Fast, sensitive LC-MS resolution of α -hydroxy acid biomarkers via SPP-teicoplanin and an alternative UV detection approach.

Enantioseparation of α -hydroxy acids is essential since specific enantiomers of these compounds can be used as disease biomarkers for diagnosis and prognosis of cancer, brain diseases, kidney diseases, diabetes, etc., as well as in the food industry to ensure quality. HPLC methods were developed for the enantioselective separation of 11 α -hydroxy acids using a superficially porous particle-based teicoplanin (TeicoShell) chiral stationary phase. The retention behaviors observed for the hydroxy acids were HILIC, reversed phase, and ion-exclusion. While both mass spectrometry and UV spectroscopy detection methods could be used, specific mobile phases containing ammonium formate and potassium dihydrogen phosphate, respectively, were necessary with each approach. The LC-MS mode was approximately two orders of magnitude more sensitive than UV detection. Mobile phase acidity and ionic strength significantly affected enantioresolution and enantioselectivity. Interestingly, higher ionic strength resulted in increased retention and enantioresolution. It was noticed that for formate-containing mobile phases, using acetonitrile as the organic modifier usually resulted in greater enantioresolution compared to methanol. However, sometimes using acetonitrile with high ammonium formate concentrations led to lengthy retention times which could be avoided by using methanol as the organic modifier. Additionally, the enantiomeric purities of single enantiomer standards were determined and it was shown that almost all standards contained some levels of enantiomeric impurities.

Rapid authenticity assessment of PGI Hongyuan yak milk based on SICRIT-QTOF MS.

Hongyuan (HY) yaks live in a pollution-free environment, making HY yak milk a green food, but their short milk production period and low milk yield make yak milk precious and expensive. The phenomenon of counterfeiting HY yak milk with ordinary milk from other origins has already occurred, so the authenticity assessment of HY yak milk is necessary. This study developed a rapid soft ionisation by chemical reaction in transfer quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (SICRIT-QTOF MS) for HY yak milk differences assessment. Principal component analysis and orthogonal least squares discriminant analysis showed differences between HY milk and the other three origins. Twenty-eight differential compounds were screened out by variable importance in projection, fold change, P-value, and database matching. Furthermore, six characteristic compounds (proline, 2-hydroxy-3-methylbutyric acid, and l-isoleucine, etc.) of HY samples were putatively identified. The study demonstrated that SICRIT-QTOF MS has great potential for rapidly distinguishing the milk origin.

HiSorb sorptive extraction for determining salivary short chain fatty acids and hydroxy acids in heart failure patients.

Variations in salivary short-chain fatty acids and hydroxy acids (e.g., lactic acid, and 3-hydroxybutyric acid) levels have been suggested to reflect the dysbiosis of human gut microbiota, which represents an additional factor involved in the onset of heart failure (HF) disease. The physical-chemical properties of these metabolites combined with the complex composition of biological matrices mean that sample pre-treatment procedures are almost unavoidable. This work describes a reliable, simple, and organic solvent free protocol for determining short-chain fatty acids and hydroxy acids in stimulated saliva samples collected from heart failure, obese, and hypertensive patients. The procedure is based on in-situ pentafluorobenzyl bromide (PFB-Br) derivatization and HiSorb sorptive extraction coupled to thermal desorption and gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The HiSorb extraction device is completely compatible with aqueous matrices, thus saving on time and materials associated with organic solvent-extraction methods. A Central Composite Face-Centred experimental design was used for the optimization of the molar ratio between PFB-Br and target analytes, the derivatization temperature, and the reaction time which were 100, 60 °C, and 180 min, respectively. Detection limits in the range 0.1-100 µM were reached using a small amount of saliva (20 µL). The use of sodium acetate-1-13C as an internal standard improved the intra- and inter-day precision of the method which ranged from 10 to 23%. The optimized protocol was successfully applied for what we believe is the first time to evaluate the salivary levels of short chain fatty acids and hydroxy acids in saliva samples of four groups of patients: i) patients admitted to hospital with acute HF symptoms, ii) patients with chronic HF symptoms, iii) patients without HF symptoms but with obesity, and iv) patients without HF symptoms but with hypertension. The first group of patients showed significantly higher levels of salivary acetic acid and lactic acid at hospital admission as well as the lowest values of hexanoic acid and heptanoic acid. Moreover, the significant high levels of acetic acid, propionic acid, and butyric acid observed in HF respect to the other patients suggest the potential link between oral bacteria and gut dysbiosis.

Efficient determination of enantiomeric ratios of α-hydroxy/amino acids from fermented milks via ion mobility-mass spectrometry.

Chiral analysis of food components can provide important information for food quality, bioactivity and safety. Determination of enantiomeric ratios in food is a tedious task, due to the poor resolution and insufficient sensitivity for simultaneous discrimination and quantification of trace amounts of d-form metabolites. Herein, a high-throughput, high-sensitive and high-resolution method was developed for simultaneously determining enantiomeric ratios of multiple chiral α-hydroxy/amino acids (HA/AAs) from fermented milks in one-run by [d0]/[d5]-estradiol-3-benzoate-17ß-chloroformate labeling-assisted ion mobility - mass spectrometry. Results revealed extensive variation in chiral HA/AA profiles among 15 fermented milks. A total of 14 D-HA/AAs were identified. d-Lactic acid and d-alanine appeared as the most discriminatory in fermented milks with live lactic acid bacteria (LAB). Results suggested that glycolysis, casein hydrolysis and enantioisomerization of HA/AAs were most likely affected by various starter culture LAB. It may contribute to entail a valuable step forward in food quality control and discovering functional-related chiral biomarkers.

Characterization of long-chain fatty acid-linked bile acids: a major conjugation form of 3ß-hydroxy bile acids in feces.

Although most bile acids (BAs) in feces are present in noncovalent forms that can be extracted with ethanol, non-negligible amounts of saponifiable BAs are also present. It is a major concern that such saponifiable BAs are routinely omitted from fecal BA measurements. We compared the BA profiles of healthy stools that were obtained with/without alkaline hydrolysis and found that as much as 29.7% (2.1-67.7%) of total BAs were saponifiable. Specifically, alkaline treatment led to significant elevations of isodeoxycholic acid (isoDCA) and isolithocholic acid (isoLCA) concentrations, suggesting that considerable proportions of isoDCA and isoLCA were esterified. Precursor ion scan data from LC/MS suggested the presence of long-chain FA-linked BAs. We chemically synthesized a series of fatty acid 3ß-acyl conjugates of isoDCA and isoLCA as analytical standards and analyzed their fecal profiles from newborns to adults (n = 64) by LC/MS. FA-conjugated isobile acids (FA-isoBAs) were constantly present from 2 years of age to adulthood. C16- and C18-chain FA-isoBA esters were predominantly found regardless of age, but small amounts of acetic acid esters were also found. FA-isoBA concentrations were not correlated to fecal FA concentrations. Interestingly, there were some adults who did not have FA-isoBAs. Gut bacteria involved in the production of FA-isoBAs have not been identified yet. The present study provides insight into the establishment of early gut microbiota and the interactive development of esterified BAs.The contribution of FA-isoBAs to gut physiology and their role in pathophysiologic conditions such as inflammatory bowel disease are currently under investigation.

Production of 7,10,12-trihydroxy-8(E)-octadecenoic acid from ricinoleic acid by Pseudomonas aeruginosa KNU-2B.

Microbial production of hydroxy fatty acids (HFAs) was widely studied because of important biological properties of HFAs. Among microorganisms producing HFAs, Pseudomonas aeruginosa PR3 was well known to produce various HFAs from different unsaturated fatty acids. Recently, a new variant species of P. aeruginosa PR3 was isolated and characterized, showing improved efficiency for producing 7,10-dihydroxy-8(E)-octadecenoic acid from oleic acid. In this study, we report the production of 7,10,12-trihydroxy-8(E)-octadecenoic acid (TOD) from ricinoleic acid by the newly isolated P. aeruginosa KNU-2B. TOD was efficiently produced from ricinoleic acid by KNU-2B with the maximum conversion yield of 56.7% under the optimum reaction conditions of pH 8.0 and 48-h incubation at 27 °C, 150 rpm. Under optimized reaction conditions, maximum TOD production reached 340.3 mg/100 mL of the culture. However, requirement of nutritional factors by KNU-2B for production of TOD were considerably different from those by PR3 strain.

Eosinophils synthesize trihydroxyoctadecenoic acids (TriHOMEs) via a 15-lipoxygenase dependent process.

Trihydroxyoctadecenoic acids (TriHOMEs) are linoleic acid-derived lipid mediators reported to be dysregulated in obstructive lung disease. In contrast to many other oxylipins, TriHOME biosynthesis in humans is still poorly understood. The association of TriHOMEs with inflammation prompted the current investigation into the ability of human granulocytes to synthesize the 16 different 9,10,13-TriHOME and 9,12,13-TriHOME isomers and of the TriHOME biosynthetic pathway. Following incubation with linoleic acid, eosinophils and (to a lesser extent) the mast cell line LAD2, but not neutrophils, formed TriHOMEs. Stereochemical analysis revealed that TriHOMEs produced by eosinophils predominantly evidenced the 13(S) configuration, suggesting 15-lipoxygenase (15-LOX)-mediated synthesis. TriHOME formation was blocked following incubation with the 15-LOX inhibitor BLX-3887 and was shown to be largely independent of soluble epoxide hydrolase and cytochrome P450 activities. TriHOME synthesis was abolished when linoleic acid was replaced with 13-HODE, but increased in incubations with 13-HpODE, indicating the intermediary role of epoxy alcohols in TriHOME formation. In contrast to eosinophils, LAD2 cells formed TriHOMEs having predominantly the 13(R) configuration, demonstrating that there are multiple synthetic routes for TriHOME formation. These findings provide for the first-time insight into the synthetic route of TriHOMEs in humans and expand our understanding of their formation in inflammatory diseases.

Lovastatin in lactone and hydroxy acid forms and citrinin in red yeast rice powders analyzed by HPTLC-UV/FLD.

For the analysis of pigment-rich red yeast rice products, a fast quantitative high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) method was newly developed and validated. The active ingredient lovastatin, present in lactone (LL) and hydroxy acid forms (LH), as well as the mycotoxin citrinin were analyzed in 19 red yeast rice products, including powders, dietary supplements, and Chinese proprietary medicines (Xuezhikang and Zhibituo). The HPTLC method including sample preparation allows a high throughput of matrix-rich samples (10 min per analysis) and is highly cost-efficient (running costs of 0.5 Euro per analysis). For a fast protocol, application volumes up to 10 µL were selected although higher application volumes will lower still the LODs, which were 30 mg/kg for LL and LH as well as 4 mg/kg for citrinin. Thanks to the minimalistic sample preparation, the overall mean recovery rate was good (109.9% ± 5.9%; repeated measurements of the three analytes per fresh sample preparation at three spike levels). Repeated calibrations (five per analyte) in the red yeast rice matrix showed highly satisfying determination coefficients (≥ 0.9991; mean 0.9996). For three analytes at three concentration levels, the obtained mean intermediate precisions in red yeast rice matrix analyzed over the whole procedure including sample preparation were highly satisfying (≤ 2.6%). Citrinin was not detectable in the samples down to the given LOD of 4.0 mg/kg for the 10-µL sample volume applied. The mean content of lovastatin in 15 RYR powders was 8.7 g/kg, with a rang of 1.5-26.2 g/kg. The content of lovastatin in Zhibituo tablets and Xuezhikang capsules was determined to be 2.7 and 11.1 g/kg, respectively. The two commercially available RYR dietary supplement samples showed the highest lovastatin contents of 40.7 and 41.4 g/kg. By these figures of merit, the HPTLC method was proven to be suited for the control of such matrix-rich, fermented food. Graphical abstract.

Influence of deficit irrigation on strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) fruit quality.

BACKGROUND: Three different irrigation regimes - upper limit of field capacity (UFC), -12 kPa); lower limit of field capacity (LFC), -33 kPa; and deficit irrigation (DI), -70 kPa) were established on silty-loam soil and monitored with tensiometers. Yield and fruit quality of 'Flamenco' and 'Eva's Delight' ever-bearing strawberry cultivars were monitored. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of different irrigation regimes on the content of sugars, organic acids and phenolic compounds using high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry HPLC/HPLC-MS. RESULTS: Deficit irrigation significantly increased the content of sugars (from 1.1- to 1.3 fold), organic acids (from 1.1- to 1.3-fold), their ratio (from 1.1- to 1.2-fold) and the content of most identified phenolics in cv. 'Flamenco'. Conversely, higher amounts of total sugars and organic acids (1.7- to 1.8-fold) were detected in 'Eva's Delight' strawberries at UFC and LFC irrigation. Deficit irrigation generally decreased strawberry yield of cv. 'Eva's Delight'. CONCLUSION: The results suggest superior fruit quality and taste of strawberries grown under minor deficit irrigation for cv. 'Flamenco'. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.

Quantitation of α-hydroxy acids in complex prebiotic mixtures via liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry.

RATIONALE: Spark discharge experiments, like those performed by Stanley Miller in the 1950s, generate complex, analytically challenging mixtures that contain biopolymer building blocks. Recently, α-amino acids and α-hydroxy acids (AHAs) were subjected to environmental cycling to form simple depsipeptides (peptides with both amide and ester linkages). The synthesis of AHAs under possible primordial environments must be examined to better understand this chemistry. METHODS: We report a direct, quantitative method for AHAs using ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography and triple quadrupole mass spectrometry. Hexylamine ion-pairing chromatography and selected reaction monitoring detection were combined for the rapid analysis of ten AHAs in a single run. Additionally, prebiotic simulation experiments, including the first-ever reproduction of Miller's 1958 cyanamide spark discharge experiment, were performed to evaluate AHA synthesis over a wide range of possible primitive terrestrial environments. RESULTS: The quantitating transition for each of the AHAs targeted in this study produced a limit of detection in the nanomolar concentration range. For most species, a linear response over a range spanning two orders of magnitude was found. The AHAs glycolic acid, lactic acid, malic acid, and α-hydroxyglutaric acid were detected in electric discharge experiments in the low micromolar concentration range. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this work suggest that the most abundant building blocks available for prebiotic depsipeptide synthesis would have been glycolic, lactic, malic, and α-hydroxyglutaric acids, and their corresponding amino acids, glycine, alanine, and aspartic and glutamic acids. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Determination of the acid values of edible oils via FTIR spectroscopy based on the OH stretching band.

A new method for determining the acid values (AVs) of edible oils based on the OH stretching band was developed. The oil sample was diluted with carbon tetrachloride and was placed in a quartz cuvette with a thickness of 1cm to record the FTIR spectrum. The peak at 3535cm(-1), which corresponds to the OH stretch of the carboxyl group in free fatty acids, together with the peak valley at 3508cm(-1) and the spectral data in the range of 3340-3390cm(-1) were used to determine the AV of the edible oil. The excellent linear relationship between the AVs measured in this work and those measured using a titration method, with a correlation coefficient (R) of 0.9929, indicates that the present procedure can be applied as an alternative to the classic method for determining the AVs of edible oils.

Identification of hydroxy- and keto-dicarboxylic acids in remote marine aerosols using gas chromatography/quadruple and time-of-flight mass spectrometry.

RATIONALE: The identification of hydroxy- and keto-dicarboxylic acids (diacids) in remote marine aerosol samples is important for a better understanding of the composition of organic particulate matter, as this chemical composition is essential for predicting the effects on climate, air quality, and human health. Molecular characterization of these compounds provides insights into sources and formation pathways of organic aerosols. METHODS: The method of chemical derivatization followed by gas chromatography-flame ionization detection (GC-FID), gas chromatography/quadruple mass spectrometry (GC/QMS) and gas chromatography/time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC/TOFMS) was used to identify hydroxy- and keto-diacids in remote marine aerosols. Atmospheric samples were collected at Chichijima Island in the western North Pacific and the diacids and related compounds were extracted with organic-free ultrapure water. A two-step derivatization technique was employed, using 14% BF3 /n-butanol for the butylation of carboxyl groups and acidic ketones followed by N,O-bis(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide (BSTFA) for the trimethylsilylation of hydroxyl groups. RESULTS: Several new peaks were detected in the gas chromatogram after trimethylsilylation of the dibutyl ester fraction. Based on mass spectral interpretation with authentic standards, we successfully identified and quantified a homologous series of hydroxydiacids, including tartaric and oxaloacetic acids. In addition, transformation of oxaloacetic acid into its enol form was elucidated. CONCLUSIONS: Utilizing GC-FID, GC/QMS and GC/TOFMS, hydroxy- and keto-diacids were identified in the remote marine aerosols. A complete structural characterization was achieved with extensive mass spectral analysis. Molecular distributions of hydroxydiacids generally showed the predominance of malic acid followed by tartronic acid. We consider that these hydroxydiacids are important intermediates in the atmospheric oxidation of organic aerosols to result in smaller diacids. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Relationship between chromatographic resolution and amide structure of chiral 2-hydroxy acids as O-(-)-menthoxycarbonylated diastereomeric derivatives for enantiomeric separation on achiral gas chromatography.

The relationship between chromatographic resolution and amide structure of chiral 2-hydroxy acids as O-(-)-menthoxycarbonylated diastereomeric derivatives on achiral gas chromatography was investigated to elucidate the best diastereomeric conformation for enantiomeric separation of chiral 2-hydroxy acids. Thirteen chiral 2-hydroxy acids were converted into nine different diastereomeric O-(-)-menthoxycarbonylated amide derivatives using the primary, secondary and cyclic amines to achieve complete enantiomeric separation through an achiral column. Each enantiomeric pair of 2-hydroxy acids as O-(-)-menthoxycarbonylated tert-butylamide derivatives was resolved on both the DB-5 and DB-17 columns with resolution factors ranging from 1.7 to 4.8 and 1.7 to 3.4, respectively. The results revealed that the structure of the amide moiety is shown to significantly affect chromatographic resolution. In addition, O-(-)-menthoxycarbonylated tert-butylamide derivatives were shown to be the best diastereomeric conformations for enantiomeric separation of 2-hydroxy acids. When comparing with our previous O-trifluoroacetylated(-)-menthyl ester derivatization method, the present results suggested that size differences between groups attached to the chiral center and conformational rigidity can have stronger effects on resolution than the distance between chiral centers. The elution of R- and S-stereoisomers was affected by the class of amine; i.e., primary, secondary, or cyclic, regardless of the substituents on the amine group, the structure of the 2-hydroxy acid, and the polarity of the column.

Quantitative determination of five hydroxy acids, precursors of relevant wine aroma compounds in wine and other alcoholic beverages.

A method for the quantitative determination of 2-hydroxy-2-methylbutanoic (2OH2MB), 2-hydroxy-3-methylbutanoic (2OH3MB), 3-hydroxy-3-methylbutanoic (3OH3MB), 2-hydroxy-4-methylpentanoic (2OH4MP) and 3-hydroxybutanoic (3OHB) acids has been optimized, validated and applied to a set of wines and other alcoholic beverages. The analytes were preconcentrated in a solid phase extraction cartridge and derivatized with 2,3,4,5,6-pentafluorobenzyl bromide at room temperature for 30 min, followed by GC-MS analysis. Detection limits were between 0.5 and 29 µg L(-1), and linearity was maintained up to 3 or 12 mg L(-1), depending on the analyte. Recovery values were between 85 and 106 %, and reproducibility was better than 12 % RSD in most cases. The first specific study of these analytes in wine and other alcoholic beverages is herein reported. Concentrations ranged from the method detection limits to 7820, 519, 8510, 3470 and 2500 µg L(-1) for 2OH2MB, 2OH3MB, 3OH3MB, 2OH4MP and 3OHB, respectively, which may have relevant sensory effects. These products were not found in distillates (except 3OHB) but were all present in beer. 2OH2MB, 3OH3MB and 3OHB were found in unfermented grape derivatives. Sherry wines had the highest levels of all except for 3OHB.

Rapid identification of fatty acids and (O-acyl)-ω-hydroxy fatty acids in human meibum by liquid chromatography/high-resolution mass spectrometry.

We report a rapid liquid chromatography/quadrupole Orbitrap Fourier transform mass spectrometry (LC-FTMS) method for identifying free fatty acids (FAs) and (O-acyl)-ω-hydroxyFAs (OAHFAs) in human meibum without derivatization. Meibum is a lipid-rich secretion and an important component of the tear film lipid layer. FAs are commonly detected by gas chromatography (GC) or GC/MS after methyl ester derivatization. We developed high-throughput lipid profiling using LC-FTMS and lipid identification software, Lipid Search, without derivatization and applied the method to human meibum. Chromatographic separation was performed on a C18 column. We selected negative electrospray ionization [M-H](-), and applied high-resolution full scan mode to FA analysis and data-dependent MS(2) mode to OAHFA analysis. High-resolution Orbitrap MS proved to be an excellent tool for the rapid analysis of lipids from meibum, and 100 FA and 61 OAHFA molecular species were detected. The analysis times were 12 and 16.5min, respectively. Very long chain FAs (up to C37) and OAHFAs (up to C56) were also detected. The results clearly showed that retention time correlates with the number of double bonds and carbon chains. This LC/MS method can be applied to the identification of FAs and OAHFAs in human meibum.

Determination of α-hydroxy acids and their enantiomers in fruit juices by ligand exchange CE with a dual central metal ion system.

The content of α-hydroxy acids and their enantiomers can be used to distinguish authentic and adulterated fruit juices. Here, we investigated the use of ligand exchange CE with two kinds of central metal ion in a BGE for the simultaneous determination of enantiomers of dl-malic, dl-tartaric and dl-isocitric acids, and citric acid. Ligand exchange CE with 100 mM d-quinic acid as a chiral selector ligand and 10 mM Cu(II) ion as a central metal ion could enantioseparate dl-tartaric acid but not dl-malic acid or dl-isocitric acid. Addition of 1.8 mM Sc(III) ion to the BGE with 10 mM Cu(II) ion to create a dual central metal ion system permitted the simultaneous determination of these α-hydroxy acid enantiomers and citric acid. The proposed ligand exchange CE was thus well suited for detecting adulteration of fruit juices.

Biosynthesis and characterization of a new copolymer, poly(3-hydroxyvalerate-co-5-hydroxydecenoate), from Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

Using a new isolate of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, we obtained 7 g cell dry wt (CDW/l) using 5 % (w/v) glucose. Crude polyhydroxyalkanoates were obtained at 14.6 % of CDW. FTIR and NMR analysis confirmed that this was a new co-polymer: 3-hydroxyvalerate-co-5-hydroxydecenoate. Differential scanning calorimetry analysis showed two different melting temperatures of the copolymer and also indicated the glass transition temperature to be 4 °C. The polydispersity index of the polymer was 1.059.

Facile determination of the absolute configurations of α-hydroxy acids by chiral derivatization coupled with liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis.

α-Hydroxy acids are commonly encountered in natural bioactive molecules. For convenient determination of the absolute configurations of α-hydroxy acids, a simple method, named the "O-Marfey method" was developed using a chiral derivatization strategy with (L-fluoro-2,4-dinitrophenyl-5)-L-alanine amide (L-FDAA). The liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analysis of the derivatives clearly determined the absolute configurations of various α-hydroxy acids based on their elution times and sequences. This new method is operationally simple with short reaction time and sensitive enough for application at a sub-milligram scale without any purification. This method also enables the simultaneous chirality analysis of α-hydroxy acids and α-amino acids. The absolute configuration of a natural depsipeptide bearing an α-hydroxy acid and α-amino acids was successfully determined by our O-Marfey application.

Determination of hydroxy acids in cosmetics by chemometric experimental design and cyclodextrin-modified capillary electrophoresis.

A CD-modified CE method was established for quantitative determination of seven hydroxy acids in cosmetic products. This method involved chemometric experimental design aspects, including fractional factorial design and central composite design. Chemometric experimental design was used to enhance the method's separation capability and to explore the interactions between parameters. Compared to the traditional investigation that uses multiple parameters, the method that used chemometric experimental design was less time-consuming and lower in cost. In this study, the influences of three experimental variables (phosphate concentration, surfactant concentration, and methanol percentage) on the experimental response were investigated by applying a chromatographic resolution statistic function. The optimized conditions were as follows: a running buffer of 150 mM phosphate solution (pH 7) containing 0.5 mM CTAB, 3 mM γ-CD, and 25% methanol; 20 s sample injection at 0.5 psi; a separation voltage of -15 kV; temperature was set at 25°C; and UV detection at 200 nm. The seven hydroxy acids were well separated in less than 10 min. The LOD (S/N = 3) was 625 nM for both salicylic acid and mandelic acid. The correlation coefficient of the regression curve was greater than 0.998. The RSD and relative error values were all less than 9.21%. After optimization and validation, this simple and rapid analysis method was considered to be established and was successfully applied to several commercial cosmetic products.

Biodegradation of poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) by a new Penicillium oxalicum strain DSYD05-1.

In this study, fungi isolated from soil were screened for their ability to form clear zones on agar plates with emulsified poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL). The most active strain, designated as DSYD05, was identified as Penicillium oxalicum on the basis of morphological characteristics and phylogenetic analysis. Mutant DSYD05-1, obtained by ultraviolet-light mutagenesis from strain DSYD05, was more effective in PCL degradation. In liquid cultures of the mutant strain with PCL emulsion, DSYD05-1 showed the highest PCL-degrading activity after 4 days of cultivation. The products of PCL degradation were analysed by mass spectrometry; the results indicated that 6-hydroxyhexanoic acid was produced and assimilated during cultivation. The degradation of PCL film by DSYD05-1 was observed by scanning electron microscopy, and was indicative of a three-stage degradation process. The degradation of amorphous parts of the film preceded that of the crystalline center and then the peripheral crystalline regions. In addition, DSYD05-1 showed a wide range of substrate specificity, with capability to degrade PCL, poly(ß-hydroxybutyrate), and poly(butylene succinate), but not poly(lactic acid), indicating that the strain could have potential for application in the treatment or recycling of bio-plastic wastes.