RESUMO
The Chinese pangolin (Manis pentadactyla) is a critically endangered scale-covered mammal belonging to the order Pholidota. Wild pangolins are notably susceptible to pathogen infection and are typically characterized by impoverished health. However, little is currently known regarding the viruses prevalent among pangolins. In this study, we report the detection of two subtypes of canine parvovirus type 2 (CPV-2), namely CPV-2a and CPV-2c, both of which caused severe diarrheal disease in two post-rescue pangolins with fatal consequences. As in CPV-2-infected dogs, intensive lesion of the mucosal layer of the small intestines is a prominent feature in infected pangolins. Moreover, the immunochemistry results demonstrated that CPV-2 antigens were distributed in the crypts of small intestine. Additionally, typical parvovirus-associated CPV-2 were detected after four passages in F81 cells, and typical parvovirus-like particles, approximately 20 nm in diameter, were observed in the cell supernatants. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the VP2 viral protein sequences (GenBank accession number OP208805) isolated from one pangolin (termed P1) were classified as CPV-2c, with 99.8% identity to a CPV-2c strain (MN832850) isolated from a Taiwanese pangolin found in Taiwan Province. In contrast, VP2 sequences (#OP208806) obtained from the second pangolin (P2) were classified as CPV-2a, with 99.8% identity to a CPV-2a strain (KY386858) isolated from southern China. In this study, we thus confirmed the infection of pangolins with CPV-2c in mainland China and demonstrated that CPV-2a also can infect pangolins. Based on these findings, we recommend that further investigations should be conducted to establish the interspecies transmission of these viruses among wild pangolins, wild carnivores, and stray dogs.
Assuntos
Carnívoros , Doenças do Cão , Infecções por Parvoviridae , Parvovirus Canino , Parvovirus , Animais , Cães , Pangolins , Filogenia , Infecções por Parvoviridae/epidemiologia , Infecções por Parvoviridae/veterinária , Infecções por Parvoviridae/patologia , China/epidemiologia , Doenças do Cão/epidemiologiaRESUMO
Parvovirus infections in dogs and cats are restricted to highly mitotically active tissues, predominantly to the epithelium of the gastrointestinal tract and, in cases of prenatal infections in cats, also to Purkinje cell neuroblasts. The evidence of parvovirus-infected mature feline neurons gave rise to reconsider the dogma of post-mitotically fixed and terminally differentiated neurons in the adult central nervous system. To elucidate the postulated capability of certain terminally differentiated feline neurons to re-enter the cell cycle, immunohistochemical double labeling using the transcription factor Sox2 and the tumor suppressor and cell cycle regulator retinoblastoma protein in its phosphorylated state (pRb) was performed. Formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded brain tissue negative for parvovirus-antigen from 14 cats was compared to brain tissue from 13 cats with immunohistochemically confirmed cerebral parvovirus infection; the 27 cats were aged between 50 days of gestation (E50) and 5 years. Both groups revealed nuclear Sox2 and pRb immunosignals in numerous neurons, suggesting a more active state than mature neurons should have. Accordingly, parvovirus is not exclusively involved in the reactivation of the cell cycle machinery in those post-mitotic, terminally differentiated feline neurons.
Assuntos
Doenças do Gato , Doenças do Cão , Infecções por Parvoviridae , Animais , Doenças do Gato/patologia , Gatos , Ciclo Celular , Doenças do Cão/patologia , Cães , Feminino , Neurônios/patologia , Infecções por Parvoviridae/patologia , Infecções por Parvoviridae/veterinária , GravidezRESUMO
Viral diseases are a major threat to modern society and the global health system. It is therefore of utter relevance to understand the way viruses affect the host as a basis to find new treatment solutions. The understanding of viral myocarditis (VMC) is incomplete and effective treatment options are lacking. This review will discuss the mechanism, effects, and treatment options of the most frequent myocarditis-causing viruses namely enteroviruses such as Coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) and Parvovirus B19 (PVB19) on the human heart. Thereby, we focus on: 1. Viral entry: CVB3 use Coxsackievirus-Adenovirus-Receptor (CAR) and Decay Accelerating Factor (DAF) to enter cardiac myocytes while PVB19 use the receptor globoside (Gb4) to enter cardiac endothelial cells. 2. Immune system responses: The innate immune system mediated by activated cardiac toll-like receptors (TLRs) worsen inflammation in CVB3-infected mouse hearts. Different types of cells of the adaptive immune system are recruited to the site of inflammation that have either protective or adverse effects during VMC. 3. Autophagy: CVB3 evades autophagosomal degradation and misuses the autophasomal pathway for viral replication and release. 4. Viral replication sites: CVB3 promotes the formation of double membrane vesicles (DMVs), which it uses as replication sites. PVB19 uses the host cell nucleus as the replication site and uses the host cell DNA replication system. 5. Cell cycle manipulation: CVB3 attenuates the cell cycle at the G1/S phase, which promotes viral transcription and replication. PVB19 exerts cell cycle arrest in the S phase using its viral endonuclease activity. 6. Regulation of apoptosis: Enteroviruses prevent apoptosis during early stages of infection and promote cell death during later stages by using the viral proteases 2A and 3C, and viroporin 2B. PVB19 promotes apoptosis using the non-structural proteins NS1 and the 11 kDa protein. 7. Energy metabolism: Dysregulation of respiratory chain complex expression, activity and ROS production may be altered in CVB3- and PVB19-mediated myocarditis. 8. Ion channel modulation: CVB3-expression was indicated to alter calcium and potassium currents in Xenopus laevis oocytes and rodent cardiomyocytes. The phospholipase 2-like activity of PVB19 may alter several calcium, potassium and sodium channels. By understanding the general pathophysiological mechanisms of well-studied myocarditis-linked viruses, we might be provided with a guideline to handle other less-studied human viruses.
Assuntos
Infecções por Coxsackievirus/imunologia , Interações Hospedeiro-Patógeno/imunologia , Miocardite , Infecções por Parvoviridae/imunologia , Parvovirus B19 Humano/fisiologia , Replicação Viral , Infecções por Coxsackievirus/patologia , Humanos , Miocardite/imunologia , Miocardite/patologia , Miócitos Cardíacos/imunologia , Miócitos Cardíacos/patologia , Miócitos Cardíacos/virologia , Infecções por Parvoviridae/patologia , Receptores Virais/imunologiaRESUMO
Wild-type adeno-associated virus (AAV) can only replicate in the presence of helper factors, which can be provided by coinfecting helper viruses such as adenoviruses and herpesviruses. The AAV genome consists of a linear, single-stranded DNA (ssDNA), which is converted into different molecular structures within the host cell. Using high-throughput sequencing, we found that herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) coinfection leads to a shift in the type of AAV genome end recombination. In particular, open-end inverted terminal repeat (ITR) recombination was enhanced, whereas open-closed ITR recombination was reduced in the presence of HSV-1. We demonstrate that the HSV-1 protein ICP8 plays an essential role in HSV-1-mediated interference with AAV genome end recombination, indicating that the previously described ICP8-driven mechanism of HSV-1 genome recombination may be underlying the observed changes. We also provide evidence that additional factors, such as products of true late genes, are involved. Although HSV-1 coinfection significantly changed the type of AAV genome end recombination, no significant change in the amount of circular AAV genomes was identified. IMPORTANCE Adeno-associated virus (AAV)-mediated gene therapy represents one of the most promising approaches for the treatment of genetic diseases. Currently, various GMP-compatible production methods can be applied to manufacture clinical-grade vector, including methods that employ helper factors derived from herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1). Yet, to date, we do not fully understand how HSV-1 interacts with AAV. We observed that HSV-1 modulates AAV genome ends similarly to the genome recombination events observed during HSV-1 replication and postulate that further improvements of the HSV-1 production platform may enhance packaging of the recombinant AAV particles.
Assuntos
Dependovirus/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Dependovirus/genética , Genoma Viral/genética , Vírus Auxiliares/genética , Herpesvirus Humano 1/genética , Recombinação Genética/genética , Animais , Linhagem Celular , Chlorocebus aethiops , Coinfecção/patologia , Células HEK293 , Células HeLa , Herpes Simples/patologia , Sequenciamento de Nucleotídeos em Larga Escala , Humanos , Infecções por Parvoviridae/patologia , Sequências Repetidas Terminais/genética , Células Vero , Interferência Viral/genética , Replicação Viral/genéticaRESUMO
A causal link between viral infections and autoimmunity has been studied for a long time and the role of some viruses in the induction or exacerbation of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) in genetically predisposed patients has been proved. The strength of the association between different viral agents and SLE is variable. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), parvovirus B19 (B19V), and human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs) are involved in SLE pathogenesis, whereas other viruses such as Cytomegalovirus (CMV) probably play a less prominent role. However, the mechanisms of viral-host interactions and the impact of viruses on disease course have yet to be elucidated. In addition to classical mechanisms of viral-triggered autoimmunity, such as molecular mimicry and epitope spreading, there has been a growing appreciation of the role of direct activation of innate response by viral nucleic acids and epigenetic modulation of interferon-related immune response. The latter is especially important for HERVs, which may represent the molecular link between environmental triggers and critical immune genes. Virus-specific proteins modulating interaction with the host immune system have been characterized especially for Epstein-Barr virus and explain immune evasion, persistent infection and self-reactive B-cell "immortalization". Knowledge has also been expanding on key viral proteins of B19-V and CMV and their possible association with specific phenotypes such as antiphospholipid syndrome. This progress may pave the way to new therapeutic perspectives, including the use of known or new antiviral drugs, postviral immune response modulation and innate immunity inhibition. We herein describe the state-of-the-art knowledge on the role of viral infections in SLE, with a focus on their mechanisms of action and potential therapeutic targets.
Assuntos
Citomegalovirus/imunologia , Retrovirus Endógenos/imunologia , Herpesvirus Humano 4/imunologia , Imunidade Inata/imunologia , Lúpus Eritematoso Sistêmico/imunologia , Parvovirus B19 Humano/imunologia , Síndrome Antifosfolipídica/imunologia , Síndrome Antifosfolipídica/virologia , Autoimunidade/imunologia , Infecções por Citomegalovirus/patologia , Retrovirus Endógenos/fisiologia , Infecções por Vírus Epstein-Barr/patologia , Herpesvirus Humano 4/fisiologia , Interações Hospedeiro-Patógeno/fisiologia , Humanos , Lúpus Eritematoso Sistêmico/virologia , Infecções por Parvoviridae/patologia , Parvovirus B19 Humano/fisiologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Goslings in several Taiwanese farms experienced gosling feather loss disease (GFL) at 21-35 days and goose broke feather disease (GBF) at 42-60 days. The prevalence ranges from a few birds to 500 cases per field. It is estimated that about 12,000 geese have been infected, the morbidity is 70-80% and the mortality is 20-30%. OBJECTIVES: This study aims to investigate the pathogens that cause GFL and GBF. Focus on the study of the correlation between goose circovirus (GoCV) and goose parvovirus (GPV) with the goose feather loss in southern Taiwan. Furthermore, a phylogenetic tree was established to align the differences between southern and northern Taiwan and compare with virus strains from China and Europe. METHODS: Samples were collected from animal hospitals. Molecular and microscopy diagnostics were used to examine 92 geese. Specific quantitative polymerase chain reaction (Q-PCR) assays are performed to evaluate GPV and GoCV viral loads and simultaneously evaluated the feather loss conditions in geese with the scoring method. RESULTS: High prevalence of GoCV and GPV infection in geese showing signs of GFL and GBF. Inclusion body was detected in the feather follicles and Lieberkühn crypt epithelial cells. The Q-PCR showed the high correlation between feather loss and viruses during 3rd-5th week. However, the infection was not detected using the same test in 60 healthy geese. CONCLUSIONS: Thus, GFL and GBF appear to be significantly closely related to GoCV and GPV. The geese feathers showed increasing recovery after being quarantined and disinfected.
Assuntos
Infecções por Circoviridae/veterinária , Circovirus/isolamento & purificação , Plumas/patologia , Gansos , Infecções por Parvoviridae/veterinária , Parvovirinae/isolamento & purificação , Doenças das Aves Domésticas/virologia , Animais , Infecções por Circoviridae/epidemiologia , Infecções por Circoviridae/patologia , Infecções por Circoviridae/virologia , Plumas/virologia , Infecções por Parvoviridae/epidemiologia , Infecções por Parvoviridae/patologia , Infecções por Parvoviridae/virologia , Doenças das Aves Domésticas/epidemiologia , Doenças das Aves Domésticas/patologia , Prevalência , Taiwan/epidemiologiaAssuntos
Anemia Hemolítica Autoimune/complicações , Infecções por Parvoviridae/complicações , Anemia Hemolítica Autoimune/sangue , Anemia Hemolítica Autoimune/patologia , Anemia Hemolítica Autoimune/terapia , Criança , Transfusão de Eritrócitos , Glucocorticoides/uso terapêutico , Hemólise , Humanos , Fatores Imunológicos/uso terapêutico , Masculino , Metilprednisolona/uso terapêutico , Infecções por Parvoviridae/sangue , Infecções por Parvoviridae/patologia , Infecções por Parvoviridae/terapia , Parvovirus B19 Humano/isolamento & purificação , Rituximab/uso terapêuticoRESUMO
Ungulate protoparvovirus 1, also known as porcine parvovirus 1 (PPV1), is considered to be one of the major causes of reproductive failure in pig breeding herds. Other parvoviruses have also been identified in pigs, including ungulate tetraparvovirus 3, or PPV2, ungulate tetraparvovirus 2, or PPV3, and ungulate copiparvovirus 2, or PPV4, but their significance for pigs is unknown. In the present study, the prevalence of PPV1-4 was investigated using a total of 231 lung and serum samples collected from slaughterhouses in 13 provinces throughout Vietnam. The overall prevalence was 54.5% (126/231) for PPV1, 28.0% (65/231) for PPV2, 17.7% (41/231) for PPV3, and 7.8% (18/231) for PPV4. While PPV1 and PPV2 were found in 11 provinces, PPV4 was detected in only three provinces. Co-circulation of PPV1, PPV2 and PPV3 was frequently observed, with PPV1/PPV2 coinfection predominating, with 20.8% (48/231). All four PPVs were detected together in only one sample from Thua Thien Hue. Three nearly complete PPV4 genome sequences of 5,453 nt were determined and deposited in the GenBank database. Alignment and comparison of the three genome sequences showed 99.5-99.6% nucleotide sequence identity, and the deduced amino acid sequences of open reading frames 1-3 were 99.6-99.9% identical to each other, 98.9-99.3% identical to those of other Vietnamese strains and 99.4-99.7% identical to those of Chinese strains). Phylogenetic analysis further confirmed a close relationship between Vietnamese and Chinese PPV4 strains. These results are the first to report the prevalence of PPV1, PPV2, PPV3, and PPV4 and nearly complete genomic sequences of PPV4 in pigs from slaughterhouses in Vietnam.
Assuntos
Infecções por Parvoviridae/epidemiologia , Parvovirinae/classificação , Parvovirinae/genética , Doenças dos Suínos/epidemiologia , Matadouros , Sequência de Aminoácidos/genética , Animais , DNA Viral/genética , Genoma/genética , Genoma Viral/genética , Infecções por Parvoviridae/patologia , Parvovirinae/isolamento & purificação , Análise de Sequência de DNA , Sus scrofa/virologia , Suínos , Doenças dos Suínos/virologia , Vietnã/epidemiologiaRESUMO
A juvenile raccoon was euthanized because of severe neurologic signs. At postmortem examination, no significant gross lesions were present. Histologic evaluation demonstrated nonsuppurative encephalitis in thalamus, brainstem, and hippocampus, cerebellar Purkinje cell loss, as well as poliomyelitis and demyelination of the spinal cord. Parvovirus antigen-specific immunohistochemistry revealed immunopositive neurons in the brainstem, cerebral cortex, and hippocampus. A few Purkinje cells were also immunopositive. DNA extracted from formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded brain tissue (thalamus, hippocampus, cerebral cortex) yielded a positive signal using PCR targeting both feline and canine parvovirus. Sequencing analyses from a fragment of the NS1 gene and a portion of the VP2 gene confirmed the presence of DNA of a recent canine parvovirus variant (CPV-2a-like virus) in the cerebellum. Our case provides evidence that a recent canine parvovirus (CPV) strain (Carnivore protoparvovirus 1) can infect cerebral and diencephalic neurons and cause encephalitis in an otherwise healthy raccoon. Parvovirus-induced encephalitis is a differential diagnosis of rabies and canine distemper in raccoons with neurologic signs.
Assuntos
Encefalite/veterinária , Infecções por Parvoviridae/veterinária , Parvovirus Canino/isolamento & purificação , Guaxinins , Animais , Animais Selvagens , Cerebelo/virologia , Encefalite/diagnóstico , Encefalite/patologia , Masculino , Minnesota , Infecções por Parvoviridae/diagnóstico , Infecções por Parvoviridae/patologiaRESUMO
Parvoviruses (PV) can cause outbreaks with high morbidity and mortality in dogs and cats. Even if typical cases exist in puppies and kittens, PV infection (PVI) can have many different clinical presentations, making the laboratory support necessary. The aim of this work was to evaluate retrospectively the frequency of misdiagnoses, particularly missed diagnoses, of PVI in 144 suspected cases (88 clinical cases and 56 necropsies) involving 96 dogs and 48 cats. A nested PCR test was chosen as the gold standard. An index of diagnostic suspicion (IDS) for PVI, based on parameters reported upon submittal of the samples, was introduced to classify the initial diagnoses issued by veterinarians. The agreement between the IDS of PVI and PCR results was calculated. The effect of species, age and clinical versus necroscopic presentation was evaluated by logistic regression. In 63.6% of the cases, the IDS was confirmed by the PCR, whereas in 36.4% there was a missed diagnosis or a diagnosis wrongly attributed to PVI. More accurate results were obtained for dogs, animals aged < 1 year, and necropsies. Parvovirus infection should be better investigated in patients with atypical or few clinical signs, in particular in cats and animals over 1 year old.
Assuntos
Doenças do Gato/diagnóstico , Doenças do Cão/diagnóstico , Infecções por Parvoviridae/veterinária , Envelhecimento , Animais , Doenças do Gato/patologia , Doenças do Gato/virologia , Gatos , Doenças do Cão/patologia , Doenças do Cão/virologia , Cães , Infecções por Parvoviridae/diagnóstico , Infecções por Parvoviridae/patologia , Estudos Retrospectivos , Especificidade da EspécieRESUMO
Since 2017, an infectious disease, named feather shedding syndrome (FSS), has consistently broken out in Cherry Valley ducks in East China. The sick ducks showed the new clinical symptoms of feather shedding and being plucked off with difficulty after slaughter. The high incidence rate of 20 to 70% predominantly happened in ducks of 4 to 5 wk of age, and nearly 40% mortality rate was observed in infected ducks. To explore the possible role of novel goose parvovirus-associated virus (NGPV) and duck circovirus (DuCV) in this disease, a total of 540 feather sac samples were collected from sick ducks with FSS. The infection rates of NGPV and DuCV in samples were 82.78 and 78.89%, respectively, and the coinfection rate of the 2 viruses was 70.00%. Notably, ducks of 4 to 5 wk of age usually presented obvious and severe FSS in the flocks with high codetection rate of NGPV and DuCV. Furthermore, 9 NGPV strains were isolated from feather sacs and 5 synchronous amino acid mutations were demonstrated in VP3 protein. These results indicated that coinfection of NGPV and DuCV might play an important role in duck FSS disease.
Assuntos
Infecções por Circoviridae , Circovirus , Plumas , Infecções por Parvoviridae , Parvovirinae , Doenças das Aves Domésticas , Vírus Satélites , Animais , China/epidemiologia , Infecções por Circoviridae/complicações , Infecções por Circoviridae/patologia , Infecções por Circoviridae/veterinária , Coinfecção/veterinária , Plumas/virologia , Mutação , Infecções por Parvoviridae/complicações , Infecções por Parvoviridae/patologia , Infecções por Parvoviridae/veterinária , Doenças das Aves Domésticas/patologia , Doenças das Aves Domésticas/virologia , Síndrome , Proteínas Virais/genéticaRESUMO
Carnivore protoparvovirus-1 (CPPV-1) infection has been reported frequently in both domestic and wildlife species including wild carnivores. Fifty-five captive small Indian civets (Viverricula indica), farmed for perfume production in Eastern Thailand, showed clinical signs of acute bloody diarrhea, anorexia, vomiting, circling, and seizures. The disease spread within the farm and resulted in the death of 38 of the 55 civets (69% mortality) within a month. Fecal swabs were collected from the 17 surviving civets, and necropsy was performed on 7 of the dead civets. Pathologic findings were severe hemorrhagic gastroenteritis with generalized lymphadenopathy. CPPV-1 was identified in both fecal swabs and postmortem samples by species-specific polymerase chain reaction. Further whole-gene sequencing and restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis suggested feline panleukopenia virus (FPV) as the causative agent. The viral tropism and tissue distribution were confirmed by immunohistochemistry, with immunolabeling in the cytoplasm and nucleus of small intestinal crypt epithelial cells, villous enterocytes, histiocytes in lymphoid tissues, myenteric nerve plexuses, and cerebral and cerebellar neurons. Phylogenetic analysis of civet-derived CPPV-1 indicated a genetic similarity close to the FPV HH-1/86 strain detected in a jaguar (Panthera onca) in China. To our knowledge, this mass die-off of civets is the first evidence of disease associated with CPPV-1 infection in the subfamily Viverrinae. These findings support the multi-host range of parvovirus infection and raises awareness for CPPV-1 disease outbreaks in wildlife species.
Assuntos
Surtos de Doenças/veterinária , Gastroenterite/veterinária , Hemorragia/veterinária , Infecções por Parvoviridae/veterinária , Parvovirus/isolamento & purificação , Viverridae/virologia , Animais , Carnívoros , Vírus da Panleucopenia Felina/genética , Vírus da Panleucopenia Felina/isolamento & purificação , Gastroenterite/epidemiologia , Gastroenterite/patologia , Gastroenterite/virologia , Hemorragia/patologia , Hemorragia/virologia , Especificidade de Hospedeiro , Imuno-Histoquímica/veterinária , Infecções por Parvoviridae/epidemiologia , Infecções por Parvoviridae/patologia , Infecções por Parvoviridae/virologia , Parvovirus/genética , Filogenia , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase/veterinária , Especificidade da Espécie , Tailândia/epidemiologiaRESUMO
A 7-year-old boy presented with a constellation of bone pain, a skeletal lesion, and pancytopenia after undergoing allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation for recurrent acute B-cell lymphoblastic leukaemia. Investigations to rule out leukaemia recurrence were unremarkable. Due to presence of maturation arrest in erythropoiesis with giant pronormoblasts and aberrant intranuclear inclusions on a bone marrow aspirate, parvovirus B19 (PVB-19) staining was completed and confirmed the diagnosis of disseminated PVB-19. Though PVB-19 infection after solid organ transplantation was reported in the literature as early as 1986, acquired PVB-19 viremia presenting with a solitary bone lesion is a novel presentation in paediatrics.
Assuntos
Transplante de Células-Tronco Hematopoéticas , Infecções por Parvoviridae/diagnóstico , Parvovirus B19 Humano , Leucemia-Linfoma Linfoblástico de Células Precursoras/terapia , Biópsia , Criança , Terapia Combinada , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Humanos , Masculino , Dor/virologia , Pancitopenia/terapia , Pancitopenia/virologia , Infecções por Parvoviridae/patologia , Infecções por Parvoviridae/terapia , Leucemia-Linfoma Linfoblástico de Células Precursoras/diagnóstico , Recidiva , Viremia/diagnóstico , Viremia/patologia , Viremia/terapiaRESUMO
We report here a case of a 17-year-old boy with viral encephalitis associated with human parvovirus B19 who presented consciousness disturbance, left hemiparesis, and focal neurologic signs. The diagnosis was based on the specific sequence reads corresponding to human parvovirus B19 (PVB19) in a CSF sample as analyzed by metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS). Thus, PVB19 should be considered in the differential diagnosis of encephalitis and encephalopathy of unknown etiology. The introduction of mNGS into the diagnostic protocol of neuropathies, especially for those undiagnosed, could interrogate all genetic information in a biologic sample and facilitate the identification of the etiological agent.
Assuntos
DNA Viral/genética , Encefalite Viral/virologia , Metagenômica/métodos , Paresia/virologia , Infecções por Parvoviridae/virologia , Parvovirus B19 Humano/genética , Adolescente , Encefalite Viral/líquido cefalorraquidiano , Encefalite Viral/diagnóstico por imagem , Encefalite Viral/patologia , Sequenciamento de Nucleotídeos em Larga Escala , Humanos , Achados Incidentais , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética , Masculino , Paresia/líquido cefalorraquidiano , Paresia/diagnóstico por imagem , Paresia/patologia , Infecções por Parvoviridae/líquido cefalorraquidiano , Infecções por Parvoviridae/diagnóstico por imagem , Infecções por Parvoviridae/patologia , Parvovirus B19 Humano/isolamento & purificação , Parvovirus B19 Humano/patogenicidadeRESUMO
Inclusion body nephropathy (IBN) and kidney fibrosis in aged immunodeficient mice and, to lesser extent, in immunocompetent mice have been recently linked to infection of mouse kidney parvovirus (MKPV), also known as murine chapparvovirus (MuCPV). Knowledge about its prevalence and the complete genome sequence of more MKPV strains is essential for understanding phylogenetic relationships and pathogenicity among MKPV strains. In the present study using PCR and genome walking, we determined the complete 4440-nucleotide genome of a new MKPV strain, namely MIT-WI1, which was identified in IBN-affected Il2rg-/-Rag2-/- c-Kit W-sh/W-sh mice housed in the vivarium at Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research (WI). The overall nucleotide (>94%) and deduced amino acid sequences (>98%) of p10, p15, NS1 (replicase), NS2 and VP1 (capsid protein) within the MIT-WI1 genome, are closely related to MKPV/MuCPV strains described in laboratory and wild Mus musculus mice. In addition, PCR and qPCR assays using newly designed primers conserved among the known MKPV/MuCPV genomes were developed and utilized to assess MKPV status in selected laboratory mice. MKPV was also detected in immunodeficient (NSG) and immunocompetent (Crl:CD1(ICR), UTXflox) mouse strains/stocks. The abundance of the MKPV genome copies was significantly correlated with the severity of IBN. Our data indicate that MKPV is present in selected mouse strains/stocks, and provides new insights into the genome evolution of MKPV.
Assuntos
Genoma Viral/genética , Corpos de Inclusão Viral/patologia , Doenças do Sistema Nervoso/patologia , Infecções por Parvoviridae/patologia , Parvovirus/classificação , Parvovirus/genética , Sequência de Aminoácidos/genética , Animais , Fibrose/patologia , Fibrose/virologia , Hospedeiro Imunocomprometido/imunologia , Rim/patologia , Rim/virologia , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Camundongos Endogâmicos ICR , Camundongos Endogâmicos NOD , Camundongos Knockout , Doenças do Sistema Nervoso/virologia , Parvovirus/isolamento & purificaçãoRESUMO
Several members of the Protoparvovirus genus, capable of infecting humans, have been recently discovered, including cutavirus (CuV) and tusavirus (TuV). To begin the characterization of these viruses, we have used cryo-electron microscopy and image reconstruction to determine their capsid structures to ~2.9 Å resolution, and glycan array and cell-based assays to identify glycans utilized for cellular entry. Structural comparisons show that the CuV and TuV capsids share common features with other parvoviruses, including an eight-stranded anti-parallel ß-barrel, depressions at the icosahedral 2-fold and surrounding the 5-fold axes, and a channel at the 5-fold axes. However, the viruses exhibit significant topological differences in their viral protein surface loops. These result in three separated 3-fold protrusions, similar to the bufaviruses also infecting humans, suggesting a host-driven structure evolution. The surface loops contain residues involved in receptor binding, cellular trafficking, and antigenic reactivity in other parvoviruses. In addition, terminal sialic acid was identified as the glycan potentially utilized by both CuV and TuV for cellular entry, with TuV showing additional recognition of poly-sialic acid and sialylated Lewis X (sLeXLeXLeX) motifs reported to be upregulated in neurotropic and cancer cells, respectively. These structures provide a platform for annotating the cellular interactions of these human pathogens.
Assuntos
Proteínas do Capsídeo/metabolismo , Capsídeo/ultraestrutura , Parvovirus/fisiologia , Receptores Virais/metabolismo , Ligação Viral , Adulto , Sequência de Aminoácidos , Animais , Criança , Microscopia Crioeletrônica , Humanos , Ácido N-Acetilneuramínico/metabolismo , Infecções por Parvoviridae/patologia , Parvovirus/genética , Polissacarídeos/metabolismo , Conformação Proteica , Análise de Sequência de DNARESUMO
OBJECTIVE: Fibrosis is the most characteristic pathological hallmark of SSc, a connective tissue disease characterized by vascular and immunological abnormalities, inflammation and enhanced extracellular matrix production, leading to progressive fibrosis of skin and internal organs. We previously demonstrated that parvovirus B19 (B19V) can infect normal human dermal fibroblasts (NHDFs) and that B19V persists in SSc fibroblasts. In this study, we investigated whether parvovirus B19V is able to activate in vitro NHDFs and to induce in these cells some phenotypic features similar to that observed in the SSc fibroblasts. METHODS: We preliminarily analysed the time course of B19V infection in cultured NHDFs, then we investigated the ability of B19V to induce cell migration, invasive phenotype and mRNA expression of some profibrotic and/or proinflammatory genes. RESULTS: We confirmed our previous findings that B19V infects NHDFs, but the infection is not productive. After incubation with B19V, NHDFs showed a significant increase of both migration and invasiveness, along with mRNA expression of different profibrotic genes (α-SMA, EDN-1, IL-6, TGF-ß1 receptors 1 and 2, Col1α2), some genes associated with inflammasome platform (AIM2, IFI16, IL-1ß, CASP-1) and genes for metalloprotease (MMP 2, 9 and 12). CONCLUSION: These data suggest that B19V can activate dermal fibroblasts and may have a role in the pathogenesis of fibrosis. B19V-induced fibroblast migration and invasiveness could be due to the B19V-associated MMP9 overexpression and activation. Moreover, the up-regulation of MMP12, typical of SSc, could link the B19V infection of fibroblasts to the anti-angiogenic process.
Assuntos
Movimento Celular , Fibroblastos/metabolismo , Fibrose/genética , Inflamação/genética , Infecções por Parvoviridae/genética , RNA Mensageiro/metabolismo , Actinas/genética , Caspase 1/genética , Células Cultivadas , Colágeno Tipo I/genética , Proteínas de Ligação a DNA/genética , Endotelina-1/genética , Fibroblastos/patologia , Fibroblastos/virologia , Fibrose/patologia , Humanos , Técnicas In Vitro , Interleucina-1beta/genética , Interleucina-6/genética , Metaloproteinase 12 da Matriz/genética , Metaloproteinase 2 da Matriz/genética , Metaloproteinase 9 da Matriz/genética , Proteínas Nucleares/genética , Infecções por Parvoviridae/patologia , Parvovirus B19 Humano , Fosfoproteínas/genética , Receptores de Fatores de Crescimento Transformadores beta/genética , Escleroderma Sistêmico/genética , Escleroderma Sistêmico/metabolismo , Escleroderma Sistêmico/patologia , Escleroderma Sistêmico/virologia , Pele/citologia , Pele/patologia , TranscriptomaRESUMO
Outbreaks of gosling gout have occurred in China since 2017 and caused a considerable economic impact on the poultry industry. While gosling astrovirus (GoAstV) is believed to be the main causal pathogen of gout, the full-blown disease of gout cannot be well reproduced by infecting the goslings with GoAstV, suggesting the possibility of other infectious agents being involved with the development of gosling gout. To assess other possible infectious agents, we collected tissues from gout-affected goslings in 12 goose farms in China, followed by PCR detection of GoAstV, goose reovirus (GRV), goose parvovirus (GPV), fowl adenovirus (FAdV), goose circovirus (GcoV), Tembusu virus (TMUV) and goose haemorrhagic polyomavirus (GHPV). Our data showed that all gout-affected goslings carried both of GoAstV and GPV determined by PCRs, and this was further confirmed by fluorescence multiplex immunohistochemical staining, and phylogenetic analysis of ORF2 gene of GoAstV and VP3 gene of GPV. In addition to the haemorrhage in the kidney, liver, spleen and lung of the gout-affected goslings, histological examinations showed also extensive infiltration of heterophil myelocytes in the kidney, liver, spleen, bursa of Fabricius, thymus, lungs and pancreas. Our findings strongly suggest that coinfection of GoAstV and GPV increases the severity of gout. While this is the first study to report GPV in gout-affected goslings, further studies including infection model are warranted to investigate the role of GPV and its coinfection with GoAstV in the development of gosling gout.
Assuntos
Infecções por Astroviridae/veterinária , Coinfecção/veterinária , Surtos de Doenças/veterinária , Gansos/virologia , Gota/veterinária , Infecções por Parvoviridae/veterinária , Doenças das Aves Domésticas/virologia , Animais , Astroviridae/genética , Astroviridae/isolamento & purificação , Infecções por Astroviridae/patologia , Infecções por Astroviridae/virologia , DNA Viral/genética , Gota/patologia , Gota/virologia , Fígado/virologia , Infecções por Parvoviridae/patologia , Infecções por Parvoviridae/virologia , Parvovirus/genética , Parvovirus/isolamento & purificação , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase/veterinária , Doenças das Aves Domésticas/patologia , Baço/virologiaRESUMO
Feline panleukopenia, caused by feline parvovirus (FPV), is a highly infectious disease characterized by leucopenia and hemorrhagic gastroenteritis that severely affects the health of large wild Felidae. In this study, tiger FPV virus-like particles (VLPs) were developed using the baculovirus expression system. The VP2 gene from an infected Siberian tiger (Panthera tigris altaica) was used as the target gene. The key amino acids of this gene were the same as those of FPV, whereas the 101st amino acid was the same as that of canine parvovirus. Indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA) results demonstrated that the VP2 protein was successfully expressed. SDS-PAGE and Western blotting (WB) results showed that the target protein band was present at approximately 65 kDa. Electron micrograph analyses indicated that the tiger FPV VLPs were successfully assembled and were morphologically similar to natural parvovirus particles. The hemagglutination (HA) titer of the tiger FPV VLPs was as high as 1:218. The necropsy and tissue sections at the cat injection site suggested that the tiger FPV VLPs vaccine was safe. Antibody production was induced in cats after subcutaneous immunization, with a >1:210 hemagglutination inhibition (HI) titer that persisted for at least 12 months. These results demonstrate that tiger FPV VLPs might provide a vaccine to prevent FPV-associated disease in the tiger.
Assuntos
Vírus da Panleucopenia Felina/genética , Vírus da Panleucopenia Felina/imunologia , Panleucopenia Felina/imunologia , Infecções por Parvoviridae/imunologia , Infecções por Parvoviridae/veterinária , Tigres/virologia , Animais , Proteínas do Capsídeo/genética , Gatos , Panleucopenia Felina/patologia , Panleucopenia Felina/virologia , Testes de Inibição da Hemaglutinação , Infecções por Parvoviridae/patologia , Infecções por Parvoviridae/virologia , Parvovirus Canino/genética , Parvovirus Canino/imunologia , Células Sf9 , Vacinas de Partículas Semelhantes a Vírus/imunologiaRESUMO
Equine parvovirus-hepatitis (EqPV-H) has recently been associated with cases of Theiler's disease, a form of fulminant hepatic necrosis in horses. To assess whether EqPV-H is the cause of Theiler's disease, we first demonstrated hepatotropism by PCR on tissues from acutely infected horses. We then experimentally inoculated horses with EqPV-H and 8 of 10 horses developed hepatitis. One horse showed clinical signs of liver failure. The onset of hepatitis was temporally associated with seroconversion and a decline in viremia. Liver histology and in situ hybridization showed lymphocytic infiltrates and necrotic EqPV-H-infected hepatocytes. We next investigated potential modes of transmission. Iatrogenic transmission via allogeneic stem cell therapy for orthopedic injuries was previously suggested in a case series of Theiler's disease, and was demonstrated here for the first time. Vertical transmission and mechanical vectoring by horse fly bites could not be demonstrated in this study, potentially due to limited sample size. We found EqPV-H shedding in oral and nasal secretions, and in feces. Importantly, we could demonstrate EqPV-H transmission via oral inoculation with viremic serum. Together, our findings provide additional information that EqPV-H is the likely cause of Theiler's disease and that transmission of EqPV-H occurs via both iatrogenic and natural routes.