RESUMO
In this chapter, we describe model systems to study leukemia driven by the Abelson oncogene. In people, the Abelson oncogene results from the chromosomal translocation t(9;22)(q34;q11) that is found in more than 90 % of all human chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) patients and in 20-25 % of patients suffering from acute lymphoid leukemia (ALL). This translocation is also called Philadelphia chromosome and encodes the BCR/ABL oncogene, a constitutive active tyrosine kinase. BCR/ABL renders hematopoietic cells independent from exogenous growth-stimulatory signals by continuously engaging signaling pathways including JAK-STAT signaling and the MAPK pathway. The enforced expression of BCR/ABL suffices to transform hematopoietic cells which made it to one of the best studied model systems in the field. Here we present methods to study BCR/ABL-triggered leukemia and solid lymphoid tumor formation.
Assuntos
Modelos Animais de Doenças , Proteínas de Fusão bcr-abl/genética , Leucemia Linfoide/genética , Animais , Animais Recém-Nascidos , Transplante de Medula Óssea , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Técnicas de Cocultura , Feminino , Deleção de Genes , Hematopoese , Humanos , Leucemia Linfoide/patologia , Leucemia Linfoide/cirurgia , Masculino , Camundongos , Gravidez , Retroviridae/genética , Especificidade da EspécieRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Empirical treatment with antifungal drugs is often used in haematology patients at high risk of invasive aspergillosis. We compared a standard diagnostic strategy (culture and histology) with a rapid biomarker-based diagnostic strategy (aspergillus galactomannan and PCR) for directing the use of antifungal treatment in this group of patients. METHODS: In this open-label, parallel-group, randomised controlled trial, eligible patients were adults undergoing allogeneic stem-cell transplantation or chemotherapy for acute leukaemia, with no history of invasive fungal disease. Enrolled patients were randomly assigned (1:1) by a computer-generated schedule to follow either a standard diagnostic strategy (based on culture and histology) or a biomarker-based diagnostic strategy (aspergillus galactomannan and PCR) to direct treatment with antifungal drugs. Patients, were followed up for 26 weeks or until death. Masking of the use of different diagnostic tests was not possible for patients, treating physicians, or investigators. The primary endpoint was empirical treatment with antifungal drugs in the 26 weeks after enrolment (for the biomarker-based diagnostic strategy, a single postive galactomannan or PCR result was deemed insufficient to confirm invasive aspergillosis, so treatment in this context was classified as empirical). This outcome was assessed by an independent data review committee from which the study allocations were masked. Analyses were by intention to treat and included all enrolled patients. This study is registered with ClinicalTrial.gov, number NCT00163722. FINDINGS: 240 eligible patients were recruited from six Australian centres between Sept 30, 2005, and Nov 19, 2009. 122 were assigned the standard diagnostic strategy and 118 the biomarker-based diagnostic strategy. 39 patients (32%) in the standard diagnosis group and 18 (15%) in the biomarker diagnosis group received empirical antifungal treatment (difference 17%, 95% CI 4-26; p=0·002). The numbers of patients who had hepatotoxic and nephrotoxic effects did not differ significantly between the standard diagnosis and biomarker diagnosis groups (hepatotoxic effects: 21 [17%] vs 12 [10%], p=0·11; nephrotoxic effects: 52 [43%] vs 60 [51%], p=0·20). INTERPRETATION: Use of aspergillus galactomannan and PCR to direct treatment reduced use of empirical antifungal treatment. This approach is an effective strategy for the management of invasive aspergillosis in high-risk haematology patients. FUNDING: Australian National Health and Medical Research Council, Cancer Council New South Wales, Pfizer, Merck, Gilead Sciences.
Assuntos
Antifúngicos/uso terapêutico , Aspergilose/tratamento farmacológico , Aspergilose/metabolismo , Aspergillus/isolamento & purificação , Leucemia Linfoide/microbiologia , Mananas/metabolismo , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase/métodos , Adulto , Aspergilose/diagnóstico , Aspergilose/patologia , Aspergillus/patogenicidade , Biomarcadores/metabolismo , Feminino , Seguimentos , Galactose/análogos & derivados , Humanos , Leucemia Linfoide/tratamento farmacológico , Leucemia Linfoide/cirurgia , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Transplante de Células-Tronco , Transplante HomólogoAssuntos
Dura-Máter/patologia , Hematoma Epidural Craniano/diagnóstico , Leucemia Linfocítica Crônica de Células B/diagnóstico , Leucemia Linfoide/diagnóstico , Idoso , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Epilepsias Parciais/complicações , Feminino , Hematoma Epidural Craniano/cirurgia , Humanos , Imuno-Histoquímica , Leucemia Linfocítica Crônica de Células B/patologia , Leucemia Linfocítica Crônica de Células B/cirurgia , Leucemia Linfoide/patologia , Leucemia Linfoide/cirurgia , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética , Debilidade Muscular/etiologia , Procedimentos Neurocirúrgicos , Tomografia Computadorizada por Raios XRESUMO
Performing not only related but also unrelated allogeneic stem cell transplant (allo-SCT) for adult Philadelphia chromosome-negative acute lymphoblastic leukemia [Ph(-) ALL] during first complete remission (CR) may be a potent therapeutic strategy for long-term survival. The survival times after related or unrelated allo-SCT may be comparable, but different background risk factors arising from differences in donor types should be recognized to improve the outcome of allo-SCT. In addition, age should be considered as an important factor. In adolescents and young adults, for whom intensified pediatric protocols show promise for improving outcomes, minimal residual disease may be helpful for making the decision to conduct allo-SCT during first CR. For older adults, however, reduced intensity conditioning (RIC) could expand the indication for allo-SCT for Ph(-) ALL in CR. Since the non-relapse mortality of allo-SCT remains significantly high compared with that of conventional chemotherapy, careful selection of patients is mandatory. However, it is crucial not to miss the correct timing of allo-SCT, given that the prognosis of relapsed ALL is very dismal. After close consideration of donor type, patient age, response to chemotherapy and appropriate timing, the outcome of allo-SCT for adult Ph(-) ALL could be improved.
Assuntos
Transplante de Células-Tronco Hematopoéticas/métodos , Leucemia Linfoide/genética , Leucemia Linfoide/cirurgia , Cromossomo Filadélfia , Doença Aguda , Adolescente , Adulto , Fatores Etários , Criança , Humanos , Leucemia Linfoide/patologia , Indução de Remissão , Transplante HomólogoRESUMO
The reconstitution of the plasmacytoid dendritic cells (PDCs) compartment might influence outcome after allogeneic stem cell transplantation (allo-SCT). Thus, we investigated the impact of blood PDCs measured at the third month after reduced-intensity conditioning (RIC) in 54 patients who received an HLA-identical sibling allo-SCT. The absence of grade II-IV acute graft-versus-host-disease (GVHD) was associated with an improved PDC count at 3 months after RIC-allo-SCT (P=0.003; OR=6.4; 95% CI, 1.9-22). The CD34+ stem cell dose and other lymphoid subsets infused with the allograft did not affect PDC recovery. Although PDC count could not predict death from progression or relapse, patients with a "high" PDC recovery profile had an improved overall survival (OS; P=0.03), in contrast to patients with a "low" PDC recovery profile who had an increased incidence of nonrelapse mortality (GVHD, infections) (P=0.03). The overall incidence of late infections (viral, fungal and bacterial) was significantly higher in the "low" PDC recovery group as compared to the "high" PDC recovery group (59 vs 19%; P=0.002). In a multivariate analysis, only a "high" PDC count was significantly predictive of a decreased risk of death (P=0.04; RR=0.34; 95% CI, 0.12-0.96). Monitoring of PDCs at 3 months after RIC-allo-SCT may be a useful indicator predictor of long-term outcome.
Assuntos
Células Dendríticas/fisiologia , Transplante de Células-Tronco , Condicionamento Pré-Transplante , Adolescente , Adulto , Ensaios Clínicos como Assunto , Feminino , Seguimentos , Humanos , Leucemia Linfoide/cirurgia , Leucemia Mieloide/cirurgia , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Resultado do TratamentoAssuntos
Infecções Oculares/induzido quimicamente , Imunossupressores/efeitos adversos , Pneumopatias/induzido quimicamente , Nocardiose/induzido quimicamente , Transplante de Medula Óssea/efeitos adversos , Criança , Infecções Oculares/diagnóstico , Fundo de Olho , Doença Enxerto-Hospedeiro/tratamento farmacológico , Humanos , Leucemia Linfoide/cirurgia , Pneumopatias/diagnóstico por imagem , Masculino , Nocardiose/diagnóstico , Tomografia Computadorizada por Raios XRESUMO
A 24 year old female with a 4 year history of anemia and absolute lymphocytosis was evaluated and found to have T cell large granular lymphocyte (T-LGL) leukemia associated with autoimmune hemolytic anemia, neutropenia, mild thrombocytopenia and splenomegaly. In an effort to ameliorate her symptomatic cytopenias, she was treated with prednisone and subsequently methotrexate without success. In February 1993, she underwent splenectomy for symptomatic anemia. Splenectomy resulted in an increased hemoglobin concentration to normal levels, resolution of all laboratory evidence of hemolysis, and disappearance of thrombocytopenia. This response has been durable despite persistence of the abnormal LGL clone. We suggest that splenectomy may be an effective treatment for autoimmune hemolytic anemia and/or thrombocytopenia often associated with T-LGL leukemia. As this disease often exhibits a chronic clinical course with morbidity resulting from consequences of resultant cytopenias rather than visceral involvement with leukemic LGL, effective treatment of cytopenias despite persistence of the abnormal LGL clone is beneficial.
Assuntos
Anemia Hemolítica Autoimune/etiologia , Anemia Hemolítica Autoimune/cirurgia , Complexo CD3/análise , Leucemia Linfoide/cirurgia , Leucemia de Células T/cirurgia , Esplenectomia , Adulto , Anemia Hemolítica Autoimune/sangue , Feminino , Humanos , Leucemia Linfoide/sangue , Leucemia de Células T/sangueRESUMO
Menopause, conventionally defined as the permanent cessation of menstruation as a result of loss of ovarian follicular activity, is biologically expressed by the collapse of plasma estradiol levels and increased plasma levels of the gonadotrophins FSH (follicle stimulating hormone) and LH (luteinizing hormone). At present, estimation of the ovarian follicle reserve is based on endocrine capacity tests of the ovaries, with increased FSH representing the first sign of exocrine ovarian failure. We report the case of one of our amenorrhoeic patients after chemotherapy, total body radiation and allogenic bone marrow transplantation for acute immunoblastic leukaemia. This patient was included in an in vitro fertilization with oocyte donation (IVF-OD) programme for iatrogenic premature ovarian failure with increased FSH levels. Instead of high levels of gonadotrophins, this young woman recovered spontaneous follicular development, benefited from standard IVF with her own oocytes and brought a twin pregnancy to term. This observation shows that a high FSH level is not a definitive prediction of ovarian exocrine capacity. In young women of child-bearing age such as these wanting a child and showing signs of endogenous estrogen impregnation, evaluation of the existence and quality of follicular development is an important factor.
Assuntos
Hormônio Foliculoestimulante/sangue , Menopausa , Ovário/fisiologia , Insuficiência Ovariana Primária/sangue , Insuficiência Ovariana Primária/etiologia , Radioterapia/efeitos adversos , Adulto , Transplante de Medula Óssea , Feminino , Fertilização in vitro , Humanos , Leucemia Linfoide/tratamento farmacológico , Leucemia Linfoide/radioterapia , Leucemia Linfoide/cirurgia , Testes de Função Ovariana , GravidezAssuntos
Transplante de Medula Óssea , Doença Enxerto-Hospedeiro/terapia , Leucemia Linfoide/cirurgia , Fotoferese , Dermatopatias/terapia , Adolescente , Doença Crônica/terapia , Doença Enxerto-Hospedeiro/sangue , Doença Enxerto-Hospedeiro/etiologia , Humanos , Imunofenotipagem , Subpopulações de Linfócitos , MasculinoAssuntos
Transplante de Medula Óssea/patologia , Fator Estimulador de Colônias de Granulócitos e Macrófagos/administração & dosagem , Método Duplo-Cego , Humanos , Leucemia Linfoide/cirurgia , Leucemia Mielogênica Crônica BCR-ABL Positiva/cirurgia , Leucemia Mieloide Aguda/cirurgia , Contagem de Leucócitos/efeitos dos fármacos , Depleção Linfocítica , Leucemia-Linfoma Linfoblástico de Células Precursoras/cirurgia , Proteínas Recombinantes/administração & dosagem , Recidiva , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
The authors describe two patients with acute leukemia who died of fulminant hepatitis caused by hepatitis C virus (HCV) after an allogeneic bone marrow transplant, the first such cases reported in Japan. Both had developed posttransfusion hepatitis during chemotherapy to induce remission and for consolidation. Six months after blood transfusion, the blood serum of each patient was positive for HCV antibody and HCV RNA. In each case, there was a transient improvement in liver function after the transplant. However, within 5 months of receiving the transplant and coincident with the withdrawal of cyclosporin A, each patient developed an acute exacerbation of hepatitis. The fulminant hepatitis in our patients may, therefore, have been caused by the reactivation of HCV induced by the immunosuppressive therapy followed by a reconstitution of the immune system.
Assuntos
Transplante de Medula Óssea/efeitos adversos , Hepatite C/etiologia , Adulto , Ciclosporina/efeitos adversos , Feminino , Humanos , Leucemia Linfoide/cirurgia , Leucemia Mieloide Aguda/cirurgia , MasculinoRESUMO
A neurological and electroencephalographic (EEG) prospective study was performed in 34 leukemic patients receiving busulfan (BU) plus cyclophosphamide (CY) before bone marrow autologous transplant. During BU treatment and briefly thereafter, all patients were given anticonvulsant prophylaxis with phenobarbital. Neurological evaluations were performed daily and EEGs, recorded one week before and soon after the end of the BU regimen, were re-evaluated two months later. Basal EEGs were normal in 23 of the 34 patients, focal abnormalities were detected in 9 cases, and generalized epileptic discharges were present in one (one subject was not studied). EEGs performed at the end of BU administration showed generalized spike/polyspike-and-wave discharges in 21 of the 34 patients, with associated myoclonic epilepsy in 10 subjects appearing on the 3rd or 4th day of treatment. Focal abnormalities were present in 6 patients and constant EEG normality in 7. It is known that myoclonic epilepsy can be induced by drugs. Oral administration of high-dose BU is followed by a high-dose cerebrospinal fluid concentration of the drug. Therefore, myoclonic epilepsy and/or paroxysmal epileptiform EEG discharges may be observed in leukemic patients undergoing high-dose BU therapy.
Assuntos
Protocolos de Quimioterapia Combinada Antineoplásica/efeitos adversos , Transplante de Medula Óssea/métodos , Eletroencefalografia/efeitos dos fármacos , Leucemia Linfoide/tratamento farmacológico , Leucemia Mieloide/tratamento farmacológico , Doenças do Sistema Nervoso/induzido quimicamente , Doença Aguda , Adolescente , Adulto , Protocolos de Quimioterapia Combinada Antineoplásica/uso terapêutico , Barbitúricos/uso terapêutico , Bussulfano/administração & dosagem , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Clonazepam/uso terapêutico , Terapia Combinada , Ciclofosfamida/administração & dosagem , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Leucemia Linfoide/cirurgia , Leucemia Mieloide/cirurgia , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Mioclonia/induzido quimicamente , Doenças do Sistema Nervoso/epidemiologia , Estudos ProspectivosRESUMO
The effects of selectively depleting CD8+ cells from donor bone marrow were assessed in 36 patients receiving transplantation from an HLA-identical sibling as treatment for leukemia. Donor bone marrow underwent ex vivo treatment using anti-Leu-2 monoclonal antibody and complement. Patients received cyclosporine post-transplant for 6 months. Thirty-three patients had initial engraftment. Three failed to have hematologic recovery, and one patient with initial engraftment had late graft failure. The actuarial incidence of grade greater than or equal to 2 acute graft-versus-host disease was 28% +/- 18% and was usually confined to the skin. Of 33 patients with engraftment, 32 were complete chimeras and one had mixed chimerism. The tempo of hematologic and immunologic recovery was comparable with that reported with transplantation of unmodified bone marrow, although CD4+ and CD8+ T cells recovered at comparable rates. The actuarial rate of leukemia relapse was 11% +/- 10%, occurring in three patients with acute leukemia but in none of 13 patients transplanted for chronic myelogenous leukemia. Actuarial survival was 57% +/- 17% at 2 years. These data indicate that after transplantation of marrow depleted of CD8+ cells, engraftment with prompt hematologic and immunologic recovery generally occurs, with a relatively low rate of acute graft-versus-host disease. Graft failure remains a problem despite retention of CD4+ cells within the donor marrow. The lack of leukemia relapse in patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia suggests retention of a graft-versus-leukemia effect, at least for this malignancy.
Assuntos
Transplante de Medula Óssea , Doença Enxerto-Hospedeiro/prevenção & controle , Leucemia/cirurgia , Linfócitos T Reguladores/imunologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Anticorpos Monoclonais/farmacologia , Antígenos de Diferenciação de Linfócitos T/imunologia , Antígenos CD8 , Separação Celular , Criança , Proteínas do Sistema Complemento , Ciclosporinas/uso terapêutico , Feminino , Humanos , Terapia de Imunossupressão , Leucemia Linfoide/patologia , Leucemia Linfoide/cirurgia , Leucemia Mielogênica Crônica BCR-ABL Positiva/patologia , Leucemia Mielogênica Crônica BCR-ABL Positiva/cirurgia , Leucemia Mieloide Aguda/patologia , Leucemia Mieloide Aguda/cirurgia , Linfócitos/imunologia , Linfócitos/patologia , Masculino , Linfócitos T Auxiliares-Indutores/patologia , Linfócitos T Reguladores/patologiaRESUMO
Previous studies have shown that red blood cell (RBC) spermidine (Spd) and spermine (Spm) concentrations appear to be a reliable index of cell proliferation. Our aim was to study the RBC polyamine level evolution (Spd and Spm) in bone marrow (BM) transplanted children. Because of our interest in the finding of an early blood criteria of BM regeneration, our study was based upon the chemotherapy - induced post-transplant aplasia period. After BM transplantation, two main periods were observed: the first (A-period) corresponded to abnormally low Spd levels. This period ended with an increasing amount of Spd reaching normal values and with an inversion in the Spd/Spm ratio which became greater than 1. The second (B) period was usually linked to abnormally high RBC Spd concentrations and a Spd/Spm ratio greater than 1. The end of the B-period was characterized by an increase in the granulocyte count (reaching 0.5 X 10(9) cells/l). Since the A- and B-periods are considered as a post-transplant aplasia period (only according to leukocyte count) and since normal RBC Spd levels occurred 14 days (SD = 4) after BM transplantation and 16 days (SD = 12) before granulocyte rise, these data led us to consider erythrocyte polyamine levels to be an earlier biological criteria of bone marrow engraftment than the number of circulating granulocytes.
Assuntos
Biomarcadores/sangue , Transplante de Medula Óssea , Eritrócitos/análise , Leucemia Linfoide/cirurgia , Linfoma/cirurgia , Neuroblastoma/cirurgia , Espermidina/sangue , Espermina/sangue , Teratoma/cirurgia , Adolescente , Divisão Celular , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Leucemia Linfoide/sangue , Linfoma/sangue , Masculino , Neuroblastoma/sangue , Valores de Referência , Teratoma/sangue , Transplante Autólogo , Transplante HomólogoRESUMO
Despite aggressive therapy for leukemia in the form of bone marrow transplantation (BMT) relapse occurs in a significant number of cases. The origin of the leukemic relapse, whether it is of donor or recipient origin, and how best to treat the patients continue to pose problems for the clinician. In this paper we present a case in which the cytogenetics suggested that the relapse was of donor origin; however, molecular analysis revealed that the leukemic population was of host origin. The leukemic relapse following the BMT was treated with a second BMT. This resulted in a remission of 28 months after which leukemic relapse was again diagnosed. Using conventional chemotherapy it was possible to obtain another complete remission. This case illustrates a pitfall to cytogenetic analysis and two contrasting methods of dealing with leukemic relapse following BMT.
Assuntos
Transplante de Medula Óssea , Células-Tronco Hematopoéticas/fisiologia , Leucemia Linfoide/cirurgia , Adulto , Células Sanguíneas , Células da Medula Óssea , Feminino , Rearranjo Gênico de Cadeia Pesada de Linfócito B , Genes de Imunoglobulinas , Humanos , Leucemia Linfoide/genética , Polimorfismo de Fragmento de RestriçãoRESUMO
A case of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is described during the course of which paraplegia appeared caused by epidural compression of the tissue by leukemic cells. This complication in CLL is rare. The disorders of the nervous system during the course of leukemia are summarized, and, in particular, the circumstances pertaining to the occurrence of paraplegia during chronic lymphocytic leukemia.