[To the 90th anniversary of the department of pathological anatomy with a course of forensic medicine named after professor D.D.Lokhov of Saint Petersburg State Pediatric Medical University]. / K 90-letiyu kafedry patologicheskoi anatomii s kursom sudebnoi meditsiny im. professora D.D. Lokhova Sankt-Peterburgskogo gosudarstvennogo pediatricheskogo meditsinskogo universiteta.

The article is devoted to the history of Professor D.D. Lokhov Department of Pathological Anatomy with a course of forensic medicine of the St. Petersburg State Pediatric Medical University of the Ministry of Health of Russia, founded by one of founders of the national pathological anatomy of childhood and adolescence, Professor D.D. Lokhov, whose name has been awarded to the Department since 2022. The updated advances of the Department in research, teaching and diagnostic activity are presented.

[The teacher (scientific forensic legacy of professor M.I. Avdeev)]. / Ob uchitele (nauchnoe sudebno-meditsinskoe nasledie professora M.I. Avdeeva).

Main directions of scientific and scientific-practical activity of the professor Mikhail Ivanovich Avdeev are described in the article. These include: a set of scientific tasks to justify the staff and organizational structure, organization and justification of the expert work content in the specialized military forensic service, including the training programs development for specialization and thematic improvement of forensic experts; determining the limits of competence for forensic experts in determining the violent death type; systematization of causes and death conditions; establishing structure of sudden death causes in young persons; assessment of the pathogenetic role of trauma and pathology in the development of basal subarachnoid hemorrhages; formulation of the conceptual base content for forensic medicine; justification of a scientifically based sequence of forensic medicine reproduction; creation of a scientific school of military forensic experts; preparation and publication of about 50 textbooks, manuals and, monographs on forensic medicine, including the fundamental work «Forensic Medicine Course¼, «Forensic Examination of Living People¼, «Forensic Corpse Examination¼.

[Forensic school of professor V.L. Popov]. / Sudebno-meditsinskaya shkola professora V.L. Popova.

The authors' idea of the "scientific school" concept is presented. The evolution of the forensic school formation is shown, starting from the student years, through professional specialization and scientific analysis of forensic practice to independent thesis. The basic principles of training military forensic experts in the Military Medical Academy are demonstrated. A summary of 40 candidates and doctoral theses performed under the scientific supervision and with the scientific advice of Professor V.L. Popov is presented as well.

William Hunter's aristocratic post mortems.

William Hunter's writings, lectures and his collection of circa 1,400 pathological specimens at the University of Glasgow show that, within the scientific limitations of the 18th Century, he had a sound grasp of the significance of morbid anatomical appearances. Unlike John Hunter's collection at the Royal College of Surgeons of England, few of the Hunterian specimens at Glasgow have an accompanying case history. Within the Special Collections at the Glasgow University Library are a small number of post mortem reports, including four involving William Hunter's aristocratic patients. This article explores these patient cases, and also the only instance recorded by John Hunter of William working with him on a post mortem of an aristocrat, that of the Marquis of Rockingham, Prime Minister, who died in 1782. The study aims to better understand William Hunter's medical practice and his professional connections with other practitioners. The post mortem examinations were carried out by a surgeon/anatomist and observed by the patient's physician(s). For aristocratic post mortems, those attending were senior and well-established practitioners. The notes made were not particularly detailed. The reports show clearly that William Hunter's practice, in the 1760s at least, was not confined to midwifery.

[Activities of the department of forensic medicine of Sechenov University during the great patriotic war]. / Deyatel'nost' kafedry sudebnoi meditsiny Sechenovskogo universiteta (I MOLMI) v gody Velikoi Otechestvennoi voiny.

The purpose of the work is a brief historical and medical analysis of activities of the Department of Forensic Medicine of First Moscow Medical Institute during the Great Patriotic War. The authors presented the scientific, practical and teaching activities of the department during war years. The staff of the department, headed by prof. V.F. Chervakov conducted research relevant to the current historical period. The system of training medical personnel was modernized several times in accordance with the needs of the time. The department successfully coped with all tasks in a military situation and laid the foundations for further development of domestic forensic medicine.

G. B. Morgagni Among Human Pathology, Forensic Medicine and Mummiology. The Beatification of Gregorio Barbarigo of Padua

The article is the first step of a research project aimed at investigating new perspectives and aspects of Morgagni's role and work. His activities as a medical examiner and forensic doctor are yet to be truly discovered. Manuscripts, written by Morgagni when he was a forensic expert for the Health Magistrate of Venice, currently preserved at the City Library in Forli (Italy), shed light on a new aspect of his cultural background. As a forensic doctor, he also helped push an increase in "social medicine" in Italy, when physicians began to collaborate with the administrative and political institutions in order to plan environmental and urban regulations to control air quality. While reading his reports, his contribution to the primordial medical Hygiene and Public Health emerges. Among his reports, the authors focused on the one concerning the Beatification of Gregorio Barbarigo, which clearly highlights his pathological approach, as well as his knowledge and application of embalming systems and mummiology. Moreover, this report could be considered as an issue in the history of paleopathology.

Arsenic, Familicide, and Female Physiology in Nineteenth-Century America.

Sarah Jane Whiteling was accused of fatally poisoning her husband and two children in Philadelphia in 1888. The case prompted public outrage over the appearance that Ms. Whiteling's motive was to collect life insurance. It was evident, however, that she was disturbed, raising a question of culpability. Dr. Alice Bennett, the first female physician in charge of an asylum, provided the defense with expert testimony on the defendant's mental state. Dr. Bennett, who had little forensic but much clinical experience, proposed a physiological theory of insanity among women with reproduction-related derangements. At that time, cultural ideas about "female poisoners" colored popular and journalistic perceptions of Ms. Whiteling. Familicide was considered unconscionable because a mother's duty was to nurture and protect her family. When Ms. Whiteling was convicted and sentenced to death, Dr. Bennett undertook a campaign for commutation. Her unsuccessful efforts to reduce culpability were followed by Ms. Whiteling's hanging in 1889, the first execution of a woman in Philadelphia since colonial times. This article recounts the Whiteling case, Dr. Bennett's involvement in it, and how it relates to what is known about familicide. It is argued here that Dr. Bennett was a pioneer in applying medical expert testimony to effect individualized mitigation.

Reform of the death investigation system in Japan.

The autopsy rate in Japan is lower than that in other countries, and most death investigations have historically been conducted by police officers through external inspection. Although medicolegal autopsy was not performed during the samurai administration, the European death investigation system was adopted in the second half of the 19th century and judicial autopsy began in universities' forensic medicine departments. After World War II, the medical examiner system was introduced under US influence, but it was only adopted in certain areas. Further reforms were introduced in the 21st century-in 2012, two laws relating to death investigation were enacted: The Act on Promotion of Death Investigation (Promotion Act), which provided foundational principles and included measures for investigating the causes of death and identification of bodies, and the Act on the Investigation of Cause of Death and on Identification of Bodies Handled by the Police, which recommended a procedure for death investigation, including a new autopsy system.The Death Investigation Promotion Program was to meant to be decided by the government in 2014. However, the relevant Act expired after it ran out of time. Later, in 2019, the Basic Act for Promotion of Death Investigation, the successor to the Promotion Act, was passed. This Act is significant because it sets the basic foundational principle and imposes plans created by the government. However, it remains unclear how these measures can be implemented, so further discussion and financial investment are now required.

Lithographic lecture notes. A tool of forensic medicine teaching. Observation on the lessons of Paolo Pellacani (1884-1885), forensic physician at the University of Pavia.

We focus our attention on the use of lithographed lecture notes written by professors, or more often by students, in the teaching of medicine and surgery courses, between the late 19th and early 20th centuries, a period in which, to better understand the phenomena underlying life and death, collaboration between medical professionals and natural science researchers was intense (1). In particular, we analyzed the lithographed lecture notes of Professor Paolo Pellacani at the University of Pavia for the course of legal medicine.

[Devoted to E.M. Evgen'ev-Tish]. / Stranitsy zhizni E.M. Evgen'eva-Tish.

The article illustrates the life of E.M. Evgen'ev-Tish, the well-known Physician, Forensic Medical Expert, Scientist, Head of the Department of Forensic Medicine (1954-1956) of the Kazan State Medical University. He is the author of the well-known monograph 'Determination of the Postmortem Interval in Forensic Medical Practice' published in 1963, which embraced all possible study methods on that subject.

Medicalizing delinquents or turning the mad into criminals?: Practices of alienation and legal medicine in Colombia in the early the 20th century. / ¿Medicalizar al delincuente o hacer del loco un criminal?: Prácticas de alienismo y medicina legal en Colombia a comienzos del siglo XX.

This article analyzes medical-legal associations between madness and criminality in department of Antioquia (Colombia) during the three first decades of 20th century. The analysis was oriented by two overlapping axes: discourses and practices. The ideas of four doctors, generated between 1917 and 1925, were examined in order to identify the theoretical debates that delimited and defined mental illnesses in legal cases. The use of qualified knowledge and their place as experts were analyzed in a judicial case, initiated in 1921, in which theoretical confrontations surfaced among the doctors that debated the possible insanity of the defendant.

Este artículo analiza algunas asociaciones médico-jurídicas entre locura y criminalidad en el departamento de Antioquia (Colombia), en las primeras tres décadas del siglo XX. El análisis se orientó por dos ejes imbricados: el de los discursos y el de las prácticas. Se examinaron las ideas de cuatro médicos, planteadas entre 1917 y 1925, para identificar los debates teóricos desde los cuales se delimitaban y definían las enfermedades mentales en casos judiciales. La puesta en escena del saber de los peritos y su lugar como expertos se analizaron en un caso judicial, que inició en 1921, y en cuyo desarrollo afloraron las confrontaciones teóricas entre los médicos que debatieron sobre la posible locura del acusado.

Killing methods in Sicilian Mafia families.

The Sicilian Mafia is a criminal organisation founded in Sicily which is an island south of the Italian mainland in the Mediterranean Sea. Until recently, this organization was responsible for many murders and bombings. However, recently, based on the investigations known as the "Mare Nostrum" operation, the Supreme Court convicted 67 people and sent them to prison. Some defendants were found guilty of as many as 39 murders. This article reviews the forensic analysis that was used when investigating responsibility for these Mafia murders. Our review is based on the court documents and the ballistic investigations which were carried out to evaluate the reliability of "repented" or "pentiti" statements. The murder victims were almost all men but one was a woman all of whom had gunshot lesions; in many cases, the fatal injuries were to the head and face. Ballistic analysis showed that in more than half of these murders, more than one weapon was used. In conclusion, the forensic analysis of the murders shows the Sicilian inter-families' dynamics and their characteristic operating methods.

Józef Bednarz (1879-1939) - psychiatrist, forensic expert and manager of psychiatric treatment in the interwar period. / Józef Bednarz (1879­1939) ­ lekarz psychiatra, ekspert sadowy i menedzer lecznictwa psychiatrycznego w okresie miedzywojennym.

The article presents the figure of the Polish psychiatrist, Dr. Józef Bednarz (1879-1939). Bednarz, the last interwar director of the Pomeranian National Mental Hospital in Swiecie, is seen mainly in the elegiac context of the tragic death, inflicted at the hands of the Nazi occupiers in October 1939. The aim of the work is to approximate - keeping the memory of the tragic death - the scientific, adjudication, organizational, and therapeutic activity of "Pomeranian Korczak". His scientific works, although not very numerous, were characterized by an in-depth analysis of the studied problems, and some of them entered the canon of Polish psychiatric literature of the interwar period. He was active in various structures of the Polish Psychiatric Association and in the editorial committee of the Rocznik Psychiatryczny (Psychiatric Yearbook). He became known as a great forensic psychiatrist, directing a forensic ward in the hospital in Tworki (1921-1927) and in the prison in Grudziadz (1931-1932). During ten years, as the director of two large psychiatric hospitals in Kulparkow (1927-1929) and in Swiecie (1933-1939), Bednarz developed extensive organizational activity. His activity as the director of the Pomeranian National Mental Hospital in Swiecie is discussed in greater detail. Dr. Bednarz will remain in the memory of posterity as the first director of a psychiatric hospital murdered by the Nazis and one of the first victims of Nazi terror among Polish psychiatrists.

¿Medicalizar al delincuente o hacer del loco un criminal?: Prácticas de alienismo y medicina legal en Colombia a comienzos del siglo XX / Medicalizing delinquents or turning the mad into criminals?: Practices of alienation and legal medicine in Colombia in the early the 20th century

RESUMEN Este artículo analiza algunas asociaciones médico-jurídicas entre locura y criminalidad en el departamento de Antioquia (Colombia), en las primeras tres décadas del siglo XX. El análisis se orientó por dos ejes imbricados: el de los discursos y el de las prácticas. Se examinaron las ideas de cuatro médicos, planteadas entre 1917 y 1925, para identificar los debates teóricos desde los cuales se delimitaban y definían las enfermedades mentales en casos judiciales. La puesta en escena del saber de los peritos y su lugar como expertos se analizaron en un caso judicial, que inició en 1921, y en cuyo desarrollo afloraron las confrontaciones teóricas entre los médicos que debatieron sobre la posible locura del acusado.

ABSTRACT This article analyzes medical-legal associations between madness and criminality in department of Antioquia (Colombia) during the three first decades of 20th century. The analysis was oriented by two overlapping axes: discourses and practices. The ideas of four doctors, generated between 1917 and 1925, were examined in order to identify the theoretical debates that delimited and defined mental illnesses in legal cases. The use of qualified knowledge and their place as experts were analyzed in a judicial case, initiated in 1921, in which theoretical confrontations surfaced among the doctors that debated the possible insanity of the defendant.