RESUMO
Australia experienced its largest recorded outbreak of Ross River virus (RRV) during the 2014-15 reporting year, comprising >10,000 reported cases. We investigated epidemiologic, entomologic, and virologic factors that potentially contributed to the scale of the outbreak in Queensland, the state with the highest number of notifications (6,371). Spatial analysis of human cases showed that notifications were geographically widespread. In Brisbane, human case notifications and virus detections in mosquitoes occurred across inland and coastal locations. Viral sequence data demonstrated 2 RRV lineages (northeastern genotypes I and II) were circulating, and a new strain containing 3 unique amino acid changes in the envelope 2 protein was identified. Longitudinal mosquito collections demonstrated unusually high relative abundance of Culex annulirostris and Aedes procax mosquitoes, attributable to extensive freshwater larval habitats caused by early and persistent rainfall during the reporting year. Increased prevalence of these mosquitoes probably contributed to the scale of this outbreak.
Assuntos
Infecções por Alphavirus/epidemiologia , Infecções por Alphavirus/virologia , Ross River virus , Infecções por Alphavirus/história , Infecções por Alphavirus/transmissão , Surtos de Doenças , Genes Virais , Geografia Médica , História do Século XXI , Humanos , Mosquitos Vetores/virologia , Filogenia , Vigilância em Saúde Pública , Queensland/epidemiologia , Ross River virus/classificação , Ross River virus/genética , Ross River virus/imunologiaRESUMO
We isolated Sindbis virus (SINV) from the enzootic mosquito vectors Culex torrentium, Cx. pipiens, and Culiseta morsitans collected in an area of Sweden where SINV disease is endemic. The infection rate in Cx. torrentium mosquitoes was exceptionally high (36 infections/1,000 mosquitoes), defining Cx. torrentium as the main enzootic vector of SINV in Scandinavia.
Assuntos
Infecções por Alphavirus/transmissão , Infecções por Alphavirus/virologia , Culex/virologia , Insetos Vetores/virologia , Sindbis virus/classificação , Sindbis virus/genética , Infecções por Alphavirus/epidemiologia , Infecções por Alphavirus/história , Animais , Feminino , Genes Virais , História do Século XXI , Humanos , Filogenia , RNA Viral , Suécia/epidemiologiaAssuntos
Aedes , Infecções por Alphavirus/história , Surtos de Doenças/história , Insetos Vetores , Infecções por Alphavirus/epidemiologia , Infecções por Alphavirus/prevenção & controle , América/epidemiologia , Animais , Febre de Chikungunya , Vírus Chikungunya/fisiologia , Mudança Climática/história , História do Século XVI , História do Século XVIII , História do Século XIX , História do Século XX , História do Século XXI , Humanos , Estados Unidos/epidemiologiaRESUMO
Although some modern scholars believe that Homer had at least a basic medical education, given that a plethora of medical terms may be found in his poems, in the case of the pestilence that killed the Achaeans (one of the Hellenic peoples believed to have inhabited the Peloponnese) at Troy, his reference was simply informative. No symptoms were mentioned and the only thing known was that mules and dogs were the first to die. While Delphic Apollo was usually on the side of Peloponnesians, during the Trojan War Apollo Smintheus (the Mouse God) sided with the Trojans. Apollo was invoked as Smintheus by his priest Chryses two times and on both occasions a pestilence ensued. In our paper we try to clarify whether this pestilence, as we believe, was caused by a member of the Alphavirus genus, which can inflict a serious epidemic both on human and animal species, especially in equines.
Assuntos
Infecções por Alphavirus/história , Epidemias/história , Mundo Grego/história , Infecções por Henipavirus/história , Medicina na Literatura , Guerra , Infecções por Alphavirus/epidemiologia , Animais , Culicidae , Cães , Infecções por Henipavirus/epidemiologia , História Antiga , Cavalos , Humanos , CamundongosRESUMO
Chikungunya fever is a crippling disease caused by an arthropod-borne virus (arbovirus) transmitted to humans through mosquitoes. Although Chikungunya virus is not often associated with mortality, the effects of virus outbreaks are often devastating, causing significant economic loss due to the strain on health care. Chikungunya is quickly spreading globally as a result of viral genetic mutations leading to the adaptation of new vector hosts and insecticide resistance. The recent outbreak of Chikungunya fever in the republic of Congo has reported thousands of people affected. Here we review the past Chikungunya fever epidemiology and new reports aimed at therapeutic intervention of this disease.
Assuntos
Infecções por Alphavirus/epidemiologia , Vírus Chikungunya/isolamento & purificação , Surtos de Doenças , Infecções por Alphavirus/história , Animais , Congo/epidemiologia , Saúde Global , História do Século XX , História do Século XXI , Humanos , PandemiasRESUMO
Chikungunya (CHIK),a mosquito borne debilitating disease,is caused by CHIK virus,an alphavirus belonging to the family Togaviridae.The sudden onset of very high fever along with rash, and severe arthralgia especially in the small joints of hands and toes are the characteristics of the disease. It was first reported from Tanzania in 1952-53 and spread subsequently to sub-Saharan Africa, South East Asia and Pacific causing large epidemics. The virus exists in three genotypes, the Asian, West African and East Central South African that are responsible for outbreaks in the respective areas.The first outbreak in Asia was in Bangkok in 1958 followed by other Asian countries. India experienced massive outbreaks of CHIK in the 1960s and early 70s mainly in cities. After a gap of 32 years an explosive outbreak of CHIK devastated the country affecting more than 1.4 million people in 13 states.The epidemic also witnessed many unusual clinico-pathological complications including CHIK associated deaths and mother to child transmission. High morbidity with severe arthralgia persisted for several months made the people mentally and physically weak. This review describes CHIK in general and highlights the various clinico-pathological aspects observed during the recent outbreak.