Non-Pharmaceutical Interventions and Military Hygiene at the United States Military Academy between 1890 and 1910.

INTRODUCTION: Military installations are at increased risk for the transmission of infectious disease. Personnel who live and train on military installations live and train near one another facilitating disease transmission. An understanding of historical sanitation and hygiene can inform modern practices. This is especially pertinent considering the continuing rise of variants of infectious diseases, such as the recent pandemic of the 2019 severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. In this article, we review the rise and decline of infectious disease at the United States Military Academy (USMA) during the period spanning 1890 through 1910, and the public health interventions used to combat disease spread. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Primary data regarding cadet illness were acquired from the historical archives of the USMA. These included annual reports, clinical admission records, casualty ledgers, and sanitation reports. Unpublished documents from the medical history of USMA provide periodic trends of health among cadets because of infectious disease. RESULTS: Between 1890 and 1910, the USMA at West Point was confronted with cases of influenza, measles, mumps, scarlet fever, smallpox, typhus, and malaria. In response, a series of non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) were instituted to curb the spread of infectious disease. These interventions most likely proved effective in suppressing the transmission of communicable diseases. The most common and arguably the most effective NPI was the physical separation of the sick from the well. CONCLUSIONS: The USMA experience mirrored what was occurring in the larger U.S. Army in the early 20th century and may serve as a model for the application of NPIs in response to modern infectious diseases resulting from novel or unknown etiologies.

Fit to fight - from military hygiene to wellbeing in the British Army.

This paper reviews the historical evolution of the language and organization surrounding the health of personnel in the British Army from 'hygiene' through  to 'wellbeing'. It starts by considering the health of the army in the mid-nineteenth century and the emergence of military hygiene as a professional subject. It continues by looking at advances in military hygiene in the two world wars. Hygiene was replaced by the term 'health' in the 1950s as the collective noun used by professionals working in this field. This unity split when the professions of occupational medicine and public health established separate faculties and training pathways. However, the health issues for the armed forces remain fundamentally unchanged. Going forward, the term 'wellbeing' is helping to refresh the close relationships between executives, their medical advisers and those within the population of health professions charged with keeping the British Army healthy. The core theme is the collaborations between civil society, executive leadership and medical services in maximizing the health of the military population from recruitment through to life as a veteran.

Nota informativa nº 05 /2020-GST/DVAST/SVS/SES: recomendações aos gestores e profissionais da segurança pública para enfrentamento da pandemia de Coronavírus ­ COVID-19 (infecção pelo SARS-CoV-2) / Informative note nº 05/2020-GST / DVAST / SVS / SES: recommendations to managers and public security professionals to cope with the Coronavirus pandemic - COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2 infection)

Recomendações aos gestores e trabalhadores da Segurança pública (policiais federais, rodoviários, militares, civis, municipais, bombeiros, agentes penitenciários e socioeducativos) para discussão coletiva sobre medidas que amenizem os riscos à saúde dos trabalhadores e pessoas privadas de liberdade, como também, reduzam a disseminação do COVID-19 para seus familiares e a população em geral.

Recommendations to the managers and workers of public security (police federais, rodoviários, military, civis, municipais, bombeiros, penitentiary and socio-educational agents) for collective discussion on measures that mitigate the risks to the health of two workers and people deprived of freedom, as also, also, a dissemination of COVID-19 for family members and general population.

Recomendaciones a los gerentes y trabajadores de seguridad pública (federal, vial, militar, civil, municipal, bomberos, agentes penitenciarios y socioeducativos) para la discusión colectiva sobre medidas para mitigar los riesgos para la salud de los trabajadores y personas privadas de libertad, así como reducir la difusión del COVID-19 a sus familias y población en general.

Da circum-navegação da Vital de Oliveira às novas tabelas de rações: alimentação e saúde a bordo dos naviosda Marinha Imperial Brasileira, 1879-1886 / From the circumnavigation of the Vital de Oliveira to the new ration tables: nutrition and health on Brazilian Imperial Navy vessels, 1879-1886

Entre 1879 e 1881 a corveta Vital de Oliveira realizou a primeira viagem de circum-navegação da Marinha Brasileira. Um dos itens que ocuparam as preocupações do comandante do navio, Júlio de Noronha, em seu relatório da viagem foi a alimentação; preocupação reforçada no relatório médico da expedição redigido pelo primeiro-cirurgião Galdino Magalhães. Essa preocupação ganhou destaque devido ao elevado saldo de enfermos e mortos durante a viagem, para oque teria contribuído a carência de determinados gêneros alimentícios, de acordo com ambos os relatórios. O artigo discute a relação entre a alimentação e a saúde das tripulações. Além disso, trata da relação entre a viagem da Vital e a implementação de uma nova tabela de rações efetivada em 1886

L'épidémiologie entre le terrain des épidémies et l'approche populationnelle, XIX-XXe siècle.

TITLE: L'épidémiologie entre le terrain des épidémies et l'approche populationnelle, XIX-XXe siècle. ABSTRACT: L'émergence d'une épidémiologie moderne est fréquemment associée au basculement de la discipline, d'une science des épidémies vers une science des populations. L'avènement et le développement d'une épidémiologie fondée sur une approche statistique et mathématique n'exclut cependant pas la persistance d'une épidémiologie sur le terrain des épidémies, dans le sillage de l'hygiène publique et de la bactériologie triomphante du tournant des XIXe et XXe siècles. De plus, l'histoire de l'épidémiologie ne saurait être cantonnée à une histoire de savoirs scientifiques ou de savoir-faire techniques et organisationnels. Elle doit intégrer, plus sans doute encore que d'autres branches de la médecine, les dimensions économiques et politiques qui participèrent à l'institutionnalisation et au développement de la discipline et à son inscription dans les processus de décision.

Pedro Mallo (1837-1899). A ciento veinte años de su desaparición física / Pedro Mallo (1837-1899). This work aims to commemorate the 120 years since his death

Este trabajo científico conmemora al Dr. Pedro Mallo a ciento veinte años de su muerte. Fue un médico militar dinámico e innovador, docente y destacado historiador de la medicina. Realizó importantes contribuciones en el campo de la sanidad militar. (AU)

This work aims to commemorate Dr. Pedro Mallo to his 120 years of his death. He was a clinician, military doctor dynamic and innovative, prominent historian of medicine, teacher. He made contributions in field of military health. (AU)

The usefulness of hand washing during field training to prevent acute respiratory illness in a military training facility.

Hand washing plays a key role in preventing respiratory infection in many clinical settings. However, its effectiveness in preventing acute respiratory illness (ARI) during field training in military training facilities has been not studied.A quasi-interventional study was performed to evaluate the prevalence of ARIs over 4 weeks in a Korean army training center in South Korea from January 2009 to February 2009. A total of 1291 recruits participating in military training for 4 weeks were randomly distributed to 2 battalions (one with 631 and the other with 660). After noticing there is a difference between the 2 battalions in terms of the development of ARIs at the end of 2 weeks of training, we conducted interviews with the battle commanders to determine factors that may be related to one battalion having a higher incidence of ARI. Thereafter, we performed an intervention, which consists of instructing the battalion having a higher incidence of ARI to implement field hand washing from the third week. Following the intervention, we compared the cumulative rate of ARI during 4 weeks of training.The interviews revealed that there were no major differences between the 2 battalions in terms of the training schedules, living environments, or indoor hand washing methods. However, there was difference in terms of hand washing during field training for the first 2 weeks; whereas one battalion (the early hand washing group) implemented hand washing during field training starting in the first week, the other battalion did not implement hand washing for the first 2 weeks but instead began in the third week (the late hand washing group). The cumulative incidence rate of ARI during 4 weeks of training was significantly lower in the early hand washing group (13.0%, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 10.6%-15.9%) than in the late hand washing group (28.0%, 95% CI, 24.7%-31.5%).Our study suggests that outdoor hand washing during field training may be an effective precaution for reducing ARI incidence among recruits participating in military training.

Génesis de la sanidad militar y el primer médico militar en Cuba / Genesis of military health and the first military doctor in Cuba

Introducción: al cesar la dominación española en Cuba y establecerse la República comenzó la creación de las instituciones que la formarían. Surgen los cuerpos armados como una necesidad para cuidar el orden interior y la seguridad de la nación. Objetivo: exponer algunos rasgos de la sanidad militar en su periodo fundacional y ahondar en datos biográficos de su primer integrante, iniciador de esta etapa de la medicina militar cubana. Métodos: se realizó una revisión bibliográfica, se empleó el método historiográfico analítico - sintético, se constataron los datos sobre el origen y evolución de la sanidad militar en Cuba. Desarrollo: el doctor Jorge Vega Lamar, con el grado de capitán, fue el primer médico de la sanidad militar. Con anterioridad cumplió deberes patrióticos en la Guerra de 1895. Como médico integró expediciones armadas y el cuerpo de sanidad militar del Ejército Libertador, alcanzando por sus méritos el grado de Teniente Coronel. Conclusiones: los resultados contribuyen a enriquecer la historiografía de la medicina militar(AU)

Introduction: When the Spanish domination in Cuba ceased and the Republic was established, the creation of the institutions that would form it began. Armed bodies emerge as a need to take care of the internal order and the security of the nation. Objective: To set out some features of the military health in its foundational period and delve into biographical data of its first member, initiator of this stage of Cuban military medicine. Methods: A bibliographic review was carried out, the analytical - synthetic historiographic method was used, data on the origin and evolution of military health in Cuba were verified. Body: Doctor Jorge Vega Lamar, with the rank of captain, was the first doctor of military health. Previously, he fulfilled patriotic duties in the War of 1895. As a physician he integrated armed expeditions and the military health corps of the Liberation Army, reaching by his merits the rank of Lieutenant Colonel. Conclusions: the results contribute to enrich the historiography of military medicine(AU)

[Hygienists of the Military Medical Academy - participants in the liquidation of the consequences of the Chernobyl accident].

The main task of the military medical service in the area of work to eliminate the consequences of the Chernobyl nuclear power plant disaster was to organize and carry out sanitary and hygienic measures aimed at preventing radiation exposure to liquidators-military personnel in excess of the established dose limits and the emergence of mass infectious and non-infectious diseases. The article summarizes the experience of the participation of the employees of the S.M.Kirov Military Medical Academy in the implementation of anti-radiation and other preventive measures in the area of the accident. The entire faculty. of the Department of Naval and Radiation Hygiene and a number of employees of the Department of General and Military Hygiene, who on a rotational basis were continuously in the zone of work to eliminate the consequences of the accident, went through the mill of Chernobyl. Their personal contribution to the solution of urgent scientific and applied problems -of minimization of radiation impact and preservation of health of servicemen-liquidators of the accident were noted.

Tactical combat movements: inter-individual variation in performance due to the effects of load carriage.

An examination into the effects of carried military equipment on the performance of two tactical combat movement simulations was conducted. Nineteen Airfield Defence Guards performed a break contact (five 30-m sprints) and a fire and movement simulation (16 6-m bounds) in five load conditions (10-30 kg). Heavier loads significantly increased movement duration on the break contact (0.8%/kg load) and fire and movement (1.1%/kg). Performance deterioration was observed from the beginning to the end of the series of movements (bounds or sprints) with deterioration becoming significantly greater in heavier load conditions. Inter-individual variation between slower and faster participants showed a range in load effects; 0.6, 0.8%/kg for fast and 1.0, 1.4%/kg for slow (break contact, fire and movement, respectively). Velocity profiles revealed that the initial acceleration and peak velocity were the primary determinants of performance. As the duration of these tactical combat movements reflects periods of heightened vulnerability, these findings highlight important implications for commanders. Practitioner Summary: Increasing amounts of carried military equipment impairs the performance of tactical combat movements. Examination of inter-individual variation in velocity profiles identified that the initial acceleration and the peak velocity achieved during sprints and bounds are key determinants of overall performance.

[Sanitary-hygienic and antiepidemic support for the Red army during the last stage of the Great Patriotic War (1944-1945)].

Sanitation measures of the final period of World War II included the sanitary surveillance of water and power forces, observation of their placement and content of the territory occupied by them, monitor the implementation of military rules of personal hygiene and health education. The content of anti-epidemic measures was control of vectors of infectious and parasitic diseases, the protection of troops against the penetration of these diseases from the outside, the sanitary-epidemiological investigation and vaccination of staff, early detection and isolation of infectious patients, their timely hospitalization, disinfection of the source of infection, identify the sources of infection and epidemiological surveillance behind the hearth. Epidemiological welfare of the Red Army has been achieved by the virtue of the hard and persistent work of many thousands of military doctors, good organization of anti-epidemic protection of troops and use of military medical service of science.

[Scientist-hygienist, teacher and public figure (to the 100th anniversary of birthday of professor Koshelev N F].

Koshelev N.F. made a significant contribution to the development of general and military hygiene. Under his leadership at the S.M.Kirov Military Medical Academy were actively conducted researchers in the field of general hygiene, hygiene, military labour, water, food and sanitation support for the troops formed a new way of hygienic structure understanding, its goals, methods, object and subject of study. Koshelev N.F. developed provisions oJ methodological basics, structure and algorithm of hygienic diagnostics. He also defined basic principles of the universal theory of hygienic regulation and developed its structure, made a number of other original theoretical positions. Koshelev N.F. created a scientific, school, continues the best traditions of domestic hygiene.

Lift performance and lumbar loading in standing and seated lifts.

This study investigated the effect of posture on lifting performance. Twenty-three male soldiers lifted a loaded box onto a platform in standing and seated postures to determine their maximum lift capacity and maximum acceptable lift. Lift performance, trunk kinematics, lumbar loads, anthropometric and strength data were recorded. There was a significant main effect for lift effort but not for posture or the interaction. Effect sizes showed that lumbar compression forces did not differ between postures at lift initiation (Standing 5566.2 ± 627.8 N; Seated 5584.0 ± 16.0) but were higher in the standing posture (4045.7 ± 408.3 N) when compared with the seated posture (3655.8 ± 225.7 N) at lift completion. Anterior shear forces were higher in the standing posture at both lift initiation (Standing 519.4 ± 104.4 N; Seated 224.2 ± 9.4 N) and completion (Standing 183.3 ± 62.5 N; Seated 71.0 ± 24.2 N) and may have been a result of increased trunk flexion and a larger horizontal distance of the mass from the L5-S1 joint. Practitioner Summary: Differences between lift performance and lumbar forces in standing and seated lifts are unclear. Using a with-in subjects repeated measures design, we found no difference in lifted mass or lumbar compression force at lift initiation between standing and seated lifts.

[Hygienic aspects of development and testing of individual military armour].

Hygienic aspects of development and testing of individual military armour. The article is devoted to scientific substantiation of proposals aimed at improving certain physical and hygienic properties of the personal body armour (PBA) and their test methods. The authors performed an analysis of the development of domestic and foreign PBA production. Analysed and described construction, ergonomic and medical-and-technical characteristics of PBA. The role of the study of hygienic, mechanical and ergonomic indicators in assessing the dynamics of the vector and the further development of PBA is presented. Substantiated proposals for their improvement.

[Present condition and perspective of development of self-care decontamination products].

Present condition and perspective of development of self-care decontamination products. This work provides data describing the current state and perspectives of development of self-care decontamination products for neutralization and removal of poisonous and highly toxic biologic and radioactive agents from open human body surfaces and close- fitting cloth. The history of self-care decontamination products creation in Russia and foreign countries is represented. The detailed performance characteristics of the developed individual anti-gas kits IPP-3, IPP-51, IPP-8, IPP-10, IPP-11, which were accepted to the Army and the Navy supply in the 1920-1930s, during the Great Patriotic war, in post-war period and now, are given. The individual anti-gas kits RSDL, M291, M295 and MKI for government-issue equipment of North Atlantic nations' armies are described in detail. It was showed that the general limitation both of the native and foreign anti-gas kit models is the poor efficacy against exposure of vesicants from the group of blister warfare agents. The most perspective research guidelines in creation of new self-care decontamination products. are validated.

[Improvement of dermatovenereologic care in the Armed Forces].

Authors presented data about primary incidence of diseases of the skin and subcutaneous tissue in the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation over the past 6 years and gave information about basic peculiarities of the delivery of medical dermatovenereologic care to servicemen in peacetime. A list of dermatovenereologic diseases, which have to be treated by the medical service at the troop level. Main factors affecting the level of skin and venereal diseases among servicemen are revealed. Authors' considered typical errors occurring in the process of medical care delivery to patients suffering from dermatovenereologic diseases at the troop level. These errors are usually of organizational and methodical nature.

[The contribution of the Archive of the Military Medical Museum in summarizing the experience of the Great Patriotic War].

During 70 years of existence of the Military Medical Museum one of its main goals was to create an archive of military medical documents, the formation of his ideology and collecting funds, saving and promotion of unique materials related to the history of Russia, feat of arms Defenders of the Fatherland in the wars of the XX century. Creating a military medical museum archive was conceived in the beginning of the Great Patriotic War by leading figures of the military medicine--E.I.Smirnov, S.M.Bagdasaryan, V.N.Shevkunenko, A.N.Maksimenkov, who offered to collect all materials about the work of physicians at the front and in the rear, to consider the archive as a base for scientific works on the history of the military health care. Today the archive was removed from the Army Medical Museum and now it is a branch of the Central Archive of the Ministry of Defence of the Russian Federation (military medical records). His staff keeps the traditions established by predecessors and use in their activities a wealth of experience and background research.

[To the 80th anniversary of the 637th center of the state sanitary and epidemiological surveillance].

In March 2015 marked the 80th anniversary of the creation of the 637th Center of State Sanitary and Epidemiological Surveillance. The date of establishment of the Centre is rooted in the pre-war period, when sanitary-epidemiological laboratories of the Black Sea Fleet were organized as a scientific and methodological institution. During the Great Patriotic War, as well as during the early postwar period, the staff of the Centre carried out valuable work on provision of sanitary and epidemiological welfare of the Black Sea Fleet. Later, soldiers of the Center participated in the aftermath of the Chernobyl accident, fulfilling their international duty in the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan, on the island of Dahlak, as well as in the Chechen Republic during the anti-terrorist operation. During its existence, the Centre repeatedly reorganized and is now an institution that successfully solves the problem of ensuring sanitary and epidemiological welfare of the troops in the area of responsibility.