RESUMO
OBJECTIVE: The complications associated with miscarriages have surfaced as a major concern in maintaining women's physical and mental health. The present study evaluated the efficacy of three medication regimes for the complete expulsion of retained intrauterine tissues in patients who underwent a miscarriage. METHODS: In this randomized clinical trial, 90 patients participated with their gestational age below 12 weeks, each having undergone a recent miscarriage. After being screened for underlying diseases and coagulative blood disorders, they were randomly allocated into three groups. For the first group, labeled as the control group, misoprostol was administered alone. In contrast, the combination of misoprostol plus methylergometrine and misoprostol plus oxytocin was prescribed for the second and third groups, respectively. Further, the data obtained were analyzed by descriptive and inferential statistics using Stata software version 14. RESULTS: The mean age of participants and gestational age were 29.76 ± 5.53 years and 8.23 ± 2.29 weeks, respectively. There was no significant difference between the three treatment groups regarding the amount of bleeding after the abortion(P = 0.627). Regarding pain severity, the group that received Misoprostol plus Methylergometrine had less pain intensity than the other two groups(p = 0.004). The mean rate of RPOC expulsion was in the Misoprostol plus Oxytocin (9.68 ± 10.36) group, Misoprostol plus Methylergometrine (11.73 ± 12.86), and Misoprostol groups (19.07 ± 14.31)(p = 0.013). The success rate in outpatient medical abortion in the misoprostol plus oxytocin and misoprostol plus methylergonovine group was 93.33%, but in patients treated by misoprostol alone was 83.33%. CONCLUSION: The effectiveness of the drugs in the two drug groups combined with oxytocin and methylergometrine is higher than the misoprostol group alone. An outpatient approach was deemed more satisfactory against surgical maneuvers and hospitalizations by patients since family support influenced their pain coping mechanism. TRIAL REGISTRATION: The trial was registered in the Iranian registry of clinical trials on 04/10/2019. ( https://fa.irct.ir/trial/34519 ; registration number: IRCT20150407021653N19).
Assuntos
Aborto Induzido , Aborto Espontâneo , Metilergonovina , Misoprostol , Ocitócicos , Gravidez , Humanos , Feminino , Adulto Jovem , Adulto , Lactente , Misoprostol/uso terapêutico , Ocitocina/uso terapêutico , Metilergonovina/uso terapêutico , Ocitócicos/uso terapêutico , Pacientes Ambulatoriais , Irã (Geográfico)RESUMO
Postpartum hemorrhage is the leading cause of maternal morbidity and mortality worldwide, with uterine atony estimated to account for 70% to 80% of cases, thereby remaining the single most common cause. Pharmacotherapy remains the first-line preventative therapy for postpartum hemorrhage. These therapies may be single (oxytocin, carbetocin, methylergonovine, ergometrine, misoprostol, prostaglandin analogs, or tranexamic acid) or combination therapies, acting in an additive, infra-additive, or synergistic fashion to prevent postpartum hemorrhage. Evidence is strong for the use of oxytocin, the first-line uterotonic agent in the United States for prevention of postpartum hemorrhage. Although carbetocin, a long-acting analog of oxytocin, is not yet available for use in the United States, it is likely the most effective single pharmacologic therapy for prevention of postpartum hemorrhage and need for additional uterotonics. Use of second-line uterotonics such as methylergonovine, misoprostol, and carboprost in combination with oxytocin has an additive or synergistic effect and a greater risk reduction for postpartum hemorrhage prevention compared with oxytocin alone. Therefore, combined therapy rather than oxytocin alone should be advised for preventing postpartum hemorrhage. Tranexamic acid has been found to be both effective and safe for decreasing maternal mortality in women with postpartum hemorrhage, and prophylactic use of tranexamic acid may decrease the need for packed red blood cell transfusions and/or uterotonics. The WOMAN-2 Trial, designed to assess if tranexamic acid prevents postpartum hemorrhage in women with moderate to severe anemia undergoing vaginal delivery, is currently recruiting participants. The additive, infra-additive, or synergistic action of oxytocin in combination with other second-line therapies deserves further study.
Assuntos
Metilergonovina , Misoprostol , Ocitócicos , Hemorragia Pós-Parto , Ácido Tranexâmico , Gravidez , Feminino , Humanos , Ocitocina/uso terapêutico , Hemorragia Pós-Parto/tratamento farmacológico , Hemorragia Pós-Parto/prevenção & controle , Metilergonovina/uso terapêutico , Ácido Tranexâmico/uso terapêuticoRESUMO
During the third stage of labor, oxytocin and tranexamic acid, oxytocin and misoprostol, oxytocin and methylergometrine, or carbetocin is recommended for the prevention of postpartum hemorrhage after vaginal delivery. Intravenous oxytocin (10 IU) immediately after delivery of the neonate (after either anterior shoulder or whole-body delivery) and before delivery of the placenta is recommended. If oxytocin and tranexamic acid combination is chosen, intravenous tranexamic acid (1 g) in addition to intravenous oxytocin (10 IU) immediately after delivery of the neonate and before placental delivery is recommended. If oxytocin and misoprostol combination is chosen, sublingual misoprostol (400 µg) in addition to intravenous oxytocin (10 IU) immediately after delivery of the neonate is recommended. If there is no intravenous access or if in low-resource settings, sublingual misoprostol (400 µg) and intramuscular oxytocin (10 IU) are recommended. If oxytocin and methylergometrine combination is chosen, intramuscular methylergometrine (0.2 mg) and intravenous oxytocin (10 IU) immediately after delivery of the neonate are recommended. Single-dose intravenous or intramuscular carbetocin (100 µg) immediately after delivery of the neonate is recommended. Controlled cord traction and delayed cord clamping for approximately 60 seconds is recommended. There is insufficient evidence to support or refute umbilical cord milking, uterine massage, or nipple stimulation for the prevention of postpartum hemorrhage. Repair of first- and second-degree lacerations with continuous synthetic suture technique is recommended. No repair of first-degree lacerations if hemostatic and normal cosmesis can be considered. Repair of third-degree lacerations with end-to-end or overlap continuous synthetic suture technique is recommended. Repair of fourth-degree lacerations with delayed absorbable 4-0 or 3-0 polyglactin or chromic suture in a running fashion is recommended. The use of single-dose second-generation cephalosporin at the time of third- or fourth-degree laceration repairs can be considered. Skin-to-skin contact after delivery is recommended. There is insufficient evidence to support or refute routine cord blood gas sampling after delivery. Public cord blood banking is recommended.
Assuntos
Lacerações , Metilergonovina , Misoprostol , Ocitócicos , Hemorragia Pós-Parto , Ácido Tranexâmico , Feminino , Humanos , Recém-Nascido , Lacerações/tratamento farmacológico , Metilergonovina/uso terapêutico , Ocitocina/uso terapêutico , Placenta , Hemorragia Pós-Parto/diagnóstico , Hemorragia Pós-Parto/etiologia , Hemorragia Pós-Parto/prevenção & controle , GravidezRESUMO
Heart diseases are known as the most primary causes of mortality worldwide. Although many therapeutic approaches and medications are proposed for these diseases, the identification of novel therapeutics in fatal heart conditions is promptly demanded. Besides, the interplay between gene expression data and molecular docking provides several novel insights to discover more effective and specific drugs for the treatment of the diseases. This study aimed to discover potent therapeutic drugs in the heart diseases based on the expression profile of heart-specific genes exclusively. Initially, the heart-specific and highly expressed genes were identified by comparing the gene expression profile of different body tissues. Subsequently, the druggable-genes were identified using in silico techniques. The interaction between these druggable genes with more than 1600 FDA approved drugs was then investigated using the molecular docking simulation. By comprehensively analyzing RNA-sequencing data obtained from 949 normal tissue samples, 48 heart-specific genes were identified in both the heart development and function. Notably, of these, 24 heart-specific genes were capable to be considered as druggable genes, among which only MYBPC3, MYLK3, and SCN5A genes entered the molecular docking process due to their functions. Afterward, the pharmacokinetics properties of top 10 ligands with the highest binding affinity for these proteins were studied. Accordingly, methylergonovine, fosaprepitant, pralatrexate, daunorubicin, glecaprevir, digoxin, and venetoclax drugs were competent, in order to interact with the target proteins perfectly. It was shown that these medications can be used as specific drugs for the treatment of heart diseases after fulfilling further experiments in this regard.
Assuntos
Cardiopatias/tratamento farmacológico , Simulação de Acoplamento Molecular , Ácidos Aminoisobutíricos/uso terapêutico , Aminopterina/análogos & derivados , Aminopterina/uso terapêutico , Compostos Bicíclicos Heterocíclicos com Pontes/uso terapêutico , Ciclopropanos/uso terapêutico , Daunorrubicina/uso terapêutico , Digoxina/uso terapêutico , Reposicionamento de Medicamentos , Expressão Gênica , Cardiopatias/genética , Humanos , Lactamas Macrocíclicas/uso terapêutico , Leucina/análogos & derivados , Leucina/uso terapêutico , Ligantes , Metilergonovina/uso terapêutico , Morfolinas/uso terapêutico , Prolina/análogos & derivados , Prolina/uso terapêutico , Quinoxalinas/uso terapêutico , Sulfonamidas/uso terapêuticoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The world's understanding of COVID-19 continues to evolve as the scientific community discovers unique presentations of this disease. This case report depicts an unexpected intraoperative coagulopathy during a cesarean section in an otherwise asymptomatic patient who was later found to have COVID-19. This case suggests that there may be a higher risk for intrapartum bleeding in the pregnant, largely asymptomatic COVID-positive patient with more abnormal COVID laboratory values. CASE: The case patient displayed D-Dimer elevations beyond what is typically observed among this hospital's COVID-positive peripartum population and displayed significantly more oozing than expected intraoperatively, despite normal prothrombin time, international normalized ratio, fibrinogen, and platelets. CONCLUSION: There is little published evidence on the association between D-Dimer and coagulopathy among the pregnant population infected with SARS-CoV-2. This case report contributes to the growing body of evidence on the effects of COVID-19 in pregnancy. A clinical picture concerning for intraoperative coagulopathy may be associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection during cesarean sections, and abnormal COVID laboratory tests, particularly D-Dimer, may help identify the patients in which this presentation occurs.
Assuntos
Transtornos da Coagulação Sanguínea/sangue , Perda Sanguínea Cirúrgica , Apresentação Pélvica/cirurgia , Cesárea , Infecções por Coronavirus/sangue , Pneumonia Viral/sangue , Complicações Hematológicas na Gravidez/sangue , Complicações Infecciosas na Gravidez/sangue , Adulto , Antifibrinolíticos/uso terapêutico , Betacoronavirus , Transtornos da Coagulação Sanguínea/tratamento farmacológico , Transtornos da Coagulação Sanguínea/metabolismo , Proteína C-Reativa/metabolismo , COVID-19 , Cauterização , Infecções por Coronavirus/diagnóstico , Infecções por Coronavirus/metabolismo , Feminino , Produtos de Degradação da Fibrina e do Fibrinogênio/metabolismo , Fibrinogênio/metabolismo , Hemostasia Cirúrgica , Humanos , Coeficiente Internacional Normatizado , Metilergonovina/uso terapêutico , Oligo-Hidrâmnio , Ocitócicos/uso terapêutico , Ocitocina/uso terapêutico , Pandemias , Contagem de Plaquetas , Pneumonia Viral/diagnóstico , Pneumonia Viral/metabolismo , Gravidez , Complicações Hematológicas na Gravidez/tratamento farmacológico , Complicações Hematológicas na Gravidez/metabolismo , Complicações Infecciosas na Gravidez/diagnóstico , Complicações Infecciosas na Gravidez/metabolismo , Tempo de Protrombina , SARS-CoV-2 , Ácido Tranexâmico/uso terapêutico , Inércia Uterina/tratamento farmacológicoRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To characterize the use of the drug misoprostol for treatment of postpartum hemorrhage in pregnant women. METHODS: A descriptive observational study was carried out with secondary data from pregnant women who used misoprostol to treat postpartum hemorrhage in a reference public maternity, from July 2015 to June 2017. Clinical and sociodemographic profiles of pregnant women, how misoprostol was used and success rate in controling postpartum hemorrhage were characterized. RESULTS: A total of 717 prescriptions of misoprostol were identified. Of these, 10% were for treatment of postpartum hemorrhage. The majority of pregnant women were young adults, married, with complete high school education, white, residing in urban areas, multiparous (68.1%) and 25% had previous cesarean sections. The mean gestational age was 39 weeks and 51.4% had a cesarean section. There was prophylactic use of oxytocin in 47.2% of women. Treatment of postpartum hemorrhage was successful in 84.7% of women. Of these, 79.2% also used oxytocin and 54.2% methylergonovine. Only 13.5% of pregnant women had less than five prenatal visits, and the main cause of postpartum hemorrhage was uterine atony. There were 13 complications after hemorrhage, 15.3% required blood transfusion and there was one case of maternal death. CONCLUSION: Misoprostol showed to be effective and safe for treating postpartum hemorrhage.
Assuntos
Misoprostol/uso terapêutico , Ocitócicos/uso terapêutico , Hemorragia Pós-Parto/tratamento farmacológico , Adulto , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Idade Gestacional , Humanos , Metilergonovina/uso terapêutico , Ocitocina/uso terapêutico , Gravidez , Adulto JovemRESUMO
ABSTRACT Objective To characterize the use of the drug misoprostol for treatment of postpartum hemorrhage in pregnant women. Methods A descriptive observational study was carried out with secondary data from pregnant women who used misoprostol to treat postpartum hemorrhage in a reference public maternity, from July 2015 to June 2017. Clinical and sociodemographic profiles of pregnant women, how misoprostol was used and success rate in controling postpartum hemorrhage were characterized. Results A total of 717 prescriptions of misoprostol were identified. Of these, 10% were for treatment of postpartum hemorrhage. The majority of pregnant women were young adults, married, with complete high school education, white, residing in urban areas, multiparous (68.1%) and 25% had previous cesarean sections. The mean gestational age was 39 weeks and 51.4% had a cesarean section. There was prophylactic use of oxytocin in 47.2% of women. Treatment of postpartum hemorrhage was successful in 84.7% of women. Of these, 79.2% also used oxytocin and 54.2% methylergonovine. Only 13.5% of pregnant women had less than five prenatal visits, and the main cause of postpartum hemorrhage was uterine atony. There were 13 complications after hemorrhage, 15.3% required blood transfusion and there was one case of maternal death. Conclusion Misoprostol showed to be effective and safe for treating postpartum hemorrhage.
RESUMO Objetivo Caracterizar o uso do medicamento misoprostol para o tratamento da hemorragia pós-parto em gestantes. Métodos Estudo observacional descritivo realizado por meio de dados secundários de gestantes que fizeram uso do misoprostol para tratamento da hemorragia pós-parto em maternidade pública de referência, no período de julho de 2015 a junho de 2017. Caracterizaram-se os perfis clínico e sociodemográfico das gestantes, o padrão de utilização do misoprostol e sua taxa de sucesso no controle da hemorragia pós-parto. Resultados Foram identificadas 717 prescrições do misoprostol. Destas, 10% foram para tratamento da hemorragia pós-parto. Predominaram gestantes adultas jovens, casadas, com Ensino Médio completo, raça branca, da região urbana, multíparas (68,1%) e 25% apresentavam cesáreas prévias. A idade gestacional média foi 39 semanas e 51,4% das gestantes tiveram parto cesárea. Houve uso profilático de ocitocina em 47,2% das mulheres. O tratamento da hemorragia pós-parto eve sucesso em 84,7% das gestantes que usaram misoprostol. Destas, 79,2% também usaram ocitocina e 54,2% metilergometrina. Apenas 13,5% das gestantes tiveram menos de cinco consultas de pré-natal, e a principal causa da hemorragia pós-parto foi atonia uterina. Foram registrados 13 casos de complicações após a hemorragia, 15,3% necessitaram de hemotransfusão e houve um caso de óbito materno. Conclusão O misoprostol demonstrou ser efetivo e seguro para o tratamento da hemorragia pós-parto.
Assuntos
Humanos , Gravidez , Adulto , Adulto Jovem , Ocitócicos/uso terapêutico , Misoprostol/uso terapêutico , Hemorragia Pós-Parto/tratamento farmacológico , Ocitocina/uso terapêutico , Estudos Transversais , Idade Gestacional , Metilergonovina/uso terapêuticoRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: Our objective was to document current practices of abortion providers on the use of medications to decrease bleeding during surgical abortion. STUDY DESIGN: We emailed surveys to 336 abortion providers through a professional listserv to elicit information on their use of medications to prevent and treat bleeding during first- and second-trimester surgical abortion. RESULTS: One hundred sixty-eight (50%) providers responded to our survey. The majority were obstetrician-gynecologists (83%) working in an academic practice (66%). Most completed a fellowship in family planning (87%) and currently perform abortions up to 22 or 24weeks of gestation (63%). Seventy-two percent routinely used prophylactic medications for bleeding. Providers who routinely used medications to prevent bleeding most commonly chose vasopressin (83%). Providers preferred methylergonovine as a treatment for excessive bleeding in the second trimester, followed by misoprostol. CONCLUSION: We found that most providers routinely use medications to prevent bleeding and use several different regimens to treat bleeding during abortion. IMPLICATIONS: We found that surgical abortion providers use a range of medications to prevent and treat hemorrhage at the time of surgical abortion. Scant evidence is available to guide abortion providers on the use of medications to decrease hemorrhage during surgical abortion. To provide evidence-based recommendations for the prevention and treatment of clinically significant bleeding, researchers should target the most commonly used interventions.
Assuntos
Aborto Induzido/efeitos adversos , Aborto Induzido/métodos , Perda Sanguínea Cirúrgica/prevenção & controle , Hemostáticos/uso terapêutico , Padrões de Prática Médica , Hemorragia Uterina/tratamento farmacológico , Abortivos não Esteroides , Serviços de Planejamento Familiar/educação , Feminino , Idade Gestacional , Ginecologia , Humanos , Metilergonovina/uso terapêutico , Misoprostol/uso terapêutico , Obstetrícia/métodos , Ocitócicos/uso terapêutico , Padrões de Prática Médica/estatística & dados numéricos , Gravidez , Inquéritos e Questionários , Estados Unidos , Vasopressinas/uso terapêuticoRESUMO
Uterine atony is a common cause of primary postpartum hemorrhage, which remains a major cause of pregnancy-related mortality for women worldwide. Oxytocin, methylergonovine, carboprost, and misoprostol are commonly used to restore uterine tone. Oxytocin is the first-line agent. Methylergonovine and carboprost are both highly effective second-line agents with severe potential side effects. Recent studies have called into question the effectiveness of misoprostol as an adjunct to other uterotonic agents, but it remains a useful therapeutic in resource-limited practice environments. We review the current role these medications play in the prevention and treatment of uterine atony.
Assuntos
Carboprosta/uso terapêutico , Metilergonovina/uso terapêutico , Misoprostol/uso terapêutico , Ocitócicos/uso terapêutico , Ocitocina/uso terapêutico , Hemorragia Pós-Parto/tratamento farmacológico , Hemorragia Pós-Parto/prevenção & controle , Carboprosta/efeitos adversos , Feminino , Humanos , Metilergonovina/efeitos adversos , Misoprostol/efeitos adversos , Ocitócicos/efeitos adversos , Ocitocina/efeitos adversos , GravidezRESUMO
Left ventricular noncompaction is a rare congenital cardiomyopathy that is an arrest in the normal process of cardiac compaction, resulting in the development of multiple prominent trabeculations in the left ventricle. We report a case of a parturient with left ventricular noncompaction causing decompensated heart failure who underwent cesarean delivery that was complicated by an acute pulmonary hypertensive crisis.
Assuntos
Cesárea/métodos , Hipertensão Pulmonar/etiologia , Miocárdio Ventricular não Compactado Isolado/complicações , Metilergonovina/efeitos adversos , Ocitócicos/efeitos adversos , Hemorragia Pós-Parto/tratamento farmacológico , Complicações na Gravidez , Adulto , Feminino , Insuficiência Cardíaca/diagnóstico , Insuficiência Cardíaca/etiologia , Humanos , Metilergonovina/uso terapêutico , Ocitócicos/uso terapêutico , GravidezRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: Uterine atony is a leading cause of postpartum hemorrhage. Although most cases of postpartum hemorrhage respond to first-line therapy with uterine massage and oxytocin administration, second-line uterotonics including methylergonovine and carboprost are integral for the management of refractory uterine atony. Despite their ubiquitous use, it is uncertain whether the risk of hemorrhage-related morbidity differs in women exposed to methylergonovine or carboprost at cesarean delivery. STUDY DESIGN: We performed a secondary analysis using the Maternal-Fetal Medicine Units Network Cesarean Registry. We identified women who underwent cesarean delivery and received either methylergonovine or carboprost for refractory uterine atony. The primary outcome was hemorrhage-related morbidity defined as intraoperative or postoperative red blood cell transfusion or the need for additional surgical interventions including uterine artery ligation, hypogastric artery ligation, or peripartum hysterectomy for atony. We compared the risk of hemorrhage-related morbidity in those exposed to methylergonovine vs carboprost. Propensity-score matching was used to account for potential confounders. RESULTS: The study cohort comprised 1335 women; 870 (65.2%) women received methylergonovine and 465 (34.8%) women received carboprost. After accounting for potential confounders, the risk of hemorrhage-related morbidity was higher in the carboprost group than the methylergonovine group (relative risk, 1.7; 95% confidence interval, 1.2-2.6). CONCLUSION: In this propensity score-matched analysis, methylergonovine was associated with reduced risk of hemorrhage-related morbidity during cesarean delivery compared to carboprost. Based on these results, methylergonovine may be a more effective second-line uterotonic.
Assuntos
Carboprosta/uso terapêutico , Cesárea , Transfusão de Eritrócitos/estatística & dados numéricos , Histerectomia , Metilergonovina/uso terapêutico , Ocitócicos/uso terapêutico , Hemorragia Pós-Parto/terapia , Artéria Uterina/cirurgia , Inércia Uterina/terapia , Adulto , Estudos de Coortes , Feminino , Humanos , Ligadura , Gravidez , Pontuação de Propensão , Fatores de Risco , Adulto JovemRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: Postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) is an important cause of maternal mortality (MM) around the world. Seventy percent of the PPH corresponds to uterine atony. The objective of our study was to evaluate multicenter PPH cases during a 10-month period, and evaluate severe postpartum hemorrhage management. STUDY DESIGN: The study population is a cohort of vaginal delivery and cesarean section patients with severe postpartum hemorrhage secondary to uterine atony. The study was designed as a descriptive, prospective, longitudinal, and multicenter study, during 10 months in 13 teaching hospitals. RESULTS: Total live births during the study period were 124,019 with 218 patients (0.17%) with severe postpartum hemorrhage (SPHH). Total maternal deaths were 8, for mortality rate of 3.6% and a MM rate of 6.45/100,000 live births (LB). Maternal deaths were associated with inadequate transfusion therapy. CONCLUSIONS: In all patients with severe hemorrhage and subsequent hypovolemic shock, the most important therapy is intravascular volume resuscitation, to reduce the possibility of target organ damage and death. Similarly, the current proposals of transfusion therapy in severe or massive hemorrhage point to early transfusion of blood products and use of fresh frozen plasma, in addition to packed red blood cells, to prevent maternal deaths.
Assuntos
Hemorragia Pós-Parto/terapia , Choque/terapia , Inércia Uterina/terapia , Adolescente , Adulto , Transfusão de Componentes Sanguíneos/métodos , América Central , Cesárea , Estudos de Coortes , Parto Obstétrico , Transfusão de Eritrócitos/métodos , Feminino , Humanos , Ligadura/métodos , Estudos Longitudinais , Metilergonovina/uso terapêutico , Ocitócicos/uso terapêutico , Ocitocina/uso terapêutico , Hemorragia Pós-Parto/etiologia , Hemorragia Pós-Parto/mortalidade , Gravidez , Estudos Prospectivos , Prostaglandinas/uso terapêutico , Índice de Gravidade de Doença , Choque/etiologia , Choque/mortalidade , Técnicas de Sutura , Artéria Uterina/cirurgia , Embolização da Artéria Uterina/métodos , Tamponamento com Balão Uterino , Inércia Uterina/mortalidade , Adulto JovemRESUMO
BACKGROUND: There are several Cochrane systematic reviews looking at postpartum haemorrhage (PPH) prophylaxis in the third stage of labour and another Cochrane review investigating the timing of prophylactic uterotonics in the third stage of labour (i.e. before or after delivery of the placenta). There are, however, no Cochrane reviews looking at the use of interventions given purely after delivery of the placenta. Ergometrine or methylergometrine are used for the prevention of PPH in the postpartum period (the period after delivery of the infant) after delivery of the placenta in some countries. There are, furthermore, no Cochrane reviews that have so far considered herbal therapies or homeopathic remedies for the prevention of PPH after delivery of the placenta. OBJECTIVES: To assess the effectiveness of available prophylactic interventions for PPH including prophylactic use of ergotamine, ergometrine, methylergometrine, herbal therapies, and homeopathic remedies, administered after delivery of the placenta, compared with no uterotonic agents as well as with different routes of administration for prevention of PPH after delivery of the placenta. SEARCH METHODS: We searched the Cochrane Pregnancy and Childbirth Group's Trials Register (30 April 2013), The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) (USA), Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency (MHRA) (UK), European Medicines Agency (EMA) (EU), Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Agency (PMDA) (Japan), Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA) (Australia), ClinicalTrials.gov, Current Controlled Trials, WHO International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (ICTRP), University Hospital Medical Information Network Clinical Trials Registry (UMIN-CTR; Japan), Japan Pharmaceutical Information Center Clinical Trials Information (Japic-CTI; Japan), Japan Medical Association Clinical Trial Registration (JMACCT CTR; Japan) (all on 30 April 2013) and reference lists of retrieved studies SELECTION CRITERIA: All randomised or quasi-randomised controlled trials comparing prophylactic ergotamine, ergometrine, methylergometrine, herbal therapies, and homeopathic remedies (using any route and timing of administration) during the postpartum period after delivery of the placenta with no uterotonic agents or trials comparing different routes or timing of administration of ergotamine, ergometrine, methylergometrine, herbal therapies, and homeopathic remedies, during the postpartum period after delivery of the placenta. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Two review authors independently assessed trial eligibility and the methodological quality of trials, extracted data using the agreed form. Data were checked for accuracy. MAIN RESULTS: Five randomised studies involving 1466 women met the inclusion criteria. All studies were classified as having an unclear risk of bias. Two studies (involving 1097 women) compared oral methylergometrine with a placebo, and one (involving 171 women) compared oral methylergometrine with Kyuki-chouketsu-in, a Japanese traditional herbal medicine. The remaining two studies (involving 198 women) did not report the outcomes of interest for this review. None of the included studies reported primary outcomes prespecified in the review protocol (blood loss of 1000 mL or more over the period of observation, maternal death or severe morbidity). Overall, there was no clear evidence of differences between groups in the following PPH outcomes: blood loss of 500 mL or more (risk ratio (RR) 1.45; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.39 to 5.47, two studies), amount of lochia during the first 72 hours of the puerperium (mean difference (MD) -25.00 g; 95% CI -69.79 to 19.79, one study), or amount of lochia by four weeks postpartum (MD -7.00 g; 95% CI -23.99 to 9.99).The Japanese study with a relatively small sample size comparing oral methylergometrine with a Japanese traditional herbal medicine found that oral methylergometrine significantly increased the blood haemoglobin concentration at day one postpartum (MD 0.50 g/dL; 95% CI 0.11 to 0.89) compared to herbal medicine. Adverse events were not well-reported in the included studies. We did not find any studies comparing homeopathic remedies with either a placebo or no treatment. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: There was insufficient evidence to support the use of prophylactic oral methylergometrine given after delivery of the placenta for the prevention of PPH. Additionally, the effectiveness of prophylactic use of herbal medicine or homeopathic remedies for PPH is still unclear as we could not find any clear evidence. Trials to assess the effectiveness of herbal medicines and homeopathic remedies in preventing PPH are warranted.
Assuntos
Terceira Fase do Trabalho de Parto , Hemorragia Pós-Parto/prevenção & controle , Medicamentos de Ervas Chinesas/uso terapêutico , Ergonovina/uso terapêutico , Ergotamina/uso terapêutico , Feminino , Homeopatia/métodos , Humanos , Metilergonovina/uso terapêutico , Fitoterapia/métodos , Gravidez , Ensaios Clínicos Controlados Aleatórios como Assunto , Vasoconstritores/uso terapêuticoAssuntos
Hemorragia Pós-Parto/patologia , Hemorragia Pós-Parto/terapia , Útero/patologia , Testes de Coagulação Sanguínea , Volume Sanguíneo , Bulgária/epidemiologia , Feminino , Humanos , Lipressina/análogos & derivados , Lipressina/uso terapêutico , Metilergonovina/uso terapêutico , Misoprostol/uso terapêutico , Ocitócicos/uso terapêutico , Ocitocina/uso terapêutico , Hemorragia Pós-Parto/epidemiologia , Hemorragia Pós-Parto/cirurgia , Gravidez , Fatores de Risco , Terlipressina , Útero/efeitos dos fármacos , Útero/cirurgiaRESUMO
A high-performance liquid chromatographic assay has been developed for the detection and quantification of the conventional postnatal uterotonic drug, methylergometrine, in human breast milk using a C-18 reversed-phase column by isocratic elution. The analytical method consisted of sample clean-up by solid-phase extraction, and the fluorescence detection required only 8.5 min per sample for separation and quantitation. This assay gave intra- and inter-assay coefficients of variation of less than 7.9% and 7.7%, respectively, and the detection limit was approximately 50 pg/ml. This method was applied for drug level monitoring in the breast milk of patients given methylergometrine.
Assuntos
Metilergonovina/análise , Leite Humano/química , Ocitócicos/análise , Adulto , Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Pressão , Feminino , Fluorometria/métodos , Humanos , Metilergonovina/uso terapêutico , Ocitócicos/uso terapêutico , Período Pós-Parto , Padrões de Referência , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Extração em Fase Sólida/métodos , SoluçõesRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Uterine arteriovenous malformations are a rare and potentially life-threatening condition. Medical therapy has not been popular because of the propensity for excessive bleeding in the patient. As a result, the effect of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (Gn-RH) agonists on uterine arteriovenous malformations has not been established. CASE: A 30-year-old patient presented with persistent vaginal bleeding. Based on the color Doppler ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging findings, a uterine arteriovenous malformation was diagnosed. Because initial treatment with methylergonovine maleate was unsuccessful, the patient was treated with Gn-RH agonists. The lesion completely disappeared after 6 months of Gn-RH agonist treatment. Five months after the completion of Gn-RH agonist therapy, the patient conceived spontaneously and successfully completed a normal pregnancy. The patient has remained free from recurrence of the lesion. CONCLUSION: Gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist therapy has the potential to be a conservative treatment modality for uterine arteriovenous malformations in hemodynamically stable patients.
Assuntos
Malformações Arteriovenosas/tratamento farmacológico , Hormônio Liberador de Gonadotropina/agonistas , Leuprolida/uso terapêutico , Hemorragia Uterina/tratamento farmacológico , Útero/irrigação sanguínea , Útero/efeitos dos fármacos , Adulto , Malformações Arteriovenosas/complicações , Malformações Arteriovenosas/diagnóstico por imagem , Feminino , Humanos , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética , Metilergonovina/uso terapêutico , Gravidez , Resultado do Tratamento , Ultrassonografia Doppler em Cores , Hemorragia Uterina/diagnóstico , Hemorragia Uterina/etiologia , Útero/diagnóstico por imagemRESUMO
Methylergonovine (MEV) is a semi-synthetic ergot alkaloid used in the prevention and control of postpartum hemorrhage. This report describes 12 newborns born on the same day in a local country hospital in Turkey and developed sepsis-like symptoms and encephalopathy within the first 6 h of life due to accidental administration of MEV instead of vitamin K in the delivery room. The major features of MEV poisoning were lethargy (41.7%), seizure (75.0%), feeding intolerance (66.6%), hypoventilation (58.3%), irritability (25%), and peripheral circulatory abnormalities (58.3%). As a conclusion, clinical findings of ergot toxicity in newborns cannot be distinguished from infectious disease or neonatal encephalopathy.
Assuntos
Ergotismo/diagnóstico , Metilergonovina/intoxicação , Sepse/diagnóstico , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Feminino , Humanos , Recém-Nascido , Masculino , Erros de Medicação , Metilergonovina/uso terapêuticoRESUMO
Management of infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) dramatically improved during the 1990s. The advent of high-performance quantitative HIV assays and highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART) were the two most important developments in HIV medicine. As a result, HIV mortality and morbidity have significantly reduced. This improvement in life quality and expectancy through the use of HAART has led to an increase in the number of HIV-infected patients wishing to have children. The mother-to-child transmission which was of major concern previously can now be significantly reduced by newer management strategies. This review stresses on the management of pregnancy in HIV.
Assuntos
Antirretrovirais/uso terapêutico , Infecções por HIV/tratamento farmacológico , Complicações Infecciosas na Gravidez/tratamento farmacológico , Terapia Antirretroviral de Alta Atividade , Cesárea , Farmacorresistência Viral , Feminino , Infecções por HIV/transmissão , Humanos , Inseminação Artificial Homóloga , Metilergonovina/uso terapêutico , Ocitócicos/uso terapêutico , Hemorragia Pós-Parto/tratamento farmacológico , Gravidez , Carga ViralRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: Ultrasonographic evaluation of the postpartum uterus to prevent retained placental tissue complications is still a matter of debate, and it is difficult to interpret its necessity on the basis of previous studies. We hypothesized that the application of uterotonics on the basis of regular postpartum ultrasound scanning of the uterus may reduce the number of unnecessary curettages in a large unselected population. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional observational study conducted among mothers (n = 6,028) delivering at two different (secondary and tertiary) hospitals to analyze the benefit of postpartum uterine ultrasound for clinical implications. Women delivering at the secondary care unit (n = 1,915) had no regular postpartum ultrasound scans in comparison to those delivering at the tertiary unit (n = 4,113). On regular ultrasound scans, morphological findings in the uterine cavity were recorded. Upon the presence of an intrauterine hyperechogenic mass larger than 2 cm in diameter, mothers received a single dose of uterotonics (methylergometrin 0.2 mg or oxytocin 5 IU) intramuscularly and control sonography after 24 h. In case of intrauterine mass persistence and serious postpartum hemorrhage women underwent a surgical intervention. The management was similar at the secondary unit, but ultrasound scans were provided only when there was a clinical finding. All patients were followed-up 6 weeks after labor. RESULTS: Women delivering at the secondary institution experienced a higher incidence of puerperal surgical interventions (1.51 vs. 0.87%) and lower agreement between sonography and histological findings (72.4 vs. 86.1%) compared with women delivering at the tertiary care unit, respectively (P < 0.05), where the general incidence of interventions was 1.10% after spontaneous and 0.19% after cesarean deliveries. In addition, trained sonographers reached only 13.9% false-positive ultrasound scans. Time-dependent regression analysis of uterine morphological involution variables showed a significant association between uterine length, width, uterine cavity and cervical channel mass, P < 0.0001, P < 0.01, P < 0.05, P < 0.05, respectively, and insignificant association between uterine cavity volume with an increased time period postpartum. CONCLUSIONS: In this study, routine ultrasound evaluation of the uterus in the postpartum period with regular application of uterotonics decreased the rate of surgical interventions. We strongly advise the introduction of postpartum uterine scanning into obstetrical practice, most suitably provided around day 3 after delivery.