the TCMSP database, and 54 effective chemical ingredients were obtained. Mass spectrometry analysis showed the above results were credible. Then, we identified 44 potential targets for the treatment of male infertility, and we plotted a network diagram of the interaction network between the core targets and a diagram of herbal medicine-active ingredient-target-disease interactions. The target genes were enriched according to biological functions, and 22 biological processes, 49 cellular components, 1487 molecular functions, and 122 signaling pathways were obtained. The results of the animal experiments showed that the sperm concentration and motility of the SCFL group were significantly improved compared with those of the SD group. Compared with those in the SD group, the structure and morphology of the Sertoli cells and seminiferous tubules of rats in the SCFL group improved, and the number of spermatogenic cells increased significantly. Western blotting and qRT-PCR results showed that compared with that in the SD group, the expression of p38 MAPK decreased significantly, and the expression of c-Jun, Occludin, ZO-1 and connexin 43 increased significantly in the SCFL group. CONCLUSION: We predicted that the active ingredients of SC-FL can treat male infertility by interacting with the core targets JUN, IL6, MAPK1, TP53, MYC, CCND1, AR, EGF, FOS, and MAPK8, and the possible mechanism is related to the MAPK signaling pathway. SC-FL can regulate the MAPK pathway and affect the expression of Occludin, ZO-1 and connexin 43 to repair damaged BTB and improve spermatogenic dysfunction induced by GTW, which may be one of the possible mechanisms.
Assuntos
Barreira Hematotesticular/efeitos dos fármacos , Medicamentos de Ervas Chinesas/farmacologia , Infertilidade Masculina/tratamento farmacológico , Espermatogênese/efeitos dos fármacos , Testículo , Tripterygium/química , Animais , Caderinas/genética , Caderinas/metabolismo , Simulação por Computador , Conexina 43/genética , Conexina 43/metabolismo , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Medicamentos de Ervas Chinesas/química , Medicamentos de Ervas Chinesas/uso terapêutico , Regulação da Expressão Gênica/efeitos dos fármacos , Genes jun/efeitos dos fármacos , Glucosídeos/toxicidade , Técnicas In Vitro , Infertilidade Masculina/induzido quimicamente , Masculino , Proteínas do Tecido Nervoso/genética , Proteínas do Tecido Nervoso/metabolismo , Ocludina/genética , Ocludina/metabolismo , Mapas de Interação de Proteínas/efeitos dos fármacos , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , Contagem de Espermatozoides , Motilidade dos Espermatozoides/efeitos dos fármacos , Testículo/efeitos dos fármacos , Testículo/metabolismo , Testículo/patologia , Testículo/ultraestrutura , Proteína da Zônula de Oclusão-1/genética , Proteína da Zônula de Oclusão-1/metabolismo , beta Catenina/genética , beta Catenina/metabolismo , Proteínas Quinases p38 Ativadas por Mitógeno/genética , Proteínas Quinases p38 Ativadas por Mitógeno/metabolismoRESUMO
Steviol glycosides are present in the leaves of the Stevia rebaudiana plant, have a sweet taste, and have been used as a sweetener for centuries. To build on previous authoritative safety assessments of steviol glycosides, a systematic assessment of mechanistic data related to key characteristics of carcinogens (KCCs) was conducted. Over 900 KCC-relevant endpoints from peer-reviewed literature and high-throughput screening data (ToxCast/Tox21) were identified across individual steviol glycosides and derivatives, metabolites, and whole leaf extracts. Most data (both in vivo and in vitro, including human cells), showed inactivity. Studies were weighted according to quality and relevance. Although data were available for eight of the ten KCC, genotoxicity, oxidative stress, inflammation, and cell proliferation/cell death represent the KCCs with the most data. The data for these KCC primarily show beneficial activity (anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-proliferative). Following integration across all data, and accounting for study quality and relevance, the totality of the evidence demonstrated an overall lack of genotoxic and carcinogenic activity for steviol glycosides. This is in agreement with previous regulatory decisions, and is consistent with the lack of tumor response in two-year rodent cancer bioassays. The findings support prior conclusions that steviol glycosides are unlikely to be carcinogenic in humans.
Assuntos
Testes de Carcinogenicidade , Diterpenos do Tipo Caurano/toxicidade , Glucosídeos/toxicidade , Neoplasias/induzido quimicamente , Animais , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Especificidade da EspécieRESUMO
Increasing attention has been brought to microplastics pollution recently, while emerging evidences indicate that nano-plastics degraded from microplastics are more of research significance owing to stronger toxicity. However, there is little study focused on the prevention of nano-plastics induced toxicity until now. Canidin-3-glucoside (C3G), a natural anthocyanin proved to possess multiple functions like antioxidant and intestinal tissue protection. Thus, we proposed whether C3G could act as a molecular weapon against nano-plastics induced toxicity. In Caco2 cell and Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) models, we found that polystyrene (PS) nano-plastics exposure resulted in physiological toxicity and oxidative damage, which could be restored by C3G. More significantly in Caco2 cells, we observed that autophagy was activated via Sirt1-Foxo1 signaling pathway to attenuate PS induced toxicity after C3G intervention and further verified by adding autophagy inhibitor 3-Methyladenine (3-MA). Meanwhile, PS co-localization with lysosomes was observed, indicating the encapsulation and degradation of PS. In C. elegans, by detecting LGG-1/LC3 expression in GFP-targeted LGG-1 report gene (LGG-1:GFP) labeled transgenic DA2123 strain, the co-localization of LGG-1:GFP with PS was found as well, means that autophagy is involved in C3G's beneficial effects. Furthermore, we were surprised to find that C3G could promote the discharge of PS from N2 nematodes, which reduces PS toxicity more directly.
Assuntos
Caenorhabditis elegans , Plásticos , Animais , Autofagia , Células CACO-2 , Glucosídeos/toxicidade , Humanos , MicroplásticosRESUMO
Epilepsy disease is characterized by the neuronal dysfunction or abnormal neuronal activity of the brain which is regulated by astrocytes. These are glial cells and found to be the major regulators of the brain which are guided by the occurrence of adenosine kinase (ADK) enzyme in the central nervous system (CNS). During the normal physiological environment, ADK maintains the level of adenosine in the CNS. Dysfunction of ADK levels results in accumulation of adenosine levels in the CNS that leads to the pathophysiology of the brain such as astrogliosis which is a pathological hallmark of epileptic seizures. Vicine, an alkaloid glycoside in bitter gourd juice (Momordica charantia) is found to be toxic to the human system if the bitter gourd juice is consumed more. This compound inhibits ADK enzyme activity to lead epilepsy and seizure. Here, the toxic effect of vicine targeting ADK using computational predictions was investigated. The 3-dimensional structure of ADK has been constructed using I-Tasser, which has been refined by ModRefiner, GalaxyRefine, and 3D refine and it was endorsed using PROCHECK, ERRAT, and VADAR. 3D structure of the ligand molecule has been obtained from PubChem. Molecular docking has been achieved using AutoDock 4.2 software, from which the outcome showed the effective interaction between vicine and ADK, which attains binding free energy (∆G) of - 4.13 kcal/mol. Vicine molecule interacts with the active region ARG 149 of ADK and inhibits the functions of ADK that may cause imbalance in energy homeostasis. Also, pre-ADMET results robustly propose in which vicine possesses toxicity, and meanwhile, from the Ames test, it was shown as mutagenic. Hence, the results from our study suggest that vicine was shown to be toxic that suppresses the ADK activity to undergo pathological conditions in the neuronal junctions to lead epilepsy.
Assuntos
Adenosina Quinase/toxicidade , Alcaloides/toxicidade , Desenvolvimento de Medicamentos/métodos , Glucosídeos/toxicidade , Glicosídeos/toxicidade , Doenças do Sistema Nervoso/induzido quimicamente , Pirimidinonas/toxicidade , Adenosina Quinase/química , Alcaloides/química , Animais , Glucosídeos/química , Glicosídeos/química , Humanos , Camundongos , Simulação de Acoplamento Molecular/métodos , Momordica charantia , Estrutura Secundária de Proteína , Pirimidinonas/química , Ratos , Toxinas Biológicas/química , Toxinas Biológicas/toxicidadeRESUMO
Celastrol is a quinone-methide triterpenoid isolated from the root extracts of Tripterygium wilfordii (Thunder god vine). Although celastrol possesses multiple bioactivities, the potent toxicity and rare solubility in water hinder its clinical application. Biotransformation of celastrol using either whole cells or purified enzymes to form less toxic and more soluble derivatives has been proven difficult due to its potent antibiotic and enzyme-conjugation property. The present study evaluated biotransformation of celastrol by four glycosyltransferases from Bacillus species and found one glycosyltransferase (BsGT110) from Bacillus subtilis with significant activity toward celastrol. The biotransformation metabolite was purified and identified as celastrol-29-O-ß-glucoside by mass and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Celastrol-29-O-ß-glucoside showed over 53-fold higher water solubility than celastrol, while maintained 50% of the free radical scavenging activity of celastrol. When using zebrafish as the in vivo animal model, celastrol-29-O-ß-glucoside exhibited 50-fold less toxicity than celastrol. To our knowledge, the present study is not only the first report describing the biotransformation of celastrol, but also the first one detailing a new compound, celastrol-29-O-ß-glucoside, that is generated in the biotransformation process. Moreover, celastrol-29-O-ß-glucoside may serve as a potential candidate in the future medicine application due to its higher water solubility and lower toxicity.
Assuntos
Antioxidantes/química , Antioxidantes/metabolismo , Bacillus subtilis/enzimologia , Glucosídeos/química , Glucosídeos/metabolismo , Glicosiltransferases/metabolismo , Triterpenos/metabolismo , Animais , Antioxidantes/toxicidade , Bacillus subtilis/metabolismo , Biotransformação , Glucosídeos/toxicidade , Triterpenos Pentacíclicos , SolubilidadeRESUMO
Plants are a natural source of bioactive compounds such as secondary metabolites. These molecules, also called phytochemicals, are fundamental for plant survival and often show therapeutic properties used for the treatment of human diseases. Asperuloside is a secondary metabolite which belongs to iridoid glycosides and is commonly present in the plant family Rubiaceae. In this review we aim to summarize the scientific knowledge on asperuloside, with a special emphasis on its pharmacological properties as anti-viral, anti-malarial, anti-protozoal, anti-tumorigenic, anti-hypertensive, anti-obesity, immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant agent. Preclinical studies in animal models suggest that asperuloside has therapeutic potential that could be evaluated in humans. However, despite its tangible phytochemical characteristics, no clinical trial has been performed so far. Thus, we hope that this review will facilitate scientific dissemination of asperuloside pharmacological properties and encourage researchers to evaluate both pharmacokinetic and toxicity of asperuloside in animal models. This will be the first step towards clinical studies in humans.
Assuntos
Monoterpenos Ciclopentânicos/farmacologia , Glucosídeos/farmacologia , Compostos Fitoquímicos/farmacologia , Piranos/farmacologia , Animais , Monoterpenos Ciclopentânicos/toxicidade , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Glucosídeos/toxicidade , Humanos , Compostos Fitoquímicos/toxicidade , Piranos/toxicidadeRESUMO
Juveniles are considered as one of the most vulnerable population groups concerning mycotoxins and their modified forms. The weaning stage is a particularly vulnerable period in the life of mammals, reflected in intestinal and immune dysfunction. The current study investigated the toxicokinetic (TK) characteristics of zearalenone (ZEN), zearalenone-14-glucoside (ZEN14G), and zearalenone-14-sulfate (ZEN14S) in weaned (4-week-old) piglets, by means of oral and intravenous administration of equimolar doses, i.e., 331, 500, and 415 µg/kg bodyweight, respectively. Plasma and urine were sampled pre- and post-administration and were quantitatively analyzed for ZEN, ZEN14G, ZEN14S, and in vivo metabolites by liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry. Tailor-made TK models were elaborated to process data. A statistical comparison of the results was performed with TK data obtained in a previously reported study in pigs of 8 weeks of age. Additionally, porcine plasma protein binding was determined to support TK findings. The TK results for ZEN, ZEN14G, and ZEN14S, obtained in 4- and 8-week-old pigs, revealed significant age-related differences, based on differences in intestinal permeability, body fat content, gastrointestinal transit time, and biotransformation, with a special emphasis on an increased absorbed fraction of ZEN14G, i.e., 94 vs 61% in 4- compared to 8-week-old pigs. Since the growing pig has been reported to be a suitable pediatric animal model for humans concerning TK processes, these results may contribute to refine the risk assessment concerning modified ZEN forms in juvenile animals and humans.