Difluoromethylornithine (DFMO), an Inhibitor of Polyamine Biosynthesis, and Antioxidant N-Acetylcysteine Potentiate Immune Response in Mice to the Recombinant Hepatitis C Virus NS5B Protein.

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is one of the main triggers of chronic liver disease. Despite tremendous progress in the HCV field, there is still no vaccine against this virus. Potential vaccines can be based on its recombinant proteins. To increase the humoral and, especially, cellular immune response to them, more effective adjuvants are needed. Here, we evaluated a panel of compounds as potential adjuvants using the HCV NS5B protein as an immunogen. These compounds included inhibitors of polyamine biosynthesis and urea cycle, the mTOR pathway, antioxidants, and cellular receptors. A pronounced stimulation of cell proliferation and interferon-γ (IFN-γ) secretion in response to concanavalin A was shown for antioxidant N-acetylcysteine (NAC), polyamine biosynthesis inhibitor 2-difluoromethylornithine (DFMO), and TLR9 agonist CpG ODN 1826 (CpG). Their usage during the immunization of mice with the recombinant NS5B protein significantly increased antibody titers, enhanced lymphocyte proliferation and IFN-γ production. NAC and CpG decreased relative Treg numbers; CpG increased the number of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), whereas neither NAC nor DFMO affected MDSC counts. NAC and DFMO suppressed NO and interleukin 10 (IL-10) production by splenocytes, while DFMO increased the levels of IL-12. This is the first evidence of immunomodulatory activity of NAC and DFMO during prophylactic immunization against infectious diseases.

Immune function of zhenqi fuzheng capsule on volleyball players after high intensity training / Função imunitária da cápsula zhenqi fuzheng em jogadores de voleibol após treinamento de alta intensidade / Efecto de la cápsula zhenqi fuzheng sobre la función inmune de los jugadores de voleibol después del entrenamiento de alta intensidad

ABSTRACT At present, many studies have proved that proper exercise can promote the immune function of human body to a certain extent, but athletes need a lot of high-intensity sports training, and their immune function declines instead of improving. In order to control the decline of immune function of athletes after high-intensity training, this study propose the Zhenqi Fuzheng capsule to achieve this goal. Through experimental comparison, the parameters such as white blood cell content, immunoglobulin number, T lymphocyte, human hemoglobin content and exercise exhaustion time were detected after high-intensity training. The results showed that compared with the control group taking Zhenqi Fuzheng, the weight of those who had taken qifuzhengs capsule did not change, and the content of white blood cells, immunoglobulin, hemoglobin content and exercise time increased to a certain extent. The results showed that Zhenqi Fuzheng could inhibit the decrease of body immune function after high-intensity exercise, then accelerate the recovery of human immune function. This study is expected to enhance the immunity of sports athletes, and reduce athletes' pain after high-intensity training.

RESUMO Atualmente, muitos estudos prova que exercícios adequados podem promover a função imunológica do corpo humano em certa medida, mas os atletas precisam de muito treinamento esportivo de alta intensidade, e sua função imunológica diminui em vez de melhorar. A fim de controlar o declínio da função imunológica dos atletas após treinamento de alta intensidade, este estudo propôs a administração da cápsula Zhenqi Fuzheng para alcançar esse objetivo. Através de comparação experimental, foram detectados parâmetros como o teor de glóbulos brancos, imunoglobulina, linfócitos T, hemoglobina humana e tempo de exaustão do exercício após treinamento de alta intensidade. Os resultados mostraram que, em comparação com o grupo controle que tomou a cápsula Zhenqi Fuzheng, o peso daqueles que tinham tomado a cápsula de qifuzheng não se alterou, e o teor de glóbulos brancos, imunoglobulina, hemoglobina e o tempo de exercício aumentaram em certa medida. Os resultados mostraram que a cápsula Zhenqi Fuzheng poderia inibir a diminuição da função imunológica corporal após exercícios de alta intensidade, e acelerar a recuperação da função imunológica humana. Espera-se que este estudo possa aumentar a imunidade dos atletas e reduzir a dor dos atletas após treinamento alta intensidade para fornecer uma certa referência.

RESUMEN Actualmente, muchos estudios prueban que ejercicios adecuados pueden promover la función inmunológica del cuerpo humano en cierta medida, pero los atletas precisan mucho entrenamiento deportivo de alta intensidad, y su función inmunológica disminuye en vez de mejorar. A fin de controlar la declinación de la función inmunológica de los atletas después del entrenamiento de alta intensidad, este estudio propuso la administración de la cápsula Zhenqi Fuzheng para alcanzar ese objetivo. Por medio de comparación experimental, fueron detectados parámetros como el tenor de glóbulos blancos, inmunoglobulina, linfocitos T, hemoglobina humana y tiempo de agotamiento del ejercicio después de entrenamiento de alta intensidad. Los resultados mostraron que, en comparación con el grupo control que tomó la cápsula Zhenqi Fuzheng, el peso de aquellos que habían tomado la cápsula de qifuzheng no se alteró, y el tenor de glóbulos blancos, inmunoglobulina, hemoglobina y el tiempo de ejercicio aumentaron en cierta medida. Los resultados mostraron que la cápsula Zhenqi Fuzheng podría inhibir la disminución de la función inmunológica corporal después de ejercicios de alta intensidad, y acelerar la recuperación de la función inmunológica humana. Se espera que este estudio pueda aumentar la inmunidad de los atletas y reducir el dolor después de entrenamiento de alta intensidad para proveer una cierta referencia.

NS1-based DNA vaccination confers mouse protective immunity against ZIKV challenge.

The recent pandemic of Zika virus (ZIKV) infections highlight the urgent need for the development of a safe and efficacious ZIKV vaccine. We previously demonstrated that robust humoral and cellular immunity was elicited in BALB/c mice by ZIKV DNA vaccine encoding the precursor membrane (prM) and envelope (E) proteins while the protective efficacies were not evaluated against ZIKV challenge. To further explore the protective immunity elicited by various targets of ZIKV, we constructed a novel DNA-based vaccine expressing nonstructural protein 1 (NS1), named as VRC-NS1, and evaluated and compared immune responses and protective efficacies of three ZIKV DNA vaccine candidates (VRC-prME, VRC-NS1, and VRC-prME+VRC-NS1) using an A129 (Ifnar-/-) murine challenge model. The results showed that each of DNA vaccine candidates induced robust antigen-specific humoral immunity and conferred protection against ZIKV-SMGC-1 with two doses (20 µg per dose) of homologous intramuscularly (i.m.) immunizations via in vivo electroporation. All DNA vaccine candidates induced significant protection against infection-associated weight loss in addition to preventing viral replication in blood, brain and spleen tissue following in vivo viral challenge. Notably, NS1-based DNA vaccination alone was capable of conferring mouse protective immunity to reduce viremia and viral burden in tissues against ZIKV challenge, even though it did not induce neutralizing antibodies. These data demonstrated that VRC-NS1 and VRC-prME are highly promising vaccine candidates for ZIKV control. Furthermore, our results highlight an alternative strategy (DNA vaccine based on non-neutralizing antigen NS1) for designing novel flaviviral vaccines (including for ZIKV) and provide a foundation for the development of a safe and effective NS1-based vaccine against ZIKV infection.

Involvement of NLRP3 inflammasome in schizophrenia-like behaviour in young animals after maternal immune activation.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the involvement of nod-like receptor pyrin domain-containing protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome in schizophrenia-like behaviour in young animals exposed to maternal immune activation (MIA). METHODS: To this aim, on the 15th gestational day, the females received an injection of lipopolysaccharides. When the animals completed 7, 14 and 45 postnatal days, they were killed and the whole brain was dissected for biochemical analysis. Animals with 45 postnatal days were submitted to behavioural tests of locomotor activity, social interaction and stereotyped movements. RESULTS: It was observed that the animals presented schizophrenia-like behaviour at 45 postnatal days associated with the increase of NLRP3 inflammasome expression and IL-1ß levels on 7, 14 and 45 postnatal days. CONCLUSION: This study shows that MIA may be associated with a schizophrenia-like behaviour. This behaviour can be induced to a neuroinflammatory profile in the brain. These evidences may base future studies on the relationship between neuroinflammation and psychiatric disorders.

Norepinephrine Dysregulates the Immune Response and Compromises Host Defense during Sepsis.

Rationale: Sepsis is characterized by a dysregulated immune response to infection. Norepinephrine, the cornerstone vasopressor used in septic shock, may contribute to immune dysregulation and impact host defense.Objectives: To investigate effects of norepinephrine and the alternative vasopressor vasopressin on the immune response and host defense.Methods: Leukocytes from six to nine donors were stimulated in the presence or absence of norepinephrine and vasopressin. A total of 190 C57BL/6J mice received a continuous infusion of norepinephrine or vasopressin via microosmotic pumps and were challenged with LPS or underwent cecal ligation and puncture. Thirty healthy volunteers were randomized to a 5-hour infusion of norepinephrine, vasopressin, or saline and intravenously challenged with LPS. The relationship between the norepinephrine infusion rate and the use of ß-blockers and plasma cytokines was assessed in 195 patients with septic shock.Measurements and Main Results: Norepinephrine attenuated the production of proinflammatory mediators and reactive oxygen species and augmented antiinflammatory IL-10 production both in vitro and in LPS-challenged mice. Norepinephrine infusion during cecal ligation and puncture resulted in increased bacterial dissemination to the spleen, liver, and blood. In LPS-challenged volunteers, norepinephrine enhanced plasma IL-10 concentrations and attenuated the release of the proinflammatory cytokine IFN-γ-induced protein 10. Vasopressin exerted no immunomodulatory effects across these experimental setups. In patients, higher norepinephrine infusion rates were correlated with a more antiinflammatory cytokine balance, whereas ß-blocker use was associated with a more proinflammatory cytokine balance.Conclusions: Norepinephrine dysregulates the immune response in mice and humans and compromises host defense. Therefore, it may significantly contribute to sepsis-induced immunoparalysis, whereas vasopressin does not have untoward immunologic effects.

Immunotoxicity of polystyrene nanoplastics in different hemocyte subpopulations of Mytilus galloprovincialis.

Plastic represents 60-80% of litter in the ocean. Degradation of plastic to small fragments leads to the formation of microplastics (MPs <5 mm) and nanoplastics (NPs <1 µm). One of the most widely used and representative plastics found in the ocean is polystyrene (PS). Among marine organisms, the immune system of bivalves is recognized as suitable to assess nanomaterial toxicity. Hemocyte subpopulations [R1 (large granular cells), R2 (small semi-granular cells) and R3 (small agranular or hyaline cells)] of Mytilus galloprovincialis are specialized in particular tasks and functions. The authors propose to examine the effects of different sizes (50 nm, 100 nm and 1 µm) PS NPs on the different immune cells of mussels when they were exposed to (1 and 10 mg·L-1) of PS NPs. The most noteworthy results found in this work are: (i) 1 µm PS NPs provoked higher immunological responses with respect to 50 and 100 nm PS NPs, possibly related to the higher stability in size and shape in hemolymph serum, (ii) the R1 subpopulation was the most affected with respect to R2 and R3 concerning immunological responses and (iii) an increase in the release of toxic radicals, apoptotic signals, tracking of lysosomes and a decrease in phagocytic activity was found in R1.

Validation of the Simplified Magnetic Resonance Index of Activity [sMARIA] Without Gadolinium-enhanced Sequences for Crohn's Disease.

BACKGROUND: Gadolinium-enhanced sequences are not included in the simplified Magnetic Resonance Index of Activity [sMARIA], but in the derivation of this index readers had access to these sequences. The current study aimed to validate the sMARIA without gadolinium-enhanced sequences for assessing disease activity, severity, and response to treatment in patients with Crohn's disease. METHODS: We prospectively included patients with active Crohn's disease and at least one segment with severe inflammation [ulcers] at ileocolonoscopy, who required treatment with biologic drugs. Patients were evaluated by both magnetic resonance enterography [MRE] and ileocolonoscopy at baseline and 46 weeks after initiation of medical treatment. We compared the quantification of disease activity and response to treatment with sMARIA versus with ileocolonoscopy Crohn's Disease Index of Severity [CDEIS], considered the gold standard. RESULTS: Data from both MRE and ileocolonoscopy 46 weeks after treatment initiation were available for 39 of the 50 patients. As in the derivation study, the optimal cutoffs were sMARIA ≥1 for predicting active disease (area under the curve [AUC] 0.92) and sMARIA ≥2 for predicting the presence of ulcers at ileocolonoscopy [AUC 0.93]. In evaluating the response to treatment, the sMARIA detected endoscopic ulcer healing at the segment level [sMARIA <2] with 89.5% sensitivity and 87.5% specificity. The sMARIA decreased significantly [p <0.001] in segments achieving endoscopic ulcer healing, but did not change [p = 0.222] in segments with persistent ulceration. CONCLUSIONS: The sMARIA is accurate and reliable in quantifying disease activity and response to treatment in luminal Crohn's disease, without the need for gadolinium-enhanced sequences.

Single-cell Transcriptome Mapping Identifies Common and Cell-type Specific Genes Affected by Acute Delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol in Humans.

Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is known to modulate immune response in peripheral blood cells. The mechanisms of THC's effects on gene expression in human immune cells remains poorly understood. Combining a within-subject design with single cell transcriptome mapping, we report that THC acutely alters gene expression in 15,973 blood cells. We identified 294 transcriptome-wide significant genes among eight cell types including 69 common genes and 225 cell-type-specific genes affected by THC administration, including those genes involving in immune response, cytokine production, cell proliferation and apoptosis. We revealed distinct transcriptomic sub-clusters affected by THC in major immune cell types where THC perturbed cell-type-specific intracellular gene expression correlations. Gene set enrichment analysis further supports the findings of THC's common and cell-type-specific effects on immune response and cell toxicity. This comprehensive single-cell transcriptomic profiling provides important insights into THC's acute effects on immune function that may have important medical implications.

Transient Immune Activation in BCG-Vaccinated Infant Rhesus Macaques Is Not Sufficient to Influence Oral Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Infection.

BCG vaccination has been demonstrated to increase levels of activated CD4+ T cells, thus potentially influencing mother-to-child transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). To assess the risk of BCG vaccination in HIV infection, we randomly assigned newborn rhesus macaques to receive BCG vaccine or remain unvaccinated and then undergo oral simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) challenges 3 weeks later. We observed elevated levels of activated peripheral CD4+ T cells (ie, HLA-DR+CD38+CCR5+ CD4+ T cells) by week 3 after vaccination. BCG was also associated with an altered immune gene expression profile, as well as with monocyte activation in both peripheral blood and the draining axillary lymph node, indicating significant BCG vaccine-induced immune activation. Despite these effects, BCG vaccination did not increase the rate of SIV oral transmission or disease progression. Our findings therefore identify patterns of T-cell and monocyte activation that occur after BCG vaccination but do not support the hypothesis that BCG vaccination is a risk factor for postnatal HIV transmission or increased pathogenesis in infants.

Hepatitis B virus vaccination and revaccination response in children diagnosed with coeliac disease : a multicentre prospective study.

AIM: This study evaluates hepatitis B virus (HBV) vaccination response in children with celiac disease (CD). Response in initial non-responders after a single booster vaccination as well as factors influencing HBV vaccination response were evaluated. METHODOLOGY: Anti-hepatitis B surface antibodies (a-HBsAB) were checked in all children with CD and a documented complete HBV vaccination. An a-HBsAB <10 U/L was considered as non-response. A single intramuscular HBV-vaccine booster was advised to all non-responders. Response was checked at the next appointment. RESULTS: 133 children with CD were included, median age of 7.3 years (range 1.7-17.3) and 46 (35%) were male. The age at CD diagnosis was 6.0 years (range 1.1-15.7). HBV non-response was documented in 55% (n=73/133). No other factors were influencing the response. A booster was documented in 34/73 (47 %) initial non-responders (3 refused (4%), 36 (49%) had no follow up). Response after booster vaccination resulted in immunity in 22/34 (65%) and persisting non-response in 12/34 (35%). A single booster is able to reduce non-response from 55% (73/133) to 23% (22/94). CONCLUSION: A significantly lower immune response following HBV vaccination in children with CD was confirmed. A single intramuscular booster vaccination is able to induce a serologic response in two thirds of the initial non-responders. Control of HBV vaccination response has to become part of the follow-up in CD patients.

Porcine lactoferrin-derived peptide LFP-20 modulates immune homoeostasis to defend lipopolysaccharide-triggered intestinal inflammation in mice.

The performance of immune system is vital for defending the body from pathogens, and it plays a crucial role in health homoeostasis. In a previous study, we have shown that LFP-20, a twenty-amino acid antimicrobial peptide in the N terminus of porcine lactoferrin, modulated inflammatory response in colitis. Here, we further investigated the effects of LFP-20 on immune homoeostasis to elucidate the mechanism of its anti-inflammation action. A lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-triggered systemic inflammatory response mice model was established. On the basis of observed mucosal lesions and apoptosis in small intestine, we found increased macrophage and neutrophil infiltration in ileum after LPS stimulation. Expectedly, LFP-20 pre-treatment attenuated the LPS-mediated immune disorders in ileum. Moreover, the flow cytometry results indicated pre-treatment with LFP-20 sustained the balance of CD3+CD8+ T cells, B cells and natural killer cells in LPS-triggered immune disturbance. Simultaneously, we demonstrated LFP-20 modulated the secretion of both activated Th1-related IL-12p70, interferon-γ, TNF-α and Th2-related IL-4, IL-5 and IL-6. Furthermore, we found LFP-20 facilitated a balanced Th1 and Th2 response, which triggered cellular defence mechanisms and induced B cells to produce opsonising antibodies belonging to certain IgG subclasses to defend against LPS stimulation. Collectively, our study indicated pre-treatment with LFP-20 could defend against LPS-triggered systemic inflammatory response in mice via modulating immune homoeostasis.

Fish pituitary show an active immune response after in vitro stimulation with Vibrio bacterin.

The pituitary is a central organ of the neuro-endocrine system in fish that plays critical roles in various physiological processes, including stress response and behavior. Although it is known that pituitary hormones can have a direct or indirect influence stimulating or suppressing the immune responses, whether there is a local immune response in the pituitary or what is the effect of the immune stimulus on the pituitary function in fish is unknown. With the aim to understand the interaction between the immune responses and the endocrine axes at the pituitary level, particularly the Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Interrenal (HPI) axis, pituitaries of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) were cultured in vitro, incubated with bacterin, or bacterin plus CRH, cortisol, human recombinant IL1ß, or spleen medium for 3 h, and then genes involved in pro-inflammation (il1ß, il8, tnfα1, ifnγ), anti-inflammation (tgfß1b, il10), immune modulation (mhcIIa, c3, mif) and stress response (crhbp, pomca, pomcb, gr1) were tested. Data showed that, incubation with bacterin alone and bacterin plus recombinant IL1ß or CRH, as well as medium from bacterin treated spleen caused significant up-regulation of pro-inflammatory genes il1ß and il8, while down-regulated the anti-inflammatory gene tgfß1b. Besides, recombinant IL1ß plus bacterin or alone caused raise of mhcIIa and tnfa, respectively. On the contrary, just a slight or even no alteration was recorded in the expression of stress response genes including crhbp, pomca, pomcb and gr1 in the in vitro cultured trout pituitary following this stimulation. These results suggest a local immune gene equipment in the pituitary of fish, and the potential for fish pituitary to develop both innate and adaptive immune responses, whereas that immune stimulation was not able to evoke a significant endocrine stress response in vitro.

A small heat shock protein 21 (sHSP21) mediates immune responses in Chinese oak silkworm Antheraea pernyi.

Small heat shock proteins (sHSPs) are conserved among insects and play an important role in the regulation of many biological processes, including temperature stress, abiotic stress, immune responses, metamorphosis, and embryo development. Antheraea pernyi is an economically valuable silk-producing moth and source of insect food containing high-quality protein. The aim of this study was to quantify expression of the ApsHSP21 gene in response to pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and nucleopolyhedrovirus (NPV) challenge. The deduced ApsHSP21 protein sequence consists of 186 residues with a calculated molecular mass of 21.0 kDa and an isoelectronic point (pI) of 6.63. The protein contains a conserved α-crystallin domain (ACD), and includes two casein kinase II phosphorylation sites, a protein kinase C phosphorylation site, two tyrosine kinase phosphorylation sites, and various polypeptide binding sites. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that ApsHSP21 is closely related to homologs from other insects. Real-time quantitative reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis revealed that expression of ApsHSP21 was significantly up-regulated at different timepoints following simulated pathogen challenge with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), peptidoglycan (PGN), glucan, and NPV. The results suggest sHSP21 is involved in innate immune responses in A. pernyi.

The effect of antipyretics on immune response and fever following receipt of inactivated influenza vaccine in young children.

BACKGROUND: Antipyretics reduce fever following childhood vaccinations; after inactivated influenza vaccine (IIV) they might ameliorate fever and thereby decrease febrile seizure risk, but also possibly blunt the immune response. We assessed the effect of antipyretics on immune responses and fever following IIV in children ages 6 through 47 months. METHODS: Over the course of three seasons, one hundred forty-two children, receiving either a single or the first of 2 recommended doses of IIV, were randomized to receive either oral acetaminophen suspension (n = 59) or placebo (n = 59) (double-blinded) or ibuprofen (n = 24) (open-label) immediately following IIV and every 4-8 h thereafter for 24 h. Blood samples were obtained at enrollment and 4 weeks following the last recommended IIV dose. Responses to IIV were assessed by hemagglutination inhibition assay (HAI). Seroprotection was defined as an HAI titer ≥1:40 and seroconversion as a titer ≥1:40 if baseline titer <1:10 or four-fold rise if baseline titer ≥1:10. Participants were monitored for fever and other solicited symptoms on the day of and day following IIV. RESULTS: Significant differences in seroconversion and post-vaccination seroprotection were not observed between children included in the different antipyretic groups and the placebo group for the vaccine antigens included in IIV over the course of the studies. Frequencies of solicited symptoms, including fever, were similar between treatment groups and the placebo group. CONCLUSIONS: Significant blunting of the immune response was not observed when antipyretics were administered to young children receiving IIV. Studies with larger sample sizes are needed to definitively establish the effect of antipyretics on IIV immunogenicity.

Influence of chronic L-DOPA treatment on immune response following allogeneic and xenogeneic graft in a rat model of Parkinson's disease.

Although intrastriatal transplantation of fetal cells for the treatment of Parkinson's disease had shown encouraging results in initial open-label clinical trials, subsequent double-blind studies reported more debatable outcomes. These studies highlighted the need for greater preclinical analysis of the parameters that may influence the success of cell therapy. While much of this has focused on the cells and location of the transplants, few have attempted to replicate potentially critical patient centered factors. Of particular relevance is that patients will be under continued L-DOPA treatment prior to and following transplantation, and that typically the grafts will not be immunologically compatible with the host. The aim of this study was therefore to determine the effect of chronic L-DOPA administered during different phases of the transplantation process on the survival and function of grafts with differing degrees of immunological compatibility. To that end, unilaterally 6-OHDA lesioned rats received sham surgery, allogeneic or xenogeneic transplants, while being treated with L-DOPA before and/or after transplantation. Irrespective of the L-DOPA treatment, dopaminergic grafts improved function and reduced the onset of L-DOPA induced dyskinesia. Importantly, although L-DOPA administered post transplantation was found to have no detrimental effect on graft survival, it did significantly promote the immune response around xenogeneic transplants, despite the administration of immunosuppressive treatment (cyclosporine). This study is the first to systematically examine the effect of L-DOPA on graft tolerance, which is dependent on the donor-host compatibility. These findings emphasize the importance of using animal models that adequately represent the patient paradigm.

Non-toxic perfringolysin O and α-toxin derivatives as potential vaccine candidates against bovine necrohaemorrhagic enteritis.

Bovine necrohaemorrhagic enteritis is a fatal Clostridium perfringens type A-induced disease that is characterised by sudden death. Recently the involvement of perfringolysin O and α-toxin in the development of necrohaemorrhagic lesions in the gut of calves was suggested, and thus derivatives of these toxins are potentially suitable as vaccine antigens. In the current study, the perfringolysin O derivative PFOL491D, alone or in combination with α-toxin derivative GST-cpa247-370, was evaluated as possible vaccine candidate, using in vitro assays. PFOL491D showed no haemolytic effect on horse red blood cells and no cytotoxic effect on bovine endothelial cells. Furthermore, calves immunised with PFOL491D raised antibodies against perfringolysin O that could inhibit the perfringolysin O-associated haemolytic activity on horse red blood cells. Antisera from calves immunised with PFOL491D had a significantly higher neutralising capacity against the cytotoxic effect of C. perfringens culture supernatant to bovine endothelial cells than serum from control calves (P <0.05). Immunisation of calves with PFOL491D in combination with GST-cpa247-370 elicited antibodies against perfringolysin O and α-toxin and consequently inhibited both the perfringolysin O-associated haemolytic activity and the α-toxin-associated lecithinase activity in vitro. Additionally, the neutralising ability of these antisera on the cytotoxic effect of C. perfringens culture supernatant to bovine endothelial cells was significantly higher than that from calves immunised with PFOL491D (P <0.001). In conclusion, perfringolysin O derivative PFOL491D is an immunogenic antigen that can potentially be used to produce vaccine against bovine necrohaemorrhagic enteritis. Including α-toxin derivative GST-cpa247-370 has an additional protective effect and therefore vaccination of calves with a combination of both antigens seems even more promising.

Immunological Cross-Reactivity between Malaria Vaccine Target Antigen P48/45 in Plasmodium vivax and P. falciparum and Cross-Boosting of Immune Responses.

In general, malaria immunity has been suggested to be species specific with very little, if any, known cross-reactivity between Plasmodium vivax and P. falciparum, both of which are responsible for >90% of human malaria, and co-endemic in many countries. It is therefore believed that species-specific immunity may be needed to target different species of Plasmodium. Pfs48/45 and Pvs48/45 are well established targets in the sexual stages of the malaria parasites, and are being pursued for the development of transmission blocking vaccines. Comparison of their sequences reveals 61% and 55% identity at the DNA and protein level, respectively raising the possibility that these two target antigens might share cross-reacting epitopes. Having succeeded in expressing recombinant Pfs48/45 and Pvs48/45 proteins, we hypothesized that these proteins will not only exhibit immunological cross-reactivity but also cross-boost immune responses. Mice were immunized with purified recombinant proteins using CFA, Montanide ISA-51 and alum as adjuvants, and the sera were analyzed by ELISA, Western blotting and indirect fixed and live IFA to address the hypothesis. Our studies revealed that Pvs48/45-immune sera showed strong cross-reactivity to full length Pfs48/45 protein, and the majority of this cross reactivity was in the amino-terminal and carboxyl-terminal sub-fragments of Pfs48/45. In cross-boosting experiments Pfs48/45 and Pvs48/45 antigens were able to cross-boost each other in mouse immunization studies. Additionally we also noticed an effect of adjuvants in the overall magnitude of observed cross-reactivity. These studies may have significant implications for immunity targeting transmission of both the species of malaria parasites.

[Vaccinations in patients with autoimmune diseases]. / Impfungen bei Patienten mit Autoimmunerkrankungen.

The number of individuals with autoimmune diseases treated with immunosuppressive drugs is increasing steadily. The variety of immunosuppressive drugs and in particular biological therapies is also rising. The autoimmune disease itself as well as the immunosuppressive therapy increases the risk of infection in this population. Particularly the risk of vaccine-preventable infections is elevated. Thus, preventing infections by the means of vaccination is of utmost importance. The Division of Infectious Diseases of the Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute, University of Zurich, performed a literature search on the topic of vaccinations in patients with autoimmune diseases upon request by the Swiss Federal Commission for Vaccination Issues. Overall, data are scarce. The following main points were retrieved from the literature: Inactivated vaccines are safe, but their immunogenicity may be reduced under immunosuppressive therapy. In addition to the generally recommended basic vaccinations, specific vaccinations, such as influenza and pneumococcal vaccination are indicated in these patient groups. Live vaccines are generally contraindicated under immunosuppressive therapy due to safety concerns. However, specific exceptions apply. Furthermore, certain time intervals for the administration of live vaccines after pausing or ceasing an immunosuppressive therapy should be respected.

Nanoparticle interaction with the immune system.

When nanoparticles enter the body, their interactions with cells are almost unavoidable. Unintended nanoparticle interaction with immune cells may elicit a molecular response that can have toxic effects and lead to greater susceptibility to infectious diseases, autoimmune disorders, and cancer development. As evidenced by several studies, nanoparticle interactions with biological systems can stimulate inflammatory or allergic reactions and activate the complement system. Nanoparticles can also stimulate immune response by acting as adjuvants or as haptens. Immunosuppressive effects have also been reported. This article gives a brief review of in vitro and in vivo research evidencing stimulatory or suppressive effects of nanoparticles on the immune system of mammals. In order to ensure safe use of nanosized particles, future research should focus on how their physical and chemical properties influence their behaviour in the biological environment, as they not only greatly affect nanoparticle-immune system interactions but can also interfere with experimental assays.