RESUMO
Bob joined the MRC Immunochemistry Unit, within the Department of Biochemistry at Oxford University, as a D [...].
Assuntos
Imunoquímica/história , Proteínas do Sistema Complemento/história , História do Século XX , História do Século XXI , Reino UnidoRESUMO
Robert (Bob) Sim had a profound effect on almost every aspect of my approach to scientific research, acting as a mentor and moral compass through the many different stages of my career [...].
Assuntos
Imunoquímica/história , Fator H do Complemento/química , Fator H do Complemento/história , História do Século XX , História do Século XXI , Reino UnidoAssuntos
Enzimas/metabolismo , Histocitoquímica , Músculos/metabolismo , Músculos/patologia , Adenosina Trifosfatases/metabolismo , Trifosfato de Adenosina/metabolismo , Adulto , Biópsia/história , Biópsia/métodos , Enzimas/análise , Histocitoquímica/história , Histocitoquímica/métodos , História do Século XX , História do Século XXI , Humanos , Imunoquímica/história , Imunoquímica/métodos , Músculos/citologia , Músculos/enzimologiaRESUMO
Four decades ago, immunological research was dominated by the field of lymphoid biology. It was commonly accepted that multicellular eukaryotes defend themselves through phagocytosis. The lack of lymphoid cells in insects and other simpler animals, however, led to the common notion that they might simply lack the capacity defend themselves with humoral factors. This view was challenged by microbiologist Hans G. Boman and co-workers in a series of publications that led to the advent of antimicrobial peptides as a universal arm of the immune system. Besides ingenious research, Boman ignited his work by posing the right questions. He started off by asking himself a simple question: 'Antibodies take weeks to produce while many microbes divide hourly; so how come we stay healthy?'. This led to two key findings in the field: the discovery of an inducible and highly potent antimicrobial immune response in Drosophila in 1972, followed by the characterization of cecropin in 1981. Despite broadly being considered an insect-specific response at first, the work of Boman and co-workers eventually created a bandwagon effect that unravelled various aspects of innate immunity.This article is part of the themed issue 'Evolutionary ecology of arthropod antimicrobial peptides'.
Assuntos
Peptídeos Catiônicos Antimicrobianos/história , Drosophila melanogaster/genética , Drosophila melanogaster/imunologia , Entomologia/história , Imunidade Inata , Proteínas de Insetos/história , Animais , Peptídeos Catiônicos Antimicrobianos/genética , Peptídeos Catiônicos Antimicrobianos/metabolismo , Cecropinas/genética , Cecropinas/história , Cecropinas/metabolismo , História do Século XX , Imunoquímica/história , Proteínas de Insetos/genética , Proteínas de Insetos/metabolismoRESUMO
During the second half of the XIX Century, microbiological sciences acquired a set of conceptual, methodological and technological tools that radically transformed theoretical and empirical knowledge of the microorganisms, with particular regard to their biochemical properties and their etiopathological role in infectious diseases. During that period, theoretical and experimental researches in general microbiology and immunochemistry addressed the nature and empirical appearances of microbes, both pathogens and not, and the origins of chemical properties of immune sera. In other words, microbiologists tried operatively explaining the origins of the morphological, physiological, and pathogenetic differences between the microbial species. At the same time physiologists and biochemists investigated the chemical basis of the selective or specific interactions between microorganisms or their chemical components and humoral factors contained into the sera produced by the body in response to the contact with microbes. During the half a century, between 1880 and 1930, qualitative and quantitative experimental studies demonstrated that the specificity of microbiological phenomena depended on the biology of microbes and that the specificity of immune reactions hinged upon the biochemical properties of special molecules synthesized by some physiological system which can recognize and react against any foreign substance.
Assuntos
Imunoquímica/história , Microbiologia/história , História do Século XIX , História do Século XX , Sensibilidade e EspecificidadeRESUMO
Plasma cell tumors (PCTs) in mice became available at an exciting period in immunology when many scientists and laboratories were occupied with how to explain the genetic basis of antibody diversity as well as antibody structure itself. An unlimited source of PCTs in an inbred strain of mice became a useful adjunct in these efforts. A PCT was a greatly expanded monoclone and a source of a single molecular species of immunoglobulin (Ig) molecule. The PCTs provided not only the components of the Ig-producing cell but also potentially functional secreted products. Many of the monoclonal Igs produced by PCTs in the mouse and others found in humans were found to have specific antigen-binding activities. These became the prototypes of monoclonal antibodies. This chapter describes the origins of PCTs in mice and attempts to recapture some of the ambience of the day albeit from personal recollection. The great discovery of the hybridoma technology by Cesar Milstein and Georges Kohler in 1975 began a new direction in immunology.
Assuntos
Plasmocitoma/história , Animais , História do Século XX , Imunoquímica/história , CamundongosRESUMO
Having defined the protein nature of antibodies under the tutelage of Oswald Avery, Michael Heidelberger was the first to apply mathematics to the reaction of antibodies and their antigens (the "precipitin reaction"). Heidelberger's calculations launched decades of research that helped reveal the specificity, function, and origin of antibodies.
Assuntos
Anticorpos/isolamento & purificação , Imunoquímica/história , Anticorpos/química , História do Século XX , Nitrogênio/químicaRESUMO
In 1923, a young chemist-turned-microbiologist and his mentor made the startling discovery that bacterial sugars could be targeted by the immune system--a groundbreaking finding that helped launch the field of immunochemistry.
Assuntos
Alergia e Imunologia/história , Imunoquímica/história , Polissacarídeos Bacterianos/história , História do Século XXAssuntos
Carboidratos/história , Imunoquímica/história , Antígenos de Grupos Sanguíneos/química , Antígenos de Grupos Sanguíneos/história , Antígenos de Grupos Sanguíneos/imunologia , Carboidratos/química , Carboidratos/imunologia , Glicoproteínas/química , Glicoproteínas/história , Glicoproteínas/imunologia , História do Século XX , Estados UnidosRESUMO
Emil von Behring, an immunologist, received the first Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1901 for his studies on serum therapy of diphtheria. Seventeen Nobel Prizes have been awarded to scientists for their work in immunology and related disciplines. E. Metchnikoff and P. Ehrlich were pioneers who became associated with cellular and humoral theories of immunity, respectively. Almroth Wright described opsonins and was a vigorous advocate of vaccine therapy for bacterial diseases. He was an influential scientist and mentor who served as the model for Bernard Shaw's play, The Doctor's Dilemma. Immunochemistry developed through the work of K. Landsteiner, M. Heidelberger, E. Kabat, and many others. At mid-20th century, cell-selection theories of antibody formation championed by N. Jerne and F.M. Burnet shifted the field from a chemical to a biological orientation. Myeloma immunoglobulins, Bence Jones proteins, and monoclonal macroglobulins from patients and mice played a central role in elucidation of normal immunoglobulin structure, genetics, synthesis, and metabolism. By the late 1960s, antibody activity in some human myeloma and Waldenström macroglobulin paraproteins had been documented. Subsequently, other human paraproteins were shown to have antigen-binding properties, principally to auto- or bacterial antigens. The development of hybridoma technology by G. Köhler and C. Milstein revolutionized immunology after 1975. These investigators demonstrated that antibody-producing cells of virtually any desired specificity could be fused with a myeloma cell line, the result being unlimited amounts of homogeneous (monoclonal) antibodies carrying that specificity. Monoclonal antibodies have been shown to have efficacy in cancer therapy, particularly in patients with lymphoma and breast cancer. It is likely that this approach, alone and in combination with other modalities, will prove useful for patients with additional types of malignancies.
Assuntos
Alergia e Imunologia/história , Anticorpos Monoclonais/história , Hibridomas , História do Século XIX , História do Século XX , Humanos , Imunoquímica/históriaAssuntos
Sistema ABO de Grupos Sanguíneos/história , Biomarcadores/sangue , Tipagem e Reações Cruzadas Sanguíneas/história , Sistema ABO de Grupos Sanguíneos/genética , Sistema ABO de Grupos Sanguíneos/imunologia , Alergia e Imunologia/história , Animais , História do Século XX , Humanos , Imunoquímica/história , Sorologia/história , Estados UnidosRESUMO
Los 200 años de historia de la inmunología se pueden separar en 2 períodos: 1796-1958 y 1959 a la fecha. Este último período se ha caracterizado por avances científicos a nivel molecular. Veinticuatro investigadores han obtenido 15 premios Nobel por sus aportes en el campo de la inmunología: Boehring, Koch, Erlich, Metchnikoff, Carrel, Richet, Bordet, Lansteiner, Theiler, Bovet, Burnet, Medawar, Edelman, Porter, Yalow, Benacerraf, Dausset, Snell, Jerne, Koller, Milstein, Tonegawa, Zinkernagel y Doherty. En este capítulo se mencionan los avances más importantes en inmunidad, serología, inmunoquímica e inmunobiología, realizados por alrededorde 70 científicos durante los dos siglos de historia de esta ciencia