RESUMO
En San Mateo Capulhuac, estado de México es frecuente el consumo del aguamiel y su producto fermentado, el pulque, por las mujeres embarazadas y lactantes debido a que le atribuyen cualidades galactotróficas. En este estudio se midió el etanol ingerido con el pulque por 11 madres lactantes y su concentración en el plasma y en la leche. La máxima concentración de etanol en el plasma y la leche se alcanzó a los 60 minutos independientemente del volumen de pulque ingerido. Ambas concentraciones fueron similares. La depuración del etanol en la leche fue más lenta en los casos con concentración de etanol más elevados. En el grupo de menor consumo de pulque la concentración máxima de etanol en la leche fue de 8.4 ñ 3.0 mg/dL; el 57 por ciento desapareció a los 120 min. En el grupo de mayor consumo de pulque la concentración máxima de etanol en la leche fue de 26.2 ñ 7.0 mg/dL; a los 120 min solamente se había eliminado el 11 por ciento de esa concentración. El pulque proporcionó a las madres lactantes una ingesta adicional de 350 kcal/día, comparadas con las madres que no lo consumen, lo cual representa una suplementación energética
Assuntos
Humanos , Gravidez , Feminino , Consumo de Bebidas Alcoólicas , Etanol/farmacologia , Lactação/efeitos dos fármacos , Leite Humano/análise , México , População RuralRESUMO
Entre os mecanismos alternativos de transmissao de parasitose devida ao Trypanosoma cruzi figura a influencia da secrecao lactea, mas ainda e preciso estipular qual o significado dessa veiculacao em termos de saude publica. Como mais uma cooperacao no sentido de ficar melhor conhecido esse assunto, procuramos o protozoario, atraves de pesquisa direta, cultura e inoculacao, no colostro e no leite de 40 mulheres acometidas de doenca de Chagas cronica. Nao evidenciamos o protozoario, talvez so encontravel por intermedio de procedimentos mais eficientes e de casuisticas bem maiores.
Assuntos
Camundongos , Animais , Humanos , Feminino , Doença de Chagas/parasitologia , Colostro/parasitologia , Leite Humano/parasitologia , Doença de Chagas/transmissão , Doença Crônica , Colostro/análise , Meios de Cultura , Leite Humano/análiseRESUMO
Se determinó el contenido de Na,K,Ca,Mg en leche materna de 36 madres venezolanas, mediante espectrometría de absorción atómica, en función de las variaciones diurnas, variaciones longitudinales y el tiempo de gestación, no encontrádose una correlación significativa en ninguno de los tres casos. Las concentraciones medias encontradas para Ca y Mg caen dentro de los rangos citados en la literatura, no así para los niveles de Na y K cuyas concentraciones resultaron ser significativamente mayores. Finalmente, el análisis de estos metales en fómulas lácteas de uso comercial evidenció desviaciones importantes respecto a las concentraciones rotuladas
Assuntos
Humanos , Feminino , Cálcio , Colostro/análise , Magnésio , Leite Humano/análise , Potássio , SódioAssuntos
Humanos , Antígenos de Superfície/isolamento & purificação , Antígenos de Superfície/análise , Antígenos de Superfície/imunologia , Colostro/análise , Colostro/imunologia , Entamoeba histolytica/imunologia , Soros Imunes/análise , Soros Imunes/imunologia , Soros Imunes/isolamento & purificação , Imunoglobulina A/análise , Imunoglobulina A/imunologia , Técnicas In Vitro , Microscopia Eletrônica/instrumentação , Microscopia Eletrônica/métodos , Leite Humano/análise , Leite Humano/imunologiaAssuntos
Leite Humano/análise , Perfenazina/farmacocinética , Transtornos Psicóticos/sangue , Transtornos Puerperais/sangue , Adulto , Aleitamento Materno , Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Pressão , Ritmo Circadiano , Feminino , Humanos , Recém-Nascido , Perfenazina/análise , Perfenazina/sangue , Transtornos Psicóticos/tratamento farmacológico , Transtornos Puerperais/tratamento farmacológicoRESUMO
An alpha-fucosidase has been extracted from almond meal and purified 163,000-fold to apparent homogeneity using a novel affinity ligand, N-(5-carboxy-1-pentyl)-1,5-dideoxy-1,5-imino-L-fucitol, coupled to Affi-Gel 102. Substrate specificity studies demonstrate that the enzyme hydrolyzes the alpha-fucosidic linkages in Gal(beta 1----3)(Fuc(alpha 1----4]GlcNAc(beta 1----3)Gal(beta 1----4)Glc and Gal(beta 1----4)(Fuc(alpha 1----3]GlcNAc(beta 1----3)Gal(beta 1----4)Glc at similar rates but is unable to hydrolyze Fuc(alpha 1----2)Gal, Fuc(alpha 1----6)GlcNAc, or the synthetic substrate, p-nitrophenyl alpha-L-fucopyranoside. Hence, the enzyme closely resembles an alpha-fucosidase I isolated previously from a commercial preparation of partially purified almond beta-glucosidase (Ogata-Arakawa, M., Muramatsu, T., and Kobata, A. (1977) Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 181, 353-358). However, native and subunit relative molecular masses of 106,000 and 54,000 respectively, different charge and hydrophobicity properties, and the absence of stimulation by NaCl clearly distinguish this enzyme, designated alpha-fucosidase III, from other almond alpha-fucosidases reported previously.
Assuntos
Sementes/enzimologia , alfa-L-Fucosidase/isolamento & purificação , Configuração de Carboidratos , Sequência de Carboidratos , Cromatografia de Afinidade/métodos , Cromatografia em Gel/métodos , Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Pressão/métodos , Cromatografia por Troca Iônica/métodos , Feminino , Humanos , Cinética , Ligantes , Leite Humano/análise , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Oligossacarídeos/isolamento & purificação , Gravidez , alfa-L-Fucosidase/metabolismoRESUMO
Multiple forms of lactoferrin (Lf) were detected in granulocytes isolated from normal individuals and patients with granulocytic leukemias. One class of Lfs bound iron; a second class did not bind iron but possessed potent ribonuclease activity. The different forms of Lf were similar, if not identical, in their physical, chemical, and antigenic properties. The multiple forms of Lf may relate to the various functions ascribed to the molecule.
Assuntos
Granulócitos/análise , Lactoferrina/análise , Lactoglobulinas/análise , Leucemia Mieloide/sangue , Western Blotting , Eletroforese em Gel de Poliacrilamida , Ensaio de Imunoadsorção Enzimática , Humanos , Ferro/metabolismo , Lactoferrina/metabolismo , Leite Humano/análise , Peso Molecular , Fragmentos de Peptídeos/análise , Peptídeo Hidrolases/metabolismo , Ribonucleases/metabolismoRESUMO
Healthy human volunteers who intended not to breast feed were placed on a regimen of 100 mg oral flecainide every 12 hours for 5 1/2 days beginning 1 day after parturition. Milk and blood samples were collected during the dosing period and for 2 days after the last dose. Concentrations of flecainide in milk and plasma were assayed by HPLC. Apparent steady-state levels of flecainide in both milk and plasma were achieved in most cases by day 4 of the study. Highest daily average concentration of flecainide in milk ranged from 270 to 1529 ng/ml for the 11 subjects. Mean +/- SD milk to plasma flecainide ratios were 3.7 +/- 3.5, 3.2 +/- 2.3, 3.5 +/- 2.1, and 2.6 +/- 0.7 on study days 2, 3, 4, and 5, respectively. After the last dose of flecainide, peak milk levels of the drug occurred at 3 to 6 hours and then declined monoexponentially. The half-life for elimination of flecainide from milk was 14.7 +/- 3.5 hours and is very similar to the plasma elimination half-life of flecainide in healthy human subjects. The mean milk to plasma ratios for flecainide after the last dose were 2.3 +/- 1.0 and 2.9 +/- 1.1 at 24 and 48 hours after the dose, respectively. Based on the pharmacokinetics of flecainide in infants, the expected average steady-state plasma concentration of flecainide in a newborn infant consuming all of the milk production of its mother (approximately 700 ml/day) would not be expected to exceed about 62 ng/ml.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Assuntos
Flecainida/farmacocinética , Leite Humano/análise , Adolescente , Adulto , Disponibilidade Biológica , Flecainida/análise , Flecainida/sangue , Humanos , Período Pós-PartoRESUMO
Se hizo una revisión de los estudios sobre la presencia de residuos de plaguicidas organoclorados en leche materna de varias zonas de México. Se discute sobre los resultados obtenidos y los efectos tóxicos que producen estas sustancias en el ser humano. Además, se comparan las concentraciones de plaguicidas en leche materna de México con las encontradas en el mismo sustrato de otros países del mundo.
Assuntos
Humanos , Recém-Nascido , Lactente , Masculino , Feminino , Poluentes Ambientais , Contaminação de Alimentos/análise , Leite Humano/análise , Praguicidas/toxicidade , Agricultura , EcologiaRESUMO
Lactotransferrin was highly purified from lysates of human neutrophilic leucocytes by immuno-affinity chromatography. A comparative analysis of the molar carbohydrate compositions of human leucocyte lactotransferrin and human milk lactotransferrin reveals that the glycans of leucocyte lactotransferrin differ essentially by the absence of fucose residues. Structural analysis combining methylation-mass spectrometry and 400 MHz 1H-n.m.r. spectrometry of oligosaccharide alditols released from human leucocyte lactotransferrin shows the presence of two disialylated and non-fucosylated biantennary glycans of the N-acetyl-lactosaminic type. These results question a previously proposed mechanism for hyposideraemia in which the leucocyte lactotransferrin was involved and in which the fucose residues played a key role.
Assuntos
Lactoferrina/sangue , Lactoglobulinas/sangue , Leucócitos/análise , Polissacarídeos/sangue , Anemia Hipocrômica/sangue , Sequência de Carboidratos , Fucose/metabolismo , Humanos , Hidrazinas/metabolismo , Lactoferrina/isolamento & purificação , Lactoferrina/metabolismo , Espectroscopia de Ressonância Magnética , Espectrometria de Massas/métodos , Leite Humano/análise , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Oligossacarídeos/metabolismo , Polissacarídeos/isolamento & purificaçãoRESUMO
The iodide concentration of human milk from mothers living in the Wellington area and of six prepared infant formulae was measured. A total of 93 human milk samples were assayed, 14 from mothers of infants delivered at less than 35 weeks gestation and collected within 30 days of delivery (group A), 57 samples from mothers of infants delivered at 35 or more weeks gestation and collected within 60 days of delivery (group B) and 22 samples from mothers with infants aged greater than 60 days (group C). There was no significant (p greater than 0.05) difference between the means (SE) of groups A 1.14 mumol/L (0.20) and B 0.98 mumol/L (0.07). The mean for group C 0.39 mumol/L (0.03) was significantly less (p less than 0.05) than the means for both groups A and B. For groups A, B and C combined, there was a correlation (r = 0.44, p less than 0.01) between the milk iodide concentration and the iodide/creatinine ratio of a maternal urine specimen obtained immediately before or after the milk specimen. Formula milk preparations based on cow's milk contained higher concentrations of iodide than human milk.
Assuntos
Iodetos/análise , Leite Humano/análise , Creatinina/urina , Estudos de Avaliação como Assunto , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Alimentos Infantis/análise , Recém-Nascido , Lactação/urina , Nova Zelândia , Manejo de EspécimesRESUMO
Human milk and two infant formula feeds were tested for antiviral and antibacterial activity before being given to 21 low birthweight (LBW) infants; neither was present. When samples were aspirated from the stomachs of the infants within one to three hours of feeding, however, they reduced titres of enveloped virus and also killed both Staphylococcus epidermidis and Escherichia coli. The lipid fraction of the gastric aspirate from an infant who had been given human milk as well as those from four infants who had been given a conventional LBW infant formula feed, showed antiviral and antibacterial activities at least equal to the activities of the unfractionated aspirates. There was no consistent difference in antiviral or antibacterial activity of either the stomach aspirates or the lipid fractions of these aspirates between infants given human milk and those given formula feeds. The antiviral and antibacterial activities of the gastric aspirates seem to result from intragastric production of monoglycerides and fatty acids from the triglyceride content of the ingested feeds.
Assuntos
Antivirais/imunologia , Bactérias/imunologia , Alimentos Infantis , Lipídeos/imunologia , Leite Humano/imunologia , Antivirais/análise , Escherichia coli/imunologia , Suco Gástrico/imunologia , Suco Gástrico/microbiologia , Humanos , Lactente , Alimentos Infantis/análise , Recém-Nascido , Leite Humano/análise , Simplexvirus/imunologia , Staphylococcus epidermidis/imunologia , Vírus da Estomatite Vesicular Indiana/imunologiaRESUMO
We isolated phospholipid (PL) subclasses from milk of women in Dominica and Belize. Fatty acid (FA) compositions of PLs and total lipids were determined. In the total-lipid fraction Dominican milk showed higher relative amounts of medium-chain saturated fatty acids (MC-SAFAs; 6:0-14:0) and 22:6n-3 and lower amounts of long-chain saturated fatty acids (LC-SAFAs) and monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs). There was a positive relationship between the MC-SAFA content in total lipids and total PLs. Incorporation of MC-SAFAs in PLs occurred at the expense of LC-SAFAs, MUFAs, polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), and long-chain PUFAs with greater than or equal to 20 carbon atoms (LC-PUFAs greater than or equal to C20). Previous studies from Western countries revealed low amounts of MCSAFAs and high amounts of PUFAs and LC-PUFAs greater than or equal to C20 in milk PLs. Our data show that carbohydrate-rich diets give rise to incorporation of MC-SAFAs in PLs at the expense of PUFAs and LC-PUFAs greater than or equal to C20. The data are discussed in relation to the presumed origin of fat-globule membrane phospholipids.
Assuntos
Carboidratos da Dieta/administração & dosagem , Ácidos Graxos/análise , Leite Humano/análise , Fosfolipídeos/análise , Triglicerídeos/análise , Belize , Feminino , Humanos , Análise de Regressão , Índias OcidentaisAssuntos
Aleitamento Materno , Leite Humano/análise , Nicotina/análise , Fumar/efeitos adversos , Feminino , HumanosRESUMO
Twelve mother/baby pairs took part in a study of the difference in effect of two patterns of breast feeding--either feeding at one breast or at two breasts during a feed. Baseline measures were taken at 4 weeks, and the test patterns of feeding were followed for a week each, in random order. The two patterns of feeding led to differences in milk volume intake and mean feed fat concentration, but not in the baby's net fat intake per 24 h. The results indicate that the breast-fed baby can regulate his fat intake quickly and thus mothers should be encouraged to practice "baby-led" feeding.
Assuntos
Aleitamento Materno , Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Nutrição do Lactente , Gorduras na Dieta/análise , Ingestão de Alimentos , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Masculino , Métodos , Leite Humano/análise , Distribuição AleatóriaRESUMO
A full-term 5-month-old breast-fed female infant presented with a 2-month history of diarrhea and a 1 1/2-month history of an acrodermatitis enteropathica-like skin eruption. Her serum zinc level and the maternal milk zinc level were markedly reduced. All symptoms disappeared promptly with oral zinc therapy, after which the patient's serum zinc level returned to normal.
Assuntos
Aleitamento Materno , Zinco/deficiência , Diarreia Infantil/etiologia , Eritema/etiologia , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Leite Humano/análise , Zinco/análise , Zinco/sangueRESUMO
Breast milk jaundice has been reported to be associated with increased lipase activity and elevated free fatty acid (FFA) concentrations within breast milk. We have previously shown that bile salts are present in small concentrations in breast milk and the aim of this study was to examine the relationship of bile salt-stimulated lipase (BSSL) activity, FFA concentration, and bile salt concentration in milks of normal infants and the milk of infants with breast milk jaundice. Mothers of healthy newborn infants were recruited in the early newborn period and 42 provided breast milk samples at 2 weeks, 30 at 6 weeks, 16 at 10 weeks, and 13 at 14 weeks postnatally. We initially studied the effect of lactation on bile salts and found there was a significant decline in both cholate and chenodeoxycholate levels with duration of lactation (p less than 0.05). There was also a significant fall in BSSL activity with duration of lactation (p less than 0.05), but no correlation was found between BSSL activity and bile salt concentration. FFA concentrations were similar throughout lactation and were not related to either BSSL activity or bile salt concentration. There was a significant increase in the concentration of cholate and the cholate-to-chenodeoxycholate ratio in the milks of 12 infants with breast milk jaundice compared with normal milks, the BSSL activity was similar and contrary to previous reports, the FFA concentration was not increased in the milks of infants with breast milk jaundice.
Assuntos
Ácidos e Sais Biliares/análise , Ácidos Graxos não Esterificados/análise , Icterícia Neonatal/metabolismo , Lipase/análise , Leite Humano/análise , Ácidos e Sais Biliares/metabolismo , Aleitamento Materno , Ácido Quenodesoxicólico/análise , Ácido Cólico , Ácidos Cólicos/análise , Ácidos Graxos não Esterificados/metabolismo , Feminino , Humanos , Recém-Nascido , Icterícia Neonatal/etiologia , Lactação , Lipase/metabolismo , Leite Humano/metabolismoRESUMO
Protein (P), fat (F), and carbohydrate (C) concentration in expressed human bank milk was determined by infrared analysis of 2,554 samples from 224 mothers. The mean contents of P, F, C, and energy (E, calculated from P, F, and C) were 9.0 g/L, 39.0 g/L, 71.9 g/L, and 696 kcal/L, respectively. There was a large variation in the concentration of energy-yielding macronutrients. The contents of P, F, C, and E in the samples with the highest values (97.5 percentile) were 2.3-, 4.8-, 1.2-, and 2.3-fold, respectively, above the contents in the samples with the lowest values (2.5 percentile). The P content decreased exponentially during the 1st 8 months, followed by an increase during the following months. The F content decreased during the 1st 4 months, followed by an almost linear increase. The possible influence of different maternal characteristics on the macronutrient content of the milk was examined. The main results were as follows: the P and F contents increased slightly with increasing body mass index of the mother, the P content decreased with increasing amounts of milk delivered to the milk bank, and the F content was higher in mothers delivering large amounts of milk. By selecting incoming milk with a high P content, we have developed a "high-protein" milk with a P content of about 12 g/L (true protein) and an E content of about 725 kcal/L. Thus, by continuous monitoring of macronutrient content in human bank milk it is possible to develop a "high-protein" milk with sufficient P and E content to cover the needs of preterm infants with very low birth weights (less than 1,500 g).
Assuntos
Carboidratos/análise , Ácidos Graxos/análise , Proteínas do Leite/análise , Leite Humano/análise , Adulto , Feminino , Humanos , Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Nutrição do Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Recém-Nascido Prematuro , Valor NutritivoRESUMO
Two hundred thirty-six children from two established cohorts at risk for exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and related contaminants were evaluated at age 4 years. Prenatal exposure (assessed by cord serum PCB level) was associated with lower weight, an effect consistent with reports of growth retardation in laboratory rats and in children exposed at high levels in Taiwan and at general population levels in Japan. The highest exposed children weighed 1.8 kg less on the average than the least exposed. Contemporary body burden (assessed by 4-year serum PCB level) was associated with reduced activity based on composite ratings provided by the child's mother and two independent examiners. This effect, attributable to lactation exposure, was strongest among the offspring of women with above average milk PCB levels who breast fed for at least 1 year. While the weight deficit is consistent with previous data linking developmental effects of low-dose human PCB exposures specifically to the prenatal period, activity is the first domain found to be affected by lactation at contemporary levels of exposure.