St. Luke's Hospice: Prioritizing Comfort, Not Cure, in the Hospital Setting.

The American hospice movement arose in the 1970s as an alternative to standard hospital care for terminally ill patients, emphasizing symptom management and psychological and spiritual care. St. Luke's Hospice of New York City was an outlier in this movement. While other hospices sought to distance themselves from the preexisting healthcare system for fear of its corrupting influence, St. Luke's sought to transform the system from within. While other hospices ultimately accommodated state and federal regulations for terminal care, St. Luke's tried to survive outside of this newly regulated space. This examination of St. Luke's Hospice complicates the preexisting narrative of the hospice movement as a countercultural movement that was subsequently corrupted by integration into mainstream healthcare. It also demonstrates opportunities and challenges in trying to change the structure and culture of the acute care hospital.

[From the Hospício de Pedro II to the Hospital Nacional de Alienados: a hundred years of records (1841-1944)]. / Del Hospício de Pedro II al Hospital Nacional de Alienados: cien años de historias (1841-1944).

This research note lays out methodological approaches, documentary sources, historiographical inscription and reflections that arose from an ongoing research study entitled "From the Hospício de Pedro II to the Hospital Nacional de Alienados: a hundred years of records (1841-1944)." A group of researchers and students involved in the project have analyzed the history of the first psychiatric institution in Brazil for the period from the second half of the nineteenth century through the mid-twentieth century. They are also committed to the ideal of contributing to the organization and conservation of the documentary sources of this institution. Here we present the innovative nature of the project, especially due to its methodological approaches in combination with its focus on preserving historical documents.

Esta nota de investigación expone perspectivas metodológicas, fuentes documentales, inscripción historiográfica y reflexiones que surgen de la investigación en curso, titulada "Del Hospício de Pedro II al Hospital Nacional de Alienados: cien años de historias (1841-1944)". Un grupo de investigadores y estudiantes asociados al proyecto han analizado la historia de la primera institución psiquiátrica de Brasil en el periodo comprendido entre la segunda mitad del siglo XIX y mediados del siglo XX. También están comprometidos con el ideal de contribuir a la organización y conservación de los fondos documentales de esta institución. Aquí presentamos el carácter innovador del proyecto, especialmente por sus perspectivas metodológicas en combinación con enfoques de preservación de documentos históricos.

Del Hospício de Pedro II al Hospital Nacional de Alienados: cien años de historias (1841-1944) / From the Hospício de Pedro II to the Hospital Nacional de Alienados: a hundred years of records (1841-1944)

Resumen Esta nota de investigación expone perspectivas metodológicas, fuentes documentales, inscripción historiográfica y reflexiones que surgen de la investigación en curso, titulada "Del Hospício de Pedro II al Hospital Nacional de Alienados: cien años de historias (1841-1944)". Un grupo de investigadores y estudiantes asociados al proyecto han analizado la historia de la primera institución psiquiátrica de Brasil en el periodo comprendido entre la segunda mitad del siglo XIX y mediados del siglo XX. También están comprometidos con el ideal de contribuir a la organización y conservación de los fondos documentales de esta institución. Aquí presentamos el carácter innovador del proyecto, especialmente por sus perspectivas metodológicas en combinación con enfoques de preservación de documentos históricos.

Abstract This research note lays out methodological approaches, documentary sources, historiographical inscription and reflections that arose from an ongoing research study entitled "From the Hospício de Pedro II to the Hospital Nacional de Alienados: a hundred years of records (1841-1944)." A group of researchers and students involved in the project have analyzed the history of the first psychiatric institution in Brazil for the period from the second half of the nineteenth century through the mid-twentieth century. They are also committed to the ideal of contributing to the organization and conservation of the documentary sources of this institution. Here we present the innovative nature of the project, especially due to its methodological approaches in combination with its focus on preserving historical documents.

Hospice and Palliative Care in Mainland China: History, Current Status and Challenges.

The concept of End-of-Life Care (EOLC) came into China in the late 1980s. However, hospice and palliative care in medical practice develope slowly. In recent years, profesionals, patients and their families, as well as government begin to attach importance to it. There is a hospice and palliative care movement now in China. This article gives an overview of the progress and the current status in multiple aspects of hospice and palliative care in mainland China, and points out the barriers and challenges for its further development in the future.

Ciência, caridade e redes de sociabilidade: o Hospício de Pedro II em outras perspectivas / Science, charity, and social networks: Hospício de Pedro II from different perspectives

Resumo Este artigo é parte do esforço de compilação das análises elaboradas em dissertação de mestrado, defendida em 2012. Apresentamos novas perspectivas sobre o Hospício de Pedro II entre 1883 e 1889, a partir de pesquisa empreendida com as fichas de entrada e os anexos de pacientes internados na instituição, fundada em 1852, no Rio de Janeiro. Buscamos destacar a participação de atores diversos e as imbricações de diferentes interesses e demandas em relação ao hospício. Assim, além do olhar médico-científico, apontamos a importância de ampliar o debate sobre a instituição, considerando sua importância, tanto pelo viés caritativo quanto pelo papel central nas relações políticas e sociais do Império.

Abstract This article is part of an effort to compile the analyses made for my master’s dissertation from 2012. It contains new perspectives on Hospício de Pedro II (Pedro II Hospice) between 1883 and 1889, drawing on research of admissions records and files of patients staying at the institution, founded in 1852 in Rio de Janeiro. The involvement of different players and the interplay of different interests and demands with regard to the hospice are highlighted. It is important to expand the debate concerning the institution beyond medical and scientific aspects, considering its importance both as a charity and for its key role in the political and social relations of the empire.

[Science, charity, and social networks: Hospício de Pedro II from different perspectives]. / Ciência, caridade e redes de sociabilidade: o Hospício de Pedro II em outras perspectivas.

This article is part of an effort to compile the analyses made for my master's dissertation from 2012. It contains new perspectives on Hospício de Pedro II (Pedro II Hospice) between 1883 and 1889, drawing on research of admissions records and files of patients staying at the institution, founded in 1852 in Rio de Janeiro. The involvement of different players and the interplay of different interests and demands with regard to the hospice are highlighted. It is important to expand the debate concerning the institution beyond medical and scientific aspects, considering its importance both as a charity and for its key role in the political and social relations of the empire.

De los hospitales u hospicios a los modernos institutos nacionales de salud / From the medieval hospitals hospices to modern National public Health Institutes

Resumen: Desde las épocas más antiguas la instalación de hospitales y progresos de la clínica avanzaron pari passu. Hallamos ejemplos de tal aserto tanto en regiones propiamente griegas como en ciudades griegas de ultramar. Así, pues, en el periodo renacentista convergieron en Italia grandes figuras de aquel tiempo: el genial Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) y León Battista Alberti (1404-1472), humanista e innovador de la arquitectura. Michelangelo Buonarroti (1475-1564) y los artistas, sus contemporáneos, efectuaron disecciones anatómicas para perfeccionar su arte con el estudio de las formas del cuerpo humano. Los estudios anatómicos florecieron en la Universidad de Padua, impulsados por el flamenco Andreas Wesel, quién enseñó ahí esta disciplina desde 1437 hasta 1543. Los grandes anatomistas italianos del siglo XVI fueron discípulos directos o indirectos del maestro flamenco. Preparados por el estudio riguroso del sustrato anatómico resplandecieron, en el siglo XVII, los estudios concernientes a la función de las estructuras orgánicas ya conocidas. Dicho siglo se inició con la revelación de la circulación sanguínea mayor, por el médico inglés William Harvey, egresado de la Universidad de Padua, y se continuaron con la descripción de la circulación menor o pulmonar por autores antiguos o contemporáneos y de las conexiones periféricas entre el sistema arterial y el venoso (Marcello Malpigni, 1661). Todos estos investigadores, y otros más, eran miembros de la universidad patavina, en donde persistía la influencia benéfica de las enseñanzas de Galileo. En los siglos siguientes, junto con la anatomía normal y la embriología, la anatomía patológica, sistematizada por G.B. Morgagni, se impuso como piedra de toque de la clínica. Y el modelo de los antiguos hospitales evolucionó hacia el de los Institutos nacionales de salud, auspiciados por el maestro Ignacio Chávez.

Abstract: Since the most ancient times, hospital constructions and progresses in the clinical practice advanced pari passu. We can find exampless of this statement in Greek regions as well as in Greek citie overseas. Thus, during the renaissance, great figures ot that time converged in Italy: The genius Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) and Leon Battista Alberti (1404-1472), a humanist and innovator of architecture. Michelangelo Buonarroti (1475-1564) and his contemporany artists performed anatomical dissection to perfect their art by studying the human body. Anatomical studies flourished at the University of Padua, driven by the Flemish Master. Based on the rigorous study of the anatomical substrate, the studies on the function of the already known organic structures excelled in the XVII century. That century started with the revelation of the major blood circulation by the British physician William Harvey, alumni of the University of Padua, and continued with the description of the minior or pulmonary circulation by ancient or contemporany authors and of the peripheral connections between the arterial and the venous system (Marcelo Malpighi, 1661). All these researchers, and others, were membres of the University of Padua, were the beneficial influence of the teachings of Galileo persisted. In the following centuries, together with the embryological and normal anatomy, the pathological anatomy, systematized by G.B. Morgani, became the cornerstone of the clinical practice. The model of the ancient hospitals evolved to ward the National Institutes of Health in Mexico fostered by Dr. Ignacio Chávez.

[From the medieval hospitals hospices to modern National public Health Institutes]. / De los hospitales u hospicios a los modernos institutos nacionales de salud.

Since the most ancient times, hospital constructions and progresses in the clinical practice advanced pari passu. We can find exampless of this statement in Greek regions as well as in Greek citie overseas. Thus, during the renaissance, great figures ot that time converged in Italy: The genius Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) and Leon Battista Alberti (1404-1472), a humanist and innovator of architecture. Michelangelo Buonarroti (1475-1564) and his contemporany artists performed anatomical dissection to perfect their art by studying the human body. Anatomical studies flourished at the University of Padua, driven by the Flemish Master. Based on the rigorous study of the anatomical substrate, the studies on the function of the already known organic structures excelled in the xvii century. That century started with the revelation of the major blood circulation by the British physician William Harvey, alumni of the University of Padua, and continued with the description of the minior or pulmonary circulation by ancient or contemporany authors and of the peripheral connections between the arterial and the venous system (Marcelo Malpighi, 1661). All these researchers, and others, were membres of the University of Padua, were the beneficial influence of the teachings of Galileo persisted. In the following centuries, together with the embryological and normal anatomy, the pathological anatomy, systematized by G.B. Morgani, became the cornerstone of the clinical practice. The model of the ancient hospitals evolved to ward the National Institutes of Health in Mexico fostered by Dr. Ignacio Chávez.

[Hospice--an institution of support to the patient]. / Hospicjum jako instytucja wspierajaca czlowieka.

The paper summarises the past and the present of the palliative care. The author describes the developement in the field from the times of antiquity, through the deep Christian vocation of middle ages to alleviate pain and misery, the eigthteenth century's enlighted ideas until the relatively recent developement of the idea of hospice pioneered in 1967by dr Cicely Saunders in England, and in 1964 by Chrzanowska in Poland. The role of hospice and palliative care at large is summarised, with special focus on emotional, affirmative, instrumental and information-centered support. The paradox of hospice is discussed, which rests on caring for the incurable patient and helping them comfortably to pass the terminal stages of their disease and life, with dignity, without pain, depression, negligence and deprivation. The hospice movement, drawing form Christian tradition, affirms life while accepting the inevitability of death, opposes the idea of euthanasia, educates the society about the issues related to dying, rests on a set of autonomous units the organisation of which is adapted to local needs, and, finally, acts in concordance with other agendas of the healthcare system. The Polish system constituted by palliative care reach-out teams and palliative units and hospices should be strongly supported and adequately founded to supply best care available to the dying and distressed.

[The role of marine hospices as therapeutic support for scrofula treatment in Ferrara in nineteenth-century (corrected)]. / Il ruolo degli Ospizi Marini quale presidio terapeutico della scrofolosi a Ferrara nel XIX secolo.

The authors carried out an observational study for the years 1867-1874 on the morbidity of children from Ferrara suffering from scrofula, sent to marine hospices for sea bathing treatment. A total of 490 cases (250 F, 240 M) were studied in relation to the following variables: age, sex, forms of scrofula, years and outcome. In particular, the present work describes the preliminary organizational steps planned to allow the seaside stay, the clinical features and the outcomes. Dissemination of information to the public and to benefactors had the specific aim to strengthen these benefits for those children affected by the sad and serious consequences of scrofula.