Does the approach used to measure sexual identity affect estimates of health disparities differently by race? A randomized experiment from the National Survey of Family Growth.

The inclusion of "something else" as a response option for survey questions about sexual identity has been shown to significantly moderate estimated differences between sexual identity subgroups in the distributions of various health outcomes in national health surveys, specifically for substance use/misuse and reproductive health. This moderation effect may be larger depending on the respondent's race, possibly due to the intersectionality of multiple minority identities and compounding minority stressors. To test this hypothesis, we conducted secondary analyses of data from five consecutive years of the National Survey of Family Growth (2015-2019) [n = 18,903 (8510 males, 10,393 females)] in the United States, where respondents were randomly assigned to receive either a four-category version of the sexual identity question that included "something else" as a response option along with lesbian/gay, bisexual, and heterosexual, or a three-category version that omitted "something else." We focused on model-based estimates of distributions of health outcomes across subgroups defined by both race and sexual identity and tested the race moderation hypothesis using three-way interactions involving sexual identity, question type received (four-category vs. three-category), and race (Black, White, and other). Based on this randomized experiment, we found evidence of significant differences between the four-category and three-category question versions of sexual identity, in terms of the associations between sexual identity and several health outcomes, along with moderation of these differences by the respondent's race. For some outcomes, such as wanting a child or another child, the magnitudes of the estimated sexual identity differences among racial minority individuals, specifically between bisexual and heterosexual women, were sensitive to the measurement of sexual identity. These results further suggest a need for improved sexual minority measurement, especially among racial minorities. These differences were also mostly found among women, suggesting further intersectionality of groups exposed to specific stressors.

Disrupted family reunification: Mental health, race, and state-level factors.

The children's mental health landscape is rapidly changing, and youth with mental health conditions (MHCs) are overrepresented in the child welfare system. Mental health is the largest unmet health need in child welfare, so MHCs may affect the likelihood of system reentry. Concerns regarding mental health contribute to calls for expanded supports, yet systems contact can also generate risk of continued child welfare involvement via surveillance. Still, we know little about how expanded supports at the state-level shape child welfare outcomes. Using the Adoption and Foster Care Analysis Reporting System (AFCARS), we examine the association between MHCs and system reentry within 36 months among youth who reunified with their families in 2016 (N = 41,860). We further examine whether this association varies across states and White, Black, and Latinx racial and ethnic groups via two- and three-way interactions. Results from multilevel models show that, net of individual and state-level factors, MHCs are associated with higher odds of reentry. This relationship is stronger for youth in states that expanded Medicaid by 2016 and with higher Medicaid/CHIP child participation rates. The results also show evidence of the moderating role of state-level factors, specifically student-to-school counselor ratio, diverging across racial and ethnic groups. Our results suggest a need for systems of care to better support youth mental health and counteract potential surveillance.

Factors Associated with Opting Out of an Unrelated Hematopoietic Stem Cell Donor Registry: Differences and Similarities across Five Key Groups of Young Race/Ethnically Diverse Potential Donors in the United States.

Young adults from underserved racial/ethnic groups are critically needed as unrelated hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) donors, yet they are more likely than other groups to opt out of donation after having matched a patient. Understanding which factors are most strongly associated with opting out among young underserved racial/ ethnic registered donors compared with their White counterparts will provide the basis for specific interventions to improve donor retention. We sought to determine the key, modifiable psychosocial, registry-related, and donation-related characteristics that are uniquely associated with opting out across 5 key racial/ethnic groups of young HSC donor registry members who had been contacted as a potential match for a patient. This study examines data from a large cross-sectional survey of young (age 18 to 30) registry members shortly after they preliminarily matched a patient (CT-stage) and continued toward or opted out of donation (CT-C and CT-NI), stratified by racial/ethnic group and sex. We assessed psychosocial, registry-related, and donation-related characteristics for all participants. We used chi-squared and F tests to assess differences between racial/ethnic groups. A separate logistic regression analysis for each racial/ethnic group was conducted to quantify adjusted associations between each variable and opting out. Then, we compared these associations across the racial/ethnic groups by evaluating the interaction effect between each variable and racial/ethnic group, with the same outcome (CT-C versus CT-NI) in question. Nine hundred thirty-five participants were surveyed, including 284 White, 165 Hispanic, 191 Black, 192 Asian/Pacific Islander, and 103 Multiracial/multiethnic participants. There were significant differences across racial/ethnic groups in values/goals, religious objections to donation, HSC-related medical mistrust, and parental involvement in donation decisions. Adjusted logistic regression subgroup analyses indicated that ambivalence was strongly associated with opting out across all racial/ethnic groups. Greater focus on intrinsic life goals (e.g., raising a family, becoming a community leader, influencing social values) was associated with opting out in the Multiracial/multiethnic, Hispanic, and Asian/Pacific Islander groups. Healthcare mistrust and insufficient registry contact was a significant factor for Hispanic participants. Protective factors against opting out included remembering joining the registry (Black participants), and parental support for donation decision (Asian/Pacific Islander participants). The performance of each logistic regression model was strong, with area-under-the curve ≥.88, CT-stage outcome classification accuracy ≥89%, and good fit between expected and observed opt-out probabilities. In the analysis across different racial/ethnic groups, the only significant interaction was race/ethnicity by whether more contact with the registry would have changed the decision at CT-stage; this variable was significant only for the Hispanic group. In the within-group analysis for Hispanic participants, the "more registry contact" variable was strongly associated with opting out (odds ratio 5.8, P = .03). Consistent with a growing body of HSC donor research, ambivalence was a key factor associated with opting-out for all racial/ethnic groups. Other key variables were differentially associated with opting-out depending on racial/ethnic group. Our study highlights key variables that registries should focus on as they develop targeted and tailored strategies to enhance commitment and reduce attrition of potential donors.

Family-based and external discrimination experienced by multiracial individuals: Links to internalizing symptoms and familial support.

Multiracial individuals are exposed to many forms of interpersonal racial discrimination, including general discrimination against their monoracial groups and discrimination against being multiracial. Because their families include members of different racial groups, multiracial people may also be exposed to various forms of discrimination from within the family. In the present study, we leverage recent advances in latent profile analysis to identify distinct patterns of family-based and external (i.e., from outside the family unit) discrimination experienced by multiracial college students, the differential impacts of these discrimination patterns on depressive and anxiety symptoms, and whether parental support of participants' multiracial experiences and identity impacts their exposure to different forms of discrimination. In a sample of 635 diverse multiracial college students (Mage = 21.2, SD = 5.3, range = 18-57, 74.0% female) from three U.S. universities, we identified three distinct discrimination profiles: High External and Familial Discrimination (43.2%), Average External Low Familial Discrimination (32.1%), and Low External and Familial Discrimination (24.7%). Profiles differed in depressive and anxiety symptomatology, with those in the High External and Familial Discrimination profile displaying the worst outcomes. Parental support of multiracial experiences was associated with lower levels of family-based discrimination. The complex relations between parental support, family-based discrimination, and multiracial participants' internalizing symptomology are discussed. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Racial/ethnic and nativity differences in adversity profiles among middle-aged and older adults.

OBJECTIVES: Focusing on the nexus of race/ethnicity and nativity, this study examined profiles of adversity and their mental health implications in five groups of middle-aged and older adults: native-born whites, native-born blacks, native-born Hispanics, foreign-born whites, and foreign-born Hispanics. METHODS: Data were from the 2018 psychosocial assessment of the HRS (N = 5,223). Latent class analysis (LCA) was employed to identify patterns of eleven adversity indicators and to compare the latent structures and class prevalence across the race/ethnicity and nativity groups. Regressions were used to examine the associations between adversity profiles and depression and life satisfaction, respectively. RESULTS: Four adversity profiles emerged: low adversity (59.84%), low human capital (15.27%), socially marginalized (15.26%), and neighborhood adversity (9.63%). Regardless of nativity status, white older adults were most likely to have the low adversity profile (74 ∼ 75%). In contrast, all the racial/ethnic minority groups were more likely to have the other three adversity profiles. The adversity experienced by racial/ethnic minorities was further cofounded by their immigration status. Overall, having low adversity was associated with the best mental health outcomes and socially marginalized had the poorest outcomes. Even with the low adversity profile, native-born blacks had significantly more depressive symptoms than native-born whites. CONCLUSION: Findings revealed heterogeneity in adversity profiles and their mental health implications in disadvantaged aging populations. Tailored programs are needed to address unique needs of different minority populations.

Biracial, Black, and proud: Can racial pride protect Biracial-Black young people from identity invalidation and depressive symptoms?

A growing body of theory and research suggests that racial identity invalidation (RII)-the active denial of a person's racial identity and/or belonging to the racial group(s) they identify with-may play an important role in the mental health problems that Biracial Black-White youth face. However, research has yet to explore this empirically. The purpose of this study was to address this gap by examining whether RII was associated with depressive symptoms among Biracial Black-White adolescents and emerging adults (N = 713; 61% male; M = 18.40, SD = 3.71). From an intersectional and strengths-based lens, we also explore if (a) Biracial and Black pride individually or collectively moderate the relationship between RII and depressive symptoms and (b) if any of these associations differ by gender. The analyses included two hierarchical linear regressions (one for girls and one for boys) that were conducted using Model 3 of the PROCESS Macro in SPSS. The results indicated that RII was associated with depression symptoms for all participants. We also found several significant interaction effects illustrating that Biracial and Black pride both played a meaningful role in the relationship between RII and the mental health of the participants, but different patterns emerged for girls and boys. Collectively, the results position RII as a salient risk factor for Biracial Black-White adolescents and emerging adults while also illuminating the promotive and protective power of racial pride. The implications for research and practice are discussed. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Racial and ethnic inequities in psychiatric inpatient building and unit assignment.

Racism is a social determinant of mental health which has a disproportionally negative impact on the experiences of psychiatric inpatients of color. Distinct differences in the physical space and clinical settings of two inpatient buildings at a hospital system in the tristate (New York, New Jersey, Connecticut) area of the United States led to the present investigation of racial inequities in the assignment of patients to specific buildings and units. Archival electronic medical record data were analyzed from over 18,000 unique patients over a period of six years. Hierarchical logistic regression analyses were conducted with assigned building (old vs. new building) as the binary outcome variable. Non-Hispanic White patients were set as the reference group. Black, Hispanic/Latinx, and Asian patients were significantly less likely to be assigned to better resourced units in the new building. When limiting the analysis to only general adult units, Black and Hispanic/Latinx patients were significantly less likely to be assigned to units in the new building. These results suggest ethnoracial inequities in patient assignment to buildings which differed in clinical and physical conditions. The findings serve as a call to action for hospital systems to examine the ways in which structural racism impact clinical care.

The Role of Ethnic-Racial Identity and Self-Esteem in Intergroup Contact Attitudes.

Adolescents' ethnic-racial identity (ERI) exploration, resolution, and affirmation inform their approach and avoidance attitudes toward intergroup contact, but the potential mechanisms through which this occurs have been underexplored. Given the evidence that adolescents with higher ERI exploration, resolution, and affirmation also report higher self-esteem, and self-esteem is theorized to facilitate openness to intergroup contact, the current study explored the role of self-esteem as a mediator of the relation between adolescents' ERI and their intergroup contact attitudes. Participants were 4606 adolescents (Mage = 16.35, SD = 1.16; 37.5% White, 27.1% Black, 20.7% Latinx, 11.7% Asian American, 3% Native American) from the U.S. Southwest and Midwest. The three waves of data were collected between March 2017 and March 2018. Results from longitudinal multigroup path models indicated that across all ethnic-racial groups there were positive direct relations between Wave 1 (W1) ERI resolution and W2 self-esteem (7 months later). In turn, W2 self-esteem was positively related to W3 approach attitudes (12 months later) and negatively related to W3 avoidance attitudes. The relations between ERI resolution and both approach and avoidance attitudes were fully mediated by self-esteem across all ethnic-racial groups. Notably the baseline values (W1) of all mediation and outcome variables (W2, W3) were included, suggesting that ERI resolution at baseline predicted increases in self-esteem, which predicted subsequent increases in approach attitudes and decreases in avoidance attitudes. ERI exploration and affirmation were not significant predictors of later self-esteem or contact attitudes. These findings suggest that of the three dimensions of ERI examined, resolution is the primary driver of the increases in self-esteem that inform adolescents' attitudes towards interaction with ethnic-racial outgroup members.

Mental health and sleep quality of low-income mothers of one-year-olds during the COVID-19 pandemic.

The COVID-19 pandemic and subsequent social restrictions created an unprecedented context for families raising young children. Although studies have documented detrimental effects of the pandemic on maternal well-being, less is known about how the pandemic specifically impacted low-income mothers. We examined depression, anxiety, and sleep quality among low-income mothers of one-year-olds during the early months of the pandemic using data from the Baby's First Years study. Focusing on the control group (n = 547), we compared mothers interviewed before March 14th, 2020 (n = 342) to mothers interviewed between March 14th and June 30th, 2020 (n = 205) to determine whether the pandemic was associated with differences in mental health and sleep quality. Mothers were recruited from four cities in the United States, and most of the sample identified as Hispanic (42.2%) or Black, non-Hispanic (38.6%). We found that mothers interviewed during the pandemic reported better mental health and sleep quality. While we cannot speak to longer-term impacts of the pandemic, it is possible low-income mothers experienced relief from daily stressors during the initial shelter-in-place orders, which may have led to improvements in well-being. These results have implications for understanding how complex life stressors influence mental health and sleep quality among low-income mothers raising young children.

La pandemia del COVID-19 y las subsecuentes restricciones sociales crearon un contexto sin precedentes para las familias que estaban criando niños pequeños. Aunque los estudios han documentado los efectos perjudiciales de la pandemia sobre el bienestar materno, menos se conoce acerca de cómo la pandemia específicamente tuvo un impacto sobre madres de bajos recursos económicos. Examinamos la depresión, ansiedad y calidad del sueño entre madres de bajos recursos económicos de niños de un año de edad durante los primeros meses de la pandemia usando datos del estudio Primeros Años del Bebé. Enfocándonos en el grupo de control (n = 547), comparamos las madres entrevistadas antes del 14 de marzo de 2020 (n = 342) con madres entrevistadas entre el 14 de marzo y el 30 de junio de 2020 (n = 205) para determinar si la pandemia se asociaba con diferencias en salud mental y calidad del sueño. A las madres se les reclutó en cuatro ciudades de Estados Unidos y la mayor parte del grupo muestra se identificaron como Hispanas (42.2%) o Negras no Hispanas (38.6%). Encontramos que las madres entrevistadas durante la pandemia reportaron mejor salud mental y calidad del sueño. A pesar de que no podemos hablar sobre el impacto a largo plazo de la pandemia, es posible que las madres de bajos recursos económicos experimentaran alivio en los factores diarios de estrés durante el inicial mandato de quedarse en su casa, lo cual pudiera haber llevado a mejoras en el bienestar. Estos resultados tienen implicaciones para comprender cómo los complejos factores de estrés influyen en la salud mental y la calidad del sueño entre madres de bajos recursos económicos que crían a niños pequeños.

La pandémie du COVID-19 et les restrictions sociales qui en ont découlé ont créé un contexte sans précédent pour les familles élevant de jeunes enfants. Bien que des études aient documenté des effets préjudiciables de la pandémie sur le bien-être maternel, on en sait moins sur la manière dont la pandémie a spécifiquement impacté les mères de milieux défavorisés. Nous avons examiné la dépression, l'anxiété, et la qualité du sommeil chez des mères de milieux défavorisés avec un enfant d'un an durant les premiers mois de la pandémie, en utilisant des données de l'étude Baby's First Years. Nous concentrant sur le groupe de contrôle (n = 547), nous avons comparé des mères interviewées avant le 14 mars 2020 (n = 342) à des mères interviewées entre le 14 mars et le 30 juin 2020 (n = 205) afin de déterminer si la pandémie était liée à des différences en santé mentale et en qualité de sommeil. Les mères ont été recrutées dans quatre villes des Etats-Unis et la plupart de l'échantillon s'identifiait comme Hispanique (42,2%) ou Noires, non hispaniques (38,6%). Nous avons trouvé que les mères interviewées Durant la pandémie faisaient état d'une meilleure santé mentale et d'une meilleure qualité de sommeil. Bien que nous ne puissions pas parler des impacts de la pandémie à long terme, il est possible que les mères de milieux défavorisés aient fait l'expérience d'un soulagement des facteurs de stress quotidiens durant la période initiale de confinement, ce qui pourrait avoir mené à des améliorations dans le bien-être. Ces résultats ont des implications pour la compréhension de la manière dont des facteurs de stress complexes influencent la santé mentale et la qualité du sommeil chez les mères de milieux défavorisés élevant de jeunes enfants.

Racial and ethnic differences in the relationship between financial worry and white matter hyperintensities in Latinx, non-Latinx Black, and non-Latinx White older adults.

Socioeconomic status (SES) is associated with white matter hyperintensities (WMHs) and contributes to racial and ethnic health disparities. However, traditional measures of SES may not accurately represent individual financial circumstances among non-Latinx Black and Latinx older adults due to longstanding structural inequities. This study examined associations between multiple SES indicators (education, income, subjective financial worry) and WMHs across non-Latinx Black, Latinx, and non-Latinx White older adults in the Washington Heights-Inwood Columbia Aging Project (N = 662). Latinx participants reported the lowest SES and greatest financial worry, while Black participants evidenced the most WMHs. Greater financial worry was associated with higher WMHs volume above and beyond education and income, which were not associated with WMHs. However, this association was only evident among Latinx older adults. These results provide evidence for the minority poverty hypothesis and highlight the need for systemic socioeconomic interventions to alleviate brain health disparities in older adulthood.

Environmental inequality and disparities in school readiness: The role of neurotoxic lead.

Developmental science has increasingly scrutinized how environmental hazards influence child outcomes, but few studies examine how contaminants affect disparities in early skill formation. Linking research on environmental inequality and early childhood development, this study assessed whether differences in exposure to neurotoxic lead explain sociodemographic gaps in school readiness. Using panel data tracking a representative sample of 1266 Chicago children (50% female, 16% White, 30% Black, 49% Hispanic, µage = 5.2 months at baseline, collected 1994-2002), analyses quantified the contribution of lead contamination to class and racial disparities in vocabulary skills and attention problems at ages 4 and 5. Results suggested that lead contamination explains 15%-25% and 33%-66% of the disparities in each outcome, respectively, although imprecise estimates preclude drawing firm inferences about attention problems.

Racial socialization and discrimination-related psychological distress in middle-aged Black men and women.

Our objectives were to evaluate gender-specific associations of racial discrimination with psychological sequelae among middle-aged Blacks and to evaluate the capacity of racial socialization to moderate the association between discrimination and psychological distress, accounting for relevant prospectively assessed childhood factors. We used data from the Child Health and Development Disparities Study that followed a Northern California-based group of Blacks from the prenatal period through midlife (N = 244, 49.6% female). Multiple regression analyses were performed separately by gender to assess (a) the main effects of racial socialization and racial discrimination on adult psychological distress, (b) racial socialization as a moderator of the association between racial discrimination and adult psychological distress, and (c) whether controls for prospectively assessed childhood factors changed conclusions regarding the role of racial socialization. Seventy percent of the middle-aged Blacks in our sample reported having at least one type of major experience of racial discrimination. Increased reports of racial discrimination were positively associated with psychological distress in men, but not in women. Similarly, racial socialization was associated with decreased overall distress for men, but not for women. Discrimination-related distress was attenuated for men who reported higher levels of racial socialization. These findings remained after adjustment for childhood socioeconomic status (SES), childhood internalizing symptoms, parental marital separation, and number of siblings. Findings suggest that racial socialization conferred a protective psychological effect through midlife to Black men who experienced racial discrimination, a commonplace experience in this cohort. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

Construction and validation of the Racially Biased Reasoning Scale: A measure of beliefs about police interactions with people of color.

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to develop and provide initial psychometric support for the Racially Biased Reasoning Scale-Police (RBias-Police). The vignette-based RBias-Police is designed to capture rigid racially biased beliefs. The items focus on police interactions with people of color as this is a particularly emotional-laden issue in the United States that signifies deeper racial and social intolerance. METHOD: Data from a combined sample of 1,156 participants were collected through Mechanical Turk for two interrelated studies. In the first study, we used matrix sampling and exploratory structural equation modeling to explore the factor structure of RBias-Police. In the second study, we conducted confirmatory factor analysis and explored the construct validity with theoretically relevant concepts. RESULTS: In Study 1, we found that 10 items with three factors solution captured the data across each of the six vignettes: (a) Minimization of Racism, (b) Target Apathy, and (c) Target Blaming. In Study 2, findings from confirmatory factor analysis supported that the three-factor model was a good fit to the data. The RBias-Police factors were positively related to color-blind racial ideology and the general belief in a just world in theoretically expected ways. CONCLUSIONS: Across two studies, our findings provide initial psychometric support for the RBias-Police; this new measure captures both affective and cognitive dimensions of biased reasoning. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

Dr. Janet E. Helms: Envisioning and creating a more humane psychological science, theory, and practice.

Dr. Janet E. Helms's use of psychological science to engage the field of psychology in radical progressive debates about race and identity is unprecedented. Her scholarship transformed prevailing paradigms in identity development theory and cognitive ability testing in psychology, to name a few. However, mainstream psychology often ignores, dismisses, and minimizes the importance of Dr. Helms's scientific contributions. Despite the numerous systemic barriers she encounters as a Black woman in psychology, Dr. Helms has persisted and made immeasurable contributions to the field and society. The intellectual gifts she has provided have shaped psychology for decades and will undoubtedly continue to do so for centuries to come. This article aims to provide an overview of Dr. Helms's lifetime contributions to psychology and the social sciences. To achieve this goal, we provide a brief narrative of Dr. Helms's life as a prelude to describing her foundational contributions to psychological science and practice in four domains, including (a) racial identity theories, (b) racially conscious and culturally responsive praxis, (c) womanist identity, and (d) racial biases in cognitive ability tests and measurement. The article concludes with a summary of Dr. Helms's legacy as an exceptional psychologist who offers the quintessential blueprint for envisioning and creating a more humane psychological science, theory, and practice anchored in liberation for all. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

Standing on the shoulders of a giant: The legacy of Robert M. Sellers.

Robert M. Sellers, PhD, most known for his influential and highly cited Multidimensional Model of Racial Identity (MMRI), is one of the most prolific and foundational Black scholars in psychology. From racial identity theory development and measurement to conceptual and methodological innovations in studying the lived experiences of Black people, Sellers' scholarship centers on the lives of Black communities. Sellers' mentorship and contributions to the professional development of scholars and professionals of color have supported and catalyzed new intergenerational knowledge building by these scholars, ensuring a perpetuating and far-reaching legacy in psychology. In this article, we: (a) celebrate Sellers' enduring contribution to the racial identity literature and its profound impact on psychology as a discipline as well as numerous subfields of psychology, (b) outline his contributions to the racial socialization literature, (c) describe methodological innovations in racial identity and racial socialization research advanced through his scholarship, and (d) summarize his contributions in professional development and mentorship and his leadership roles. Sellers' scholarly contributions and mentorship have transformed the discipline of psychology and the social sciences broadly speaking, making him one of the most influential psychologists in the modern era. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

Perceived racial discrimination and polysubstance use among racial/ethnic minority adolescents in the United States.

OBJECTIVE: Polysubstance use among adolescents is a significant public health concern, yet most studies on adolescent substance use focus on a singular substance. This study is one of the first to investigate the association between perceived racial discrimination (PRD) in school and polysubstance use among racial/ethnic minority adolescents using a nationally representative sample. METHODS: Data was from the 2021 Adolescent Behaviors and Experiences Survey. The sample included 4145 racial/ethnic minority adolescents (52.8% female). Hierarchical binary logistic regression was used to examine the association between PRD in school and polysubstance use among racial/ethnic minority adolescents. RESULTS: About 12% of racial/ethnic minority adolescents engaged in polysubstance use and 23.4% reported experiencing PRD in school sometimes/most of the time/always. Controlling for other factors, experiencing PRD in school sometimes/most of the time/always was associated with 1.52 times higher odds of polysubstance use when compared to adolescents who never experienced PRD in school (OR=1.52, p=.044, 95% CI=1.01-2.30). Cyberbullying victimization, symptoms of depression, and being emotionally abused by a parent during COVID-19 were also associated with polysubstance use. CONCLUSION: Controlling for demographic characteristics and psychosocial stressors, PRD in school was significantly associated with higher odds of polysubstance use among racial/ethnic minority adolescents. The findings of this study could inform clinicians and policymakers of the association between PRD in school and polysubstance use, which could contribute to early identification of polysubstance use among racial/ethnic minority adolescents.

The differential impact of COVID-19 across health service psychology students of color: An embedded mixed-methods study.

OBJECTIVES: Communities of color in the United States systematically experience inequities in physical and mental health care compared to individuals who identify as non-Hispanic White. The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic exacerbated these structural drivers of inequity to disproportionate and devastating effects for persons of color. In addition to managing the direct effects of COVID-19 risk, persons of color were also navigating increased racial prejudice and discrimination. For mental health professionals and trainees of color, the effects of COVID-19 racial health disparities and the increase in acts of racism may have been compounded by their work responsibilities. The current study used an embedded mixed-methods approach to examine the differential impact of COVID-19 on health service psychology (HSP) students of color as compared to their non-Hispanic White peers. METHOD: Using quantitative and qualitative data from the Epidemic-Pandemic Impacts Inventory, measures of perceived support and of discrimination, and open-ended questions about students' experiences with racism and microaggressions, we examined the extent to which different racial/ethnic HSP student groups experienced COVID-19-related discrimination, the impacts of COVID-19 felt by students of color, and how these experiences differed from those of their non-Hispanic White peers. RESULTS: HSP students of color endorsed greater impacts of the pandemic on both self and others in the home, perceived themselves as less supported by others, and reported more experiences of racial discrimination than non-Hispanic White HSP students. CONCLUSION: Throughout the graduate experience, HSP students of color and their experiences of discrimination need to be addressed. We provided recommendations to HSP training program directors and students both during and after the COVID-19 pandemic.

Measurement invariance of maternal depressive symptoms across the first 2 years since birth and across racial group, education, income, primiparity, and age.

Up to 19% of postpartum mothers experience depressive symptoms, which are associated with infant development. Thus, research examining postpartum depression has implications for mothers' and infants' well-being. However, this research relies on the often-untested assumption of measurement invariance-that measures capture the same construct across time and sociodemographic characteristics. In the absence of invariance, measurement bias may confound differences across time and group, contributing to invalid inferences. In a sociodemographically diverse (40.7% African American, 58.9% White; 67.9% below two times the federal poverty line; 19.4% with less than high school education), rural, longitudinal sample (N = 1,275) of mothers, we used moderated nonlinear factor analysis (MNLFA) to examine measurement invariance of the Brief Symptom Inventory-18 (BSI-18) Depressive Symptoms subscale across time since birth, racial group, education, income, primiparity, and maternal age at childbirth. We identified evidence of differential item functioning (DIF; i.e., measurement noninvariance) as a function of racial group and education. Subsequent analyses indicated, however, that the DIF-induced bias had minimal impacts on substantive comparisons examining change over time since birth and group differences. Thus, the presence of measurement noninvariance does not appear to bias substantive comparisons using the BSI-18 Depressive Symptoms subscale across the first 2 years since birth in a sample comprising primarily African American and White mothers living in predominately rural, low-income communities. This study demonstrates the importance of assessing measurement invariance and highlights MNLFA for evaluating the impact of noninvariance as a preliminary step that increases confidence in the validity of substantive inferences. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

Monoracials' perceptions of biracials in Singapore.

OBJECTIVES: Drawing on social identity theory, present research examined the effects of overlapping racial membership on monoracials' categorization of biracials as in-/out-group members, as well as its impact on monoracials' social perceptions of biracials in Singapore. Within Singapore, it is hypothesized that biracials who share racial membership with monoracials would be rated more as monoracials' racial in-group and be evaluated more positively. Furthermore, monoracials' positive perceptions of biracials with (vs. without) shared racial membership would be less influenced by biracials' confrontation of racial prejudice. METHOD: Studies 1 (N = 242) and 2 (N = 153) sampled Chinese Singaporeans to assess their perceptions of several fictitious biracial targets. Utilizing an experimental confrontation paradigm, Studies 3 (N = 170) and 4 (N = 225) investigated the effects of confronting racial prejudice on Chinese Singaporeans' perceptions of biracials. RESULTS: Studies 1 and 2 revealed that Chinese Singaporeans perceive Chinese-other (vs. non-Chinese) biracials as more racially similar to themselves and were more likely to report positive social perceptions of Chinese-other biracials. Compared to non-Chinese biracials, Studies 3 and 4 found that Chinese-other biracials' response to racial prejudice did not negatively affect Chinese Singaporeans' perception of them. Findings revealed that Chinese-other biracials were well-liked regardless of their response to racial prejudice, demonstrating Chinese Singaporeans' recognition of shared racial membership. Interestingly, Chinese Singaporeans increased their liking for Indian-Malay biracials when they confronted antimajority racial prejudice. CONCLUSION: Perceiving shared racial membership positively influenced Chinese Singaporeans' perceptions and feelings toward biracials. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).