RESUMO
The use of bioplastics (e.g., polyhydroxybutyrate) emerged as a solution to help reduce plastic pollution caused by conventional plastics. Nevertheless, bioplastics share many characteristics with their conventional counterparts, such as degradation to nano-sized particles and the ability to sorb environmental pollutants, like metals. This study aimed to assess the potential impacts of the interaction of metals (cadmium - Cd, copper - Cu, and zinc - Zn) with polyhydroxybutyrate nanoplastics (PHB-NPLs; ~200 nm) on the freshwater cnidarian Hydra viridissima in terms of mortality rates, morphological alterations, and feeding behavior. The metal concentrations selected for the combined exposures corresponded to concentrations causing 20 %, 50 %, and 80 % of mortality (LC20, LC50, and LC80, respectively) and the PHB-NPLs concentrations ranged from 0.01 to 1000 µg/L. H. viridissima sensitivity to the metals, based on the LC50's, can be ordered as: Zn < Cd < Cu. Combined exposure to metals and PHB-NPLs yielded distinct outcomes concerning mortality, morphological changes, and feeding behavior, uncovering metal- and dose-specific responses. The interaction between Cd-LCx and PHB-NPLs progressed from no effect at LC20,96h to an ameliorative effect at Cd-LC50,96h. Cu-LCx revealed potential mitigation effects (LC20,96h and LC50,96h) but at Cu-LC80,96h the response shifts to a potentiating effect. For Zn-LCx, response patterns across the combinations with PHB-NPLs were like those induced by the metal alone. PHB-NPLs emerged as a key factor capable of modulating the toxicity of metals. This study highlights the context-dependent interactions between metals and PHB-NPLs in freshwater environments while supporting the need for further investigation of the underlying mechanisms and ecological consequences in forthcoming research.
Assuntos
Hydra , Nanopartículas , Poluentes Químicos da Água , Animais , Poluentes Químicos da Água/toxicidade , Nanopartículas/toxicidade , Hydra/efeitos dos fármacos , Hidroxibutiratos/toxicidade , Poliésteres , Metais Pesados/toxicidadeRESUMO
Nanomedicines, while having been approved for cancer therapy, present many challenges such as low stability, rapid clearance, and nonspecificity leading to off-target toxicity. Cubosomes are porous lyotropic liquid crystalline nanoparticles that have shown great premise as drug delivery vehicles; however, their behavior in vivo is largely underexplored, hindering clinical translation. Here, we have engineered cubosomes based on the space group Im3m that are loaded with copper acetylacetonate as a model drug, and their surfaces are functionalized for the first time with Affimer proteins via copper-free click chemistry to actively target overexpressed carcinoembryonic antigens on LS174T colorectal cancer cells. Unlike nontargeted cubosomes, Affimer tagged cubosomes showed preferential accumulation in cancer cells compared to normal cells not only in vitro (2D monolayer cell culture and 3D spheroid models) but also in vivo in colorectal cancer mouse xenografts, while exhibiting low nonspecific absorption and toxicity in other vital organs. Cancerous spheroids had maximum cell death compared to noncancerous cells upon targeted delivery. Xenografts subjected to targeted drug-loaded cubosomes showed a 5-7-fold higher drug accumulation in the tumor tissue compared to the liver, kidneys, and other vital organs, a significant decrease in tumor growth, and an increased survival rate compared to the nontargeted group. This work encompasses the first thorough preclinical investigation of Affimer targeted cubosomes as a cancer therapeutic.
Assuntos
Antígeno Carcinoembrionário/metabolismo , Proteínas de Transporte/metabolismo , Neoplasias Colorretais/tratamento farmacológico , Sistemas de Liberação de Medicamentos , Animais , Linhagem Celular , Química Click , Liberação Controlada de Fármacos , Humanos , Hidroxibutiratos/farmacologia , Hidroxibutiratos/uso terapêutico , Hidroxibutiratos/toxicidade , Cristais Líquidos/química , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Camundongos Nus , Nanopartículas/química , Pentanonas/farmacologia , Pentanonas/uso terapêutico , Pentanonas/toxicidade , Ensaios Antitumorais Modelo de XenoenxertoRESUMO
Aluminum (Al) is highly abundant in the biosphere and can occur in different physico-chemical states. It is present in human food and undergoes transitions between dissolved and particulate species during the passage of the gastrointestinal tract. Moreover, in a complex matrix such as food different inorganic and organic counterions can affect the chemical behavior of Al following oral uptake. In this work, the effects of different counterions, namely chloride, citrate, sulfate, lactate and acetylacetonate, on Al uptake and toxicity in the human intestine are studied. The respective Al salts showed different dissolution behavior in biological media and formed nanoscaled particles correlating in reverse with the amount of their dissolved fraction. The passage through the intestinal barrier was studied using a Caco-2 Transwell® system, showing counterion-dependent variance in cellular uptake and transport. In addition, Al toxicity was investigated using Al species (Al3+, metallic Al0 and oxidic γAl2O3 nanoparticles) and counterions individually or in mixtures on Caco-2 and HepG2 cells. The strongest toxicity was observed using a combination of Al species, depending on solubility, and the lipophilic counterion acetylacetonate. Notably, only the combination of both led to toxicity, while both substances individually did not show toxic effects. A toxification of previously non-toxic Al-species by the presence of acetylacetonate is shown here for the first time. The dependency on the concentration of free Al ions was demonstrated using sodium hydrogen phosphate, which was able to counteract the toxic effects by complexing free Al ions. These findings, using Al salts as an example for a common food contaminant, underline the importance of a consideration of the chemical properties of human nutrition, especially dissolution and hydrophobicity, which can significantly influence the cellular uptake and effects of xenobiotic substances.
Assuntos
Compostos de Alumínio/toxicidade , Alumínio/toxicidade , Nanopartículas Metálicas/toxicidade , Alumínio/química , Alumínio/metabolismo , Compostos de Alumínio/química , Compostos de Alumínio/metabolismo , Disponibilidade Biológica , Células CACO-2 , Células Hep G2 , Hepatócitos/efeitos dos fármacos , Humanos , Hidroxibutiratos/toxicidade , Intestinos/efeitos dos fármacos , Nanopartículas/toxicidade , Pentanonas/toxicidadeRESUMO
Gamma hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) has been approved clinically to treat excessive daytime sleepiness and cataplexy in patients with narcolepsy, alcohol and opioid withdrawal, and as an anesthetic. The use of GHB clinically is limited due to its high abuse potential. The absorption, clearance and tissue uptake of GHB is mediated by proton-dependent and sodium-coupled monocarboxylate transporters (MCTs and SMCTs) and inhibition of these transporters may result in a change in GHB pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. Previous studies have reported that non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) may inhibit these monocarboxylate transporters. Therefore, the purpose of this work was to analyze the interaction between GHB (at a dose of 600 mg/kg i. v.) and the NSAID, diclofenac, by examining the effects of this drug on the in vivo pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in rat studies. The pharmacodynamic effect evaluated was respiratory depression, a measure of toxicity observed by GHB at this dose. There was an improvement in the respiratory rate with diclofenac administration suggesting an effect of diclofenac on GHB toxicity. In vitro studies with rat blood brain endothelial cells (RBE4) that express MCT1 indicated that diclofenac can inhibit GHB transport with an IC50 of 10.6 µM at pH 7.4. In vivo studies found a decrease in brain GHB concentrations and a decrease in the brain-to-plasma concentration ratio following diclofenac treatment. With this study we can conclude that diclofenac and potentially other NSAIDs can inhibit the transport of GHB into the brain, therefore decreasing GHB's pharmacodynamic effects and toxicity.
Assuntos
Encéfalo , Diclofenaco/farmacocinética , Interações Medicamentosas , Hidroxibutiratos/farmacocinética , Transportadores de Ácidos Monocarboxílicos , Insuficiência Respiratória , Simportadores , Anestésicos/farmacocinética , Anestésicos/toxicidade , Animais , Anti-Inflamatórios não Esteroides/farmacocinética , Transporte Biológico Ativo/efeitos dos fármacos , Encéfalo/efeitos dos fármacos , Encéfalo/metabolismo , Células Cultivadas , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Células Endoteliais/metabolismo , Hidroxibutiratos/toxicidade , Transportadores de Ácidos Monocarboxílicos/antagonistas & inibidores , Transportadores de Ácidos Monocarboxílicos/metabolismo , Ratos , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , Insuficiência Respiratória/induzido quimicamente , Insuficiência Respiratória/tratamento farmacológico , Oxibato de Sódio/farmacocinética , Simportadores/antagonistas & inibidores , Simportadores/metabolismoRESUMO
The drug of abuse, γ-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB), is commonly co-ingested with ethanol, resulting in a high incidence of toxicity and death. Our laboratory has previously reported that GHB is a substrate for the monocarboxylate transporters (MCTs), necessary for its absorption, renal clearance, and tissue distribution, including across the blood-brain barrier. Our goal was to investigate the drug-drug interaction (DDI) between GHB and ethanol and to evaluate MCT1 inhibition as a strategy to reverse toxicity. The toxicokinetics of this DDI were investigated, including brain-to-plasma concentration ratios, in the presence and absence of ethanol. The toxicodynamic parameters examined were respiratory depression (breathing frequency, tidal volume) and sedation (time of return-of-righting reflex). Ethanol was administered (2 g/kg i.v.) 5 minutes before the intravenous or oral administration of GHB, and MCT1 inhibitors AZD-3965 and AR-C155858 (5 mg/kg i.v.) were administered 60 minutes after GHB administration. Ethanol administration did not alter the toxicokinetics or respiratory depression caused by GHB after intravenous or oral administration; however, it significantly increased the sedation effect, measured by return-to-righting time. AZD-3965 or AR-C155858 significantly decreased the effects of the co-administration of GHB and ethanol on respiratory depression and sedation of this DDI and decreased brain concentrations and the brain-to-plasma concentration ratio of GHB. The results indicate that ethanol co-administered with GHB increases toxicity and that MCT1 inhibition is effective in reversing toxicity by inhibiting GHB brain uptake when given after GHB-ethanol administration. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: These studies investigated the enhanced toxicity observed clinically when γ-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) is co-ingested with alcohol and evaluated strategies to reverse this toxicity. The effects of the novel monocarboxylate transporter 1 (MCT1) inhibitors AR-C155858 and AZD-3965 on this drug-drug interaction have not been studied before, and these preclinical studies indicate that MCT1 inhibitors can decrease brain concentrations of GHB by inhibiting brain uptake, even when administered at times after GHB-ethanol. AZD-3965 represents a potential treatment strategy for GHB-ethanol overdoses.
Assuntos
Etanol/toxicidade , Hidroxibutiratos/toxicidade , Transportadores de Ácidos Monocarboxílicos/antagonistas & inibidores , Pirimidinonas/farmacologia , Simportadores/antagonistas & inibidores , Tiofenos/farmacologia , Uracila/análogos & derivados , Animais , Interações Medicamentosas/fisiologia , Etanol/metabolismo , Hidroxibutiratos/metabolismo , Masculino , Transportadores de Ácidos Monocarboxílicos/metabolismo , Pirimidinonas/uso terapêutico , Ratos , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , Insuficiência Respiratória/induzido quimicamente , Insuficiência Respiratória/tratamento farmacológico , Insuficiência Respiratória/metabolismo , Simportadores/metabolismo , Tiofenos/uso terapêutico , Uracila/farmacologia , Uracila/uso terapêuticoRESUMO
Inhibition of dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (DHODH), the rate-limiting enzymatic step in de novo pyrimidine synthesis, has broad immunosuppressive effects in vivo and shows promise as a therapeutic target for the treatment of malignancies, viral infections and auto-immune diseases. Whilst there are numerous DHODH inhibitors under development, leflunomide and teriflunomide are the only FDA approved compounds on the market, each of which have been issued with black-box warnings for hepatotoxicity. Mitochondrial dysfunction is a putative mechanism by which teriflunomide and leflunomide elicit their hepatotoxic effects, however it is as yet unclear whether this is shared by other nascent DHODH inhibitors. The present study aimed to evaluate the propensity for DHODH inhibitors to mediate mitochondrial dysfunction in two hepatic in vitro models. Initial comparisons of cytotoxicity and ATP content in HepaRG® cells primed for oxidative metabolism, in tandem with mechanistic evaluations by extracellular flux analysis identified multifactorial toxicity and moderate indications of respiratory chain dysfunction or uncoupling. Further investigations using HepG2 cells, a hepatic line with limited capability for phase I xenobiotic metabolism, identified leflunomide and brequinar as positive mitochondrial toxicants. Taken together, biotransformation of some DHODH inhibitor species may play a role in mediating or masking hepatic mitochondrial liabilities.
Assuntos
Antineoplásicos/toxicidade , Imunossupressores/toxicidade , Fígado/efeitos dos fármacos , Mitocôndrias/efeitos dos fármacos , Oxirredutases atuantes sobre Doadores de Grupo CH-CH/antagonistas & inibidores , Trifosfato de Adenosina/metabolismo , Compostos de Bifenilo/toxicidade , Linhagem Celular , Respiração Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Crotonatos/toxicidade , Ácidos Dicarboxílicos/toxicidade , Di-Hidro-Orotato Desidrogenase , Humanos , Hidroxibutiratos/toxicidade , Leflunomida/toxicidade , Fígado/metabolismo , Mitocôndrias/metabolismo , Modelos Biológicos , Nitrilas/toxicidade , Salicilanilidas/toxicidade , Toluidinas/toxicidade , Triazóis/toxicidadeRESUMO
Gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) is a short-chain fatty acid present endogenously in the brain and used therapeutically for the treatment of narcolepsy, as sodium oxybate, and for alcohol abuse/withdrawal. GHB is better known however as a drug of abuse and is commonly referred to as the "date-rape drug"; current use in popular culture includes recreational "chemsex," due to its properties of euphoria, loss of inhibition, amnesia, and drowsiness. Due to the steep concentration-effect curve for GHB, overdoses occur commonly and symptoms include sedation, respiratory depression, coma, and death. GHB binds to both GHB and GABAB receptors in the brain, with pharmacological/toxicological effects mainly due to GABAB agonist effects. The pharmacokinetics of GHB are complex and include nonlinear absorption, metabolism, tissue uptake, and renal elimination processes. GHB is a substrate for monocarboxylate transporters, including both sodium-dependent transporters (SMCT1, 2; SLC5A8; SLC5A12) and proton-dependent transporters (MCT1-4; SLC16A1, 7, 8, and 3), which represent significant determinants of absorption, renal reabsorption, and brain and tissue uptake. This review will provide current information of the pharmacology, therapeutic effects, and pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics of GHB, as well as therapeutic strategies for the treatment of overdoses. Graphical abstract.
Assuntos
Overdose de Drogas/terapia , Hidroxibutiratos/farmacocinética , Oxibato de Sódio/farmacocinética , Abuso Oral de Substâncias/terapia , Alcoolismo/complicações , Alcoolismo/tratamento farmacológico , Animais , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Avaliação Pré-Clínica de Medicamentos , Overdose de Drogas/etiologia , Humanos , Hidroxibutiratos/administração & dosagem , Hidroxibutiratos/toxicidade , Taxa de Depuração Metabólica , Narcolepsia/tratamento farmacológico , Oxibato de Sódio/administração & dosagem , Oxibato de Sódio/toxicidade , Abuso Oral de Substâncias/etiologia , Síndrome de Abstinência a Substâncias/tratamento farmacológicoRESUMO
WHAT IS KNOW AND OBJECTIVE: Teriflunomide is indicated for the treatment of adult patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. CASE SUMMARY: We present a rare intoxication with a high dose (672 mg) of teriflunomide. According to its product label, the only known treatment is the administration of colestyramine and activated carbon (charcoal). No serious adverse events occurred during the time the patient was admitted (<24 h). No long-term overdose-related symptoms or complaints were reported. WHAT IS NEW AND CONCLUSION: The fact that after the acute overdose both adverse events and laboratory parameters were acceptable, prescribing colestyramine and activated carbon, as well as monitoring of laboratory parameters such as full blood count, liver and kidney values and QTc, seems sufficient during the early stage (<24 h after intake) of teriflunomide overdose.
Assuntos
Anti-Inflamatórios não Esteroides/toxicidade , Crotonatos/toxicidade , Overdose de Drogas/fisiopatologia , Hidroxibutiratos/toxicidade , Nitrilas/toxicidade , Toluidinas/toxicidade , Adulto , Antídotos/uso terapêutico , Carvão Vegetal/uso terapêutico , Resina de Colestiramina/uso terapêutico , Overdose de Drogas/tratamento farmacológico , Humanos , MasculinoRESUMO
Purpose To synthesize and characterize poly(hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) and norbixin membranes to evaluate them for genotoxicity in rats and wound healing in mice by histological staining. Methods For the evaluation of genotoxicity, male rats ( Rattus novegicus ) were divided into three groups (n= 5): 5% PHB/Norbixin membrane introduced into the peritoneum by laparotomy; B - negative control; C - positive control (intraperitoneal dose of cyclophosphamide 50 mg/kg). For the evaluation of biocompatibilty, a cutaneous wound was induced on the back of males mice ( Mus musculus ) divided into two experimental treatment groups: control and membrane that underwent euthanasia after 7 and 14 days treatment. Statistical analysis ware made by One Way Anova post hoc Tukey Test (p<0.05). Results Regarding the incidence of polychromatic erythrocytes, there was no difference between negative control and 5% PHB/Norbixin membrane; however, when compared to the positive control represented by cyclophosphamide, there was a significant difference (p <0.001). As for DNA damage, the changes induced in the first 4h were repaired in 24h. In addition, the membrane was effective in abbreviating the inflammatory process and served as a scaffold due to the stimulus to reepithelialization mainly on the 7 days of treatment. Conclusion The non-genotoxic PHB/Norbixin 5% membrane presented promising results that suggest its effectiveness as a guide for tissue regeneration given its biocompatibility.
Assuntos
Carotenoides , Hidroxibutiratos , Animais , Carotenoides/toxicidade , Dano ao DNA , Hidroxibutiratos/toxicidade , Masculino , Camundongos , Poliésteres , Proibitinas , Ratos , CicatrizaçãoAssuntos
Hidroxibutiratos/toxicidade , Perfumes/toxicidade , Animais , Qualidade de Produtos para o Consumidor , Humanos , Hidroxibutiratos/química , Perfumes/química , Sistema de Registros , Medição de Risco , Testes de Toxicidade , Compostos Orgânicos Voláteis/química , Compostos Orgânicos Voláteis/toxicidadeRESUMO
Catastrophic global accumulation of non-biodegradable plastic has led to efforts for production of alternative eco-friendly biopolymer. Here, we attempted to produce a biodegradable, cytocompatible and eco-friendly polyhydroxy-butyrate (PHB) from a pigmented Bacillus sp. C1 (2013) (KF626477) through submerged (SmF) and solid-state fermentation (SSF). Under SmF and SSF, 0.60 g l-1 and 1.56 g l-1 of PHB with 0.497 g l-1 of yellow fluorescent pigment (YFP) was produced. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) absorption bands at 1719-1720 cm-1 indicate the presence of C=O group of PHB. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) exhibited the typical chemical shift patterns of PHB, and crystallinity was confirmed from X-ray diffraction (XRD). The melting temperature (Tm), degradation temperature (Td) and crystallinity (Xc) of extracted PHB were found to be 171 °C, 288 °C and 35%, respectively. FACS (Fluorescence-activated cell sorting) confirmed cytocompatibility of PHB at 400 µg ml-1 in mouse fibroblast line. Moreover, biodegradability and elevated cytocompatibility of the PHB produced through SSF make them highly potential biomaterials to be used as a drug delivery carrier in future.
Assuntos
Bacillus/metabolismo , Materiais Biocompatíveis , Hidroxibutiratos , Poli-Hidroxialcanoatos , Células 3T3 , Animais , Materiais Biocompatíveis/química , Materiais Biocompatíveis/isolamento & purificação , Materiais Biocompatíveis/metabolismo , Materiais Biocompatíveis/toxicidade , Sobrevivência Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Fermentação , Hidroxibutiratos/química , Hidroxibutiratos/isolamento & purificação , Hidroxibutiratos/metabolismo , Hidroxibutiratos/toxicidade , Camundongos , Poli-Hidroxialcanoatos/química , Poli-Hidroxialcanoatos/isolamento & purificação , Poli-Hidroxialcanoatos/metabolismo , Poli-Hidroxialcanoatos/toxicidade , Hipoclorito de Sódio , SonicaçãoRESUMO
Abstract Purpose To synthesize and characterize poly(hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) and norbixin membranes to evaluate them for genotoxicity in rats and wound healing in mice by histological staining. Methods For the evaluation of genotoxicity, male rats ( Rattus novegicus ) were divided into three groups (n= 5): 5% PHB/Norbixin membrane introduced into the peritoneum by laparotomy; B - negative control; C - positive control (intraperitoneal dose of cyclophosphamide 50 mg/kg). For the evaluation of biocompatibilty, a cutaneous wound was induced on the back of males mice ( Mus musculus ) divided into two experimental treatment groups: control and membrane that underwent euthanasia after 7 and 14 days treatment. Statistical analysis ware made by One Way Anova post hoc Tukey Test (p<0.05). Results Regarding the incidence of polychromatic erythrocytes, there was no difference between negative control and 5% PHB/Norbixin membrane; however, when compared to the positive control represented by cyclophosphamide, there was a significant difference (p <0.001). As for DNA damage, the changes induced in the first 4h were repaired in 24h. In addition, the membrane was effective in abbreviating the inflammatory process and served as a scaffold due to the stimulus to reepithelialization mainly on the 7 days of treatment. Conclusion The non-genotoxic PHB/Norbixin 5% membrane presented promising results that suggest its effectiveness as a guide for tissue regeneration given its biocompatibility.
Assuntos
Carotenoides/toxicidade , Hidroxibutiratos/toxicidade , Poliésteres , Cicatrização , Dano ao DNA , ProibitinasRESUMO
Throughout history, the only way humans could raise their blood ketone levels was by several days of fasting or by following a strict low-carb, high-fat diet. A recently developed, dietary source of ketones, a ketone monoester, elevates d-ß-hydroxybutyrate (ßHB) to similar concentrations within minutes, with ßHB remaining raised for several hours. To date, the longest human safety study of the exogenous ketone ester was for 5 days, but longer consumption times may be desired. Here we report results for 24 healthy adults, aged 18-70 years, who drank 25â¯ml (26.8â¯g) of the ketone monoester, (R)-3-hydroxybutyl (R)-3-hydroxybutyrate, three times a day for 28 days (a total of 2.1â¯L). Anthropomorphic measurements, plus fasting blood and urine analyses were made weekly. It was found that elevating blood ßHB concentrations from 0.1 to 4.1 (±1.1) mM three times a day for 28 days had no effect on body weights or composition, fasting blood glucose, cholesterol, triglyceride or electrolyte concentrations, nor blood gases or kidney function, which were invariably normal. Mild nausea was reported following 6 of the 2,016 drinks consumed. We conclude that sustained exogenous ketosis using a ketone monoester is safe and well-tolerated by healthy adults.
Assuntos
Doença Crônica/terapia , Suplementos Nutricionais/toxicidade , Ésteres/toxicidade , Hidroxibutiratos/toxicidade , Cetonas/toxicidade , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Dieta Cetogênica , Ésteres/administração & dosagem , Jejum , Voluntários Saudáveis , Humanos , Hidroxibutiratos/administração & dosagem , Cetonas/administração & dosagem , Cetose/sangue , Cetose/induzido quimicamente , Cetose/urina , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Testes de Toxicidade Subaguda/métodos , Adulto JovemAssuntos
Anfetaminas/sangue , Anfetaminas/urina , Estimulantes do Sistema Nervoso Central/sangue , Estimulantes do Sistema Nervoso Central/urina , Hidroxibutiratos/sangue , Hidroxibutiratos/urina , Propiofenonas/sangue , Propiofenonas/urina , 4-Butirolactona/sangue , 4-Butirolactona/toxicidade , 4-Butirolactona/urina , Adulto , Anfetaminas/toxicidade , Autopsia , Estimulantes do Sistema Nervoso Central/toxicidade , Toxicologia Forense , Humanos , Hidroxibutiratos/toxicidade , Masculino , Propiofenonas/toxicidade , Detecção do Abuso de SubstânciasAssuntos
4-Butirolactona/toxicidade , Butileno Glicóis/toxicidade , Hidroxibutiratos/toxicidade , Solventes/toxicidade , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Substâncias/diagnóstico , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Substâncias/etiologia , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-IdadeRESUMO
The illicit use of γ-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB), and its prodrug, γ-butyrolactone (GBL), results in severe adverse effects including sedation, coma, respiratory depression, and death. Current treatment of GHB/GBL overdose is limited to supportive care. Recent reports indicate that GHB-related deaths are on the rise; a specific treatment may reduce lethality associated with GHB/GBL. Pretreatment with inhibitors of monocarboxylate transporter 1 (MCT1), a transporter that mediates many of the processes involved in the absorption, distribution (including brain uptake), and elimination of GHB/GBL, has been shown to prevent GHB-induced respiratory depression by increasing the renal clearance of GHB. To identify whether MCT1 inhibition is an effective treatment of GHB overdose, the impact of two MCT1 inhibitors, (S)-5-(4-hydroxy-4-methylisoxazolidine-2-carbonyl)-1-isopropyl-3-methyl-6-((3-methyl-5-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)methyl)thieno[2,3-day]pyrimidine-2,4(1H,3H)-dione (AZD3965) and 6-[(3,5-dimethyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)methyl]-5-[[(4S)-4-hydroxy-2-isoxazolidinyl]carbonyl]-3-methyl-1-(2-methylpropyl)thieno[2,3-day]pyrimidine2,4(1H,3H)-dione (AR-C155858), on the toxicokinetics and toxicodynamics of GHB/GBL was assessed when the administration of the inhibitor was delayed 60 and 120 minutes (post-treatment) after administration of GHB/GBL. AR-C155858 and AZD3965 reduced the toxicodynamic effects of GHB when GHB was administered intravenously, orally, or orally as the prodrug GBL. The impact of these inhibitors on GHB toxicokinetics was dependent on the route of GHB administration and the delay between GHB/GBL administration and administration of the MCT1 inhibitor. The reduction in GHB plasma exposure did not explain the observed effect of MCT1 inhibition on GHB-induced respiratory depression. The efficacy of MCT1 inhibition on GHB toxicodynamics is likely driven by the pronounced reduction in GHB brain concentrations. Overall, this study indicates that inhibition of MCT1 is an effective treatment of GHB/GBL overdose.
Assuntos
4-Butirolactona/toxicidade , Overdose de Drogas/tratamento farmacológico , Hidroxibutiratos/toxicidade , Transportadores de Ácidos Monocarboxílicos/antagonistas & inibidores , Pró-Fármacos/farmacologia , Pirimidinonas/farmacologia , Simportadores/antagonistas & inibidores , Tiofenos/farmacologia , Uracila/análogos & derivados , 4-Butirolactona/administração & dosagem , Administração Intravenosa , Administração Oral , Animais , Encéfalo/efeitos dos fármacos , Encéfalo/metabolismo , Overdose de Drogas/sangue , Overdose de Drogas/metabolismo , Hidroxibutiratos/administração & dosagem , Hidroxibutiratos/sangue , Hidroxibutiratos/farmacocinética , Masculino , Pirimidinonas/uso terapêutico , Ratos , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , Tiofenos/uso terapêutico , Uracila/farmacologia , Uracila/uso terapêuticoRESUMO
The authors propose a method for the quantitative determination of gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (GHBA) in biological objects including biological fluids (blood, urine) and tissues with the use of gas chromatography with mass-selective detector. The samples for the analysis were prepared by liquid-liquid extraction by butyl acetate with subsequent derivatization using a N,O-Bis(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide/Trimethylchlorosilane mixture (BSTFA + 1%TMCS). The graded graphs were linear in the range of GHBA concentrations from 26.4 to 1321.6 mg/l. Coefficients of correlation for all the graphs were higher than 0.999. The threshold of detectability for GHBA in blood, urine, and internal organs was 10 mg/l, the quantification limit concentration 26 mg/l.
Assuntos
Análise Química do Sangue , Toxicologia Forense/métodos , Hidroxibutiratos/toxicidade , Urinálise , Cromatografia Gasosa-Espectrometria de Massas , Humanos , Hidroxibutiratos/análise , Extração Líquido-LíquidoRESUMO
This study aimed to investigate the oral acute and subacute toxicity of Poly [3-hydroxybutyrate-co-4-hydroxybutyrate], P(3HB-co-4HB) in the form of nanoparticles in Sprague-Dawley rats. Acute oral administration of P(3HB-co-4HB) nanoparticles was performed as a single dose up to 2000â¯mg/kg in six female rats for 14 days. Subacute toxicity study via oral administration for 28 days at doses of 0 (control), 500, 1000 and 2000â¯mg/kg in rats (10 rats in each group, female:maleâ¯=â¯1:1) was conducted. The estimated lethal dose (LD50) of P(3HB-co-4HB) nanoparticles was >2000â¯mg/kg. No mortality, unusual changes in behaviour, adverse clinical signs, abnormal changes in body weights or food consumption were observed on all animals treated with P(3HB-co-4HB) nanoparticles during 14 days of the acute toxicity study. In the subacute test, there was no mortality and toxicologically significant changes in clinical signs, body weights, food consumption, hematology, clinical biochemistry, urinalysis, macroscopic findings, organ weights as well as histopathological examination were observed.
Assuntos
Hidroxibutiratos/toxicidade , Nanopartículas/toxicidade , Poliésteres/toxicidade , Administração Oral , Animais , Feminino , Dose Letal Mediana , Masculino , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , Testes de Toxicidade Aguda , Testes de Toxicidade SubagudaRESUMO
Antiapoptotic Bcl-2 protein's upregulated expression is a key reason for drug resistance leading to failure of chemotherapy. In this report, a series of biocompatible amphiphilic cationic poly[(R)-3-hydroxybutyrate] (PHB)-b-poly(2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate) (PDMAEMA) copolymer, comprising hydrophobic PHB block and cationic PDMAEMA block, is designed to codeliver hydrophobic chemotherapeutic paclitaxel and Bcl-2 converting gene Nur77/ΔDBD with enhanced stability, due to the micelle formation by hydrophobic PHB segment. This copolymer shows less toxicity but similar gene transfection efficiency to polyethyenimine (25k). More importantly, this codelivery approach by PHB-PDMAEMA leads to increased drug resistant HepG2/Bcl-2 cancer cell death, by increased expression of Nur77 proteins in the Bcl-2 present intracellular mitochondria. This work signifies for the first time that cationic amphiphilic PHB-b-PDMAEMA copolymers can be utilized for the drug and gene codelivery to drug resistant cancer cells with high expression of antiapoptosis Bcl-2 protein and the positive results are encouraging for the further design of codelivery platforms for combating drug resistant cancer cells.
Assuntos
Sistemas de Liberação de Medicamentos , Resistencia a Medicamentos Antineoplásicos , Hidroxibutiratos/química , Metacrilatos/química , Neoplasias/tratamento farmacológico , Nylons/química , Paclitaxel/uso terapêutico , Poliésteres/química , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-bcl-2/genética , Tensoativos/química , Cátions/química , DNA/metabolismo , Células HEK293 , Células Hep G2 , Humanos , Interações Hidrofóbicas e Hidrofílicas , Hidroxibutiratos/síntese química , Hidroxibutiratos/toxicidade , Metacrilatos/síntese química , Metacrilatos/toxicidade , Neoplasias/patologia , Nylons/síntese química , Nylons/toxicidade , Paclitaxel/farmacologia , Plasmídeos/metabolismo , Poliésteres/síntese química , Poliésteres/toxicidade , Proibitinas , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-bcl-2/metabolismo , TransfecçãoRESUMO
Research on the uptake and effects of bioplastics by aquatic organisms is still in its infancy. Here, we aim to advance the field by comparing uptake and effects of microplastic particles (MPP) of a biodegradable bioMPP (polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB)) and petroleum-based MPP (polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA)) in the freshwater amphipod Gammarus fossarum. Ingestion of both MPP in different particle sizes (32-250 µm) occurred after 24 h, with highest ingestion of particles in the range 32-63 µm and almost complete egestion after 64 h. A four-week effect-experiment showed a significant decrease of the assimilation efficiency in amphipods exposed to the petroleum-based MPP from week two onwards. The petroleum-based PMMA affected assimilation efficiency significantly in contrast to the biodegradable PHB, but overall differences in direct comparison of MPP types were small. Both MPP types led to a significantly lower wet weight gain relative to the control treatments. After four weeks, differences between both MPP types and silica, used as a natural particle control, were detected. In summary, these results suggest that both MPP types provoke digestive constraints on the amphipods, which go beyond those of natural non-palatable particles. This highlights the need for more detailed research comparing environmental effects of biodegradable and petroleum-based MPP and testing those against naturally occurring particle loads.