Micólogas en Chile: la desconocida historia de grandes científicas del siglo XX / Mycologists in Chile: the unknown story of great women scientists of the 20th century

La mayoría de las mujeres que realizan ciencia en Chile y en otros países, son mujeres invisibles para la sociedad. Muchas mujeres que realizaron grandes esfuerzos para estudiar una carrera científica a la que dedicaron toda su vida, son olvidadas al momento de su retiro o de su muerte. Esto incluye a micólogas que vivieron o estuvieron de paso en nuestro país en el siglo XX y que realizaron grandes aportes al conocimiento de esta disciplina, comúnmente conocida como el estudio de los hongos y de especies afines. En esta revisión bibliográfica, se dan a conocer algunos nombres de las micólogas o de científicas que contribuyeron de manera significativa al desarrollo de la Micología Chilena durante el siglo XX, época donde en nuestro país la Micología era más desarrollada por hombres que por mujeres. Gran parte de las micólogas que mencionamos han fallecido, pero no por ello debemos olvidar quiénes fueron, al contrario, es importante conocer su historia que podría ser inspiradora para las próximas generaciones de mujeres micólogas en nuestro país. (AU)

Mujeres e higiene industrial en el México posrevolucionario: el informe de Juan de Beraza sobre "La Perfeccionada" (25 de octubre, 1919) / Women and industrial hygiene in post-revolutionary Mexico: Juan de Beraza's report on "La Perfeccionada" (October 25, 1919)

Resumen En octubre de 1919, en medio de la construcción de las instituciones posrevolucionarias de protección de la salud en México, Juan de Beraza, oficial ayudante de la Secretaria de Industria, Comercio y Trabajo, redactó un documento sobre las condiciones de 479 obreras de una fábrica de la capital. El informe presentó un resumen de los problemas de higiene y de acoso sexual que las mujeres experimentaron en los espacios laborales. El documento ofrece información relevante para la historia de las mujeres dentro del "mundo del trabajo" en las primeras décadas del siglo XX. Se publica una transcripción del informe precedida de una presentación del mismo.

Abstract In October 1919, during the construction of post-revolutionary health protection institutions in Mexico, Juan de Beraza, an office assistant to the Secretary of Industry, Commerce, and Labor, wrote a document about the conditions of 479 women workers in a factory in the capital. The report had a summary of hygiene and sexual harassment problems that women experienced in their workplaces. The document offers relevant information about the history of women in the "world of work" in the first decades of the twentieth century. A transcript of the report is published, preceded by a presentation of the report.

A(s) sexualidade(s) no período da amamentação: representações sociais da mulher nutriz / Sexuality (ies) in the period of breastfeeding: social representations of the nursing woman

Introdução. O estudo tem como objeto, as representações sociais das sexualidades da mulher nutriz no contexto da amamentação. Objetivos. Compreender as representações sociais das sexualidades no contexto da amamentação para a mulher nutriz, analisar as formas de agir/comportamento e atitudes da mulher nutriz frente as suas sexualidades acerca da amamentação, propor estratégias a partir das representações sociais das mulheres nutrizes frente à promoção da sua saúde sexual e reprodutiva no diferentes espaços de atendimentos dessas nutrizes. Percurso metodológico. Estudo qualitativo- descritivo, sustentado pela Teoria das Representações Sociais (TRS), desenvolvidono Banco de Leite Humano Santa Ágata, localizado no município de Porto Velho-RO. Foram participantes 110 mulheres nas etapasde coleta de dados referentes à aplicação de questionário do perfil sócio-econômico- demogrpafico e de saúde sexual e saúde reprodutiva e na técnica de associação livre de palavras, desse total, 30 mulheres participaram da entrevista em profundidade. Aprovação ética sob parecer 3.035.088 Resultados e discussão. Após a análise do material coletado através da TALP, o software Trideux emitido um relatório em que foram evocadas 492 palavras relacionadas aos termos indutores, sendo 176 palavras diferentes entre si, das quais26 contribuíram para a organização dos dados compartilhados pelas mulheres nutrizes. As evocações resultantes mostram as diferenças de representações entre as mulheres considerando a idade, o tempo de nutriz e a paridade. As evocações de maior representatividade para a construção dos eixos F1 e F2 foram relação sexual (CPF=200) que surgiu a partir do estímulo indutor sexualidade e normal (CPF=353) que surgiu a partir do estímulo indutor sexualidade na amamentação. A partir dos resultados do software Iramuteq, foram elaborados quatro blocos temáticos: bloco temático I: a cotidianidade da mulher nutriz frente às suas sexualidades, bloco temático II: sentidos e práticas no estabelecimento das sexualidades das mulheres nutrizes; bloco temático III: representação do corpo modificado para a mulher nutriz no contexto da amamentação e puerpério e bloco temático IV: rede de apoio como elemento representativo das vivências das sexualidades no contexto da amamentação. A partir dessas representações constatou-se que o objeto representacional sexualidades está situado em uma rede de representações que integra outros objetos com seus elementos representacionais, que orientam as atitudes, comportamentos e práticas das mulheres nutrizes, evidenciando quea RS está ancorada no retorno à vida sexual. Considerações finais. Os resultados foram importantes para a compreensão do profissional de saúde sobre o constructo social e subjetividades da mulher nutriz, no sentido de promover a atenção à saúde da mulher de forma integrada aos princípios da SSSR.

Introduction. The study has as its object, the social representations of the sexualities of the nursing woman in the context of breastfeeding. Goals. To understand the social representations of sexualities in the context of breastfeeding for the nursing woman, to analyze the ways of acting/behavior and attitudes of the nursing woman towards their sexualities about breastfeeding, to propose strategies based on the social representations of nursing women in the face of promoting their sexual and reproductive health in the different care spaces of these nursing mothers. Methodological path. Qualitative-descriptive study, supported by the Theory of Social Representations (TRS), developed at the Santa Ágata Human Milk Bank, located in the municipality of Porto Velho-RO. A total of 110 women participated in the data collection stages referring to the application of a questionnaire on the socio-economic-demographic and sexual health and reproductive health profile and in the free word association technique, of which 30 women participated in the in-depth interview. Ethical approval under opinion 3,035,088 Results and discussion. After analyzing the material collected through the TALP, the Trideux software issued a report in which 492 words related to the inducing terms were evoked, 176 of which are different from each other, of which26 contributed to the organization of the data shared by the nursing women. The resulting evocations show the differences in representations between women considering age, time of nursing and parity. The most representative evocations for the construction of the F1 and F2 axes were sexual intercourse (CPF=200) that emerged from the inducing stimulus sexuality and normal (CPF=353) that emerged from the inducing stimulus sexuality in breastfeeding. Based on the results of the Iramuteq software, four thematic blocks were created: thematic block I: the daily life of nursing women in relation to their sexualities, thematic block II: meanings and practices in establishing the sexualities of nursing women; thematic block III: representation of the modified body for the nursing woman in the context of breastfeeding and puerperium and thematic block IV: support network as a representative element of the experiences of sexualities in the context of breastfeeding. From these representations, it was found that the representational object sexualities are located in a network of representations that integrates other objects with their representational elements, which guide the attitudes, behaviors and practices of nursing women, showing that SR is anchored in the return to life. sexual. Final considerations. The results were important for the health professional's understanding of the social construct and subjectivities of the nursing woman, in order to promote women's health care in an integrated manner with the principles of SSSR.

Introducción. El estudio tiene como objeto, las representaciones sociales de las sexualidades de la mujer lactante en el contexto de la lactancia materna. Metas. Comprender las representaciones sociales de las sexualidades en el contexto del amamantamiento para la mujer lactante, analizar los modos de actuar/conductas y actitudes de la mujer lactante frente a sus sexualidades sobre el amamantamiento, proponer estrategias a partir de las representaciones sociales de las mujeres lactantes en el frente a la promoción de su salud sexual y reproductiva en los diferentes espacios de atención de estas madres lactantes. Camino metodológico. Estudio cualitativo-descriptivo, apoyado en la Teoría de las Representaciones Sociales (TRS), desarrollado en el Banco de Leche Humana de Santa Ágata, ubicado en el municipio de Porto Velho -RO. Un total de 110 mujeres participaron en las etapas de recolección de datos referentes a la aplicación de un cuestionario sobre el perfil socioeconómico-demográfico y de salud sexual y reproductiva y en la técnica de asociación libre de palabras, de las cuales 30 mujeres participaron en la profundización. entrevista. Homologación ética bajo dictamen 3.035.088. Resultados y Discusión. Luego de analizar el material recolectado a través del TALP, el software Trideux emitió un informe en el que fueron evocadas 492 palabras relacionadas con los términos inductores, de las cuales 176 son diferentes entre sí, de las cuales 26 contribuyeron a la organización de los datos compartidos por las enfermeras. Las evocaciones resultantes muestran las diferencias en las representaciones entre las mujeres considerando la edad, el tiempo de lactancia y la paridad. Las evocaciones más representativas para la construcción de los ejes F1 y F2 fueron las relaciones sexuales (CPF=200) que emergieron del estímulo inductor sexualidad y la normalidad (CPF=353) que emergieron del estímulo inductor sexualidad en la lactancia. A partir de los resultados del software Iramuteq fueron creados cuatro bloques temáticos: bloque temático I: el cotidiano de las mujeres lactantes en relación a sus sexualidades, bloque temático II: significados y prácticas en la constitución de las sexualidades de las mujeres lactantes; bloque temático III: representación del cuerpo modificado para la mujer lactante en el contexto de la lactancia y el puerperio y bloque temático IV: red de apoyo como elemento representativo de las vivencias de las sexualidades en el contexto de la lactancia. A partir de estas representaciones, se constató que las sexualidades del objeto representacional se ubican en una red de representaciones que integran otros objetos con sus elementos representacionales, que orientan las actitudes, comportamientos y prácticas de las mujeres enfermeras, mostrando que la RS está anclada en el retorno a la vida sexuales Consideraciones finales. Los resultados fueron importantes para la comprensión del profesional de la salud sobre el constructo social y las subjetividades de la mujer lactante, con el fin de promover el cuidado de la salud de la mujer de forma integrada con los principios de la RSSS.

The 12 women who won the Nobel Prize in Medicine or Physiology: [errata] / As 12 mulheres laureadas com o Prêmio Nobel de Medicina ou Fisiologia: [errata]

Introduction: the Nobel Prize is one of the highest academic honors in the world. Since its first edition, in 1901, until 2021, there have been hundreds of winners. In the Medicine or Physiology category, chosen by the Karolinska Institute in Stockholm, Sweden, 112 awards have been given to 224 laureates, among them, only 12 (5.4%) women. Aims and source of data: with the aim of reviewing the biographies, characteristics, and peculiarities of each woman awarded the Nobel Prize for Medicine or Physiology. Data were analyzed from the following sources: the Award page, websites of the institutions to which some of them have been or are affiliated, books with biographies of Nobel laureates in Medicine or Physiology, and articles in the PubMed database. Summary of findings: the average age when receiving the award was 63.4 years. The most recurrent country of origin was the United States of America, also responsible for the largest number of institutions to which the laureates were affiliated at the time of the award. The academic training of the laureates was quite diverse, ranging among medicine, chemistry, physics, biology, pharmacy, psychology and natural sciences. Five of the 12 laureates did not have children. Comments: the origins and trajectories, although plural, have points in common, such as a fascination with science since childhood and the need to overcome additional barriers throughout their education, because of their sex. Conclusion: investments on a global scale are necessary to increase equity between sexes.

Introdução: o prêmio Nobel é uma das maiores honrarias acadêmicas do mundo. Desde a sua primeira edição, em 1901, até 2021, já foram centenas de vencedores. Na categoria Medicina ou Fisiologia, escolhido pelo Instituto Karolinska em Estocolmo, na Suécia, foram entregues 111 prêmios para 224 laureados, dentre eles, apenas 12 (5,4%) mulheres. Objetivos e métodos: com o objetivo rever as biografias, características e peculiaridades, de cada mulher laureada com o prêmio Nobel de Medicina ou Fisiologia, foram analisados dados provenientes da página do prêmio; de sites das instituições às quais algumas delas foram ou são afiliadas; em livros com biografias dos laureados com o prêmio Nobel de Medicina ou Fisiologia; e artigos na base de dados PubMed. Síntese dos dados: a média de idade ao receber o prêmio foi de 63,4 anos. O país de origem mais recorrente foi os Estados Unidos da América; também é o local que abriga o maior número de instituições às quais as laureadas estavam filiadas no momento da premiação. A formação acadêmica das laureadas foi bastante diversa, variando entre: medicina, química, física, biologia, farmácia, psicologia e ciências naturais. Cinco das 12 laureadas não tiveram filhos. Conclusão: fazem-se necessários investimentos em escala global para aumentar a equidade entre os gêneros.

Women made visible: a different perspective on the history of the Institute of Tropical Medicine in Portugal, 1943-1966.

This work focuses on the scientific research conducted by women at Portugal's Institute of Tropical Medicine between 1943 and 1966. The Institute's scientific journal documents the participation of women in tropical medicine during this period. Their publications addressed a variety of subjects and resulted from research carried out in the metropolis as well as Portugal's overseas colonies. Most of the articles written by these women were are co-authored by their male colleagues, reflecting the incorporation of female researchers into scientific networks already established by men. This work in progress provides a starting point to lend visibility to a group of scientific actors who are practically absent from the historiography of tropical medicine.

The emergence of physiotherapy in Germany from the mid-19th to the mid-20th centuries: A "female profession" concerned with movement in the health care arena.

Background: The history of physiotherapy in Germany dates back to the mid-nineteenth century, when German physicians discovered Swedish medical gymnastics as a therapeutic treatment modality. From the early 20th century onwards, physiotherapy slowly began to establish itself as a field of activity specifically for women of the middle classes who provided assistive services to medical doctors.Method: Extensive overview of published and unpublished research on the history of German physiotherapy as well as select primary sources from the 19th and 20th centuries. Additionally reference is made to historical research regarding the emergence of the physical culture and life reform movements, as well as on gender research regarding upper and middle class female employment opportunities in the social and health care sector. Findings: This study outlines the two leitmotifs of physiotherapy's incorporation into the medical sector (i.e. medicalisation) and its (self-)image as a "female profession" (i.e. feminisation) as two intertwined historical phenomena shaping the critical period when physiotherapy assumed its role as a health profession in Germany. These developments from the mid-19th to the mid-20th centuries resulted in the emergence of a "female profession" with a distinct focus on the role of movement as a treatment modality.Discussion: Critical engagement with a handed down professional self-image is needed. On the basis of my historiographical overview, I suggest a future research agenda which would result in a more appropriate understanding of early physiotherapists in Germany as historical agents.

Women made visible: a different perspective on the history of the Institute of Tropical Medicine in Portugal, 1943-1966 / Mulheres visíveis: uma perspectiva diferente na história do Instituto de Medicina Tropical em Portugal, 1943-1966

Abstract This work focuses on the scientific research conducted by women at Portugal's Institute of Tropical Medicine between 1943 and 1966. The Institute's scientific journal documents the participation of women in tropical medicine during this period. Their publications addressed a variety of subjects and resulted from research carried out in the metropolis as well as Portugal's overseas colonies. Most of the articles written by these women were are co-authored by their male colleagues, reflecting the incorporation of female researchers into scientific networks already established by men. This work in progress provides a starting point to lend visibility to a group of scientific actors who are practically absent from the historiography of tropical medicine.

Resumo O foco deste trabalho é a pesquisa científica realizada por mulheres no Instituto de Medicina Tropical, em Portugal, entre 1943 e 1966. O periódico científico do Instituto documenta a participação das mulheres na medicina tropical nesse período. Suas publicações abordavam uma diversidade de temas e resultaram de pesquisas realizadas na metrópole, bem como nas colônias ultramarinas de Portugal. A maioria dos artigos escritos por mulheres contava com a coautoria de seus colegas homens, refletindo a incorporação de pesquisadoras às redes científicas já estabelecidas por homens. Este trabalho em andamento representa um ponto de partida para dar visibilidade a um grupo de atores científicos que está praticamente ausente da historiografia da medicina tropical.

A Historical Analysis of the Impact of Hegemonic Masculinities on Sexual Assault in the Lives of Ethnic Minority Women: Informing Nursing Interventions and Health Policy.

Women's experiences of sexual assault are rooted in and informed by a history that nurses need to understand in order to provide meaningful and effective care. In this article, we present a comprehensive literature review guided by intersectionality theory to deepen our understanding of the historical role that hegemonic masculinity plays in shaping ethnic minority women's experiences of sexual assault. Final sources included were analyzed using thematic analysis. On the basis of our analyses, we identified 4 themes: social order hierarchies, "othering" dynamics, economic labor divisions, and negative media/mass communication depiction. Our findings contribute to our understanding of these important histories that speak to the trauma of sexual violence inflicted upon the bodies of ethnic minority women, which we can incorporate into nursing education curricula. Incorporating this knowledge would equip nurses and allied health professionals with the necessary knowledge and skills that would enable them to help patients navigate multiple systems of oppression as they engage in help seeking following a sexual assault experience. This knowledge also acknowledges rather than dismisses the historically acceptable use of sexual violence against ethnic minority women. In addition, acknowledging these histories enables us to move forward as a society in engaging in an urgently needed cultural shift to address the hegemonic masculinities that perpetuate violence against women in the United States.

The 12 women who won the Nobel Prize in Medicine or Physiology / As 12 mulheres laureadas com o Prêmio Nobel de Medicina ou Fisiologia

Introduction: the Nobel Prize is one of the highest academic honors in the world. Since its first edition, in 1901, until 2021, there have been hundreds of winners. In the Medicine or Physiology category, chosen by the Karolinska Institute in Stockholm, Sweden, 112 awards have been given to 224 laureates, among them, only 12 (5.4%) women. Aims and source of data: with the aim of reviewing the biographies, characteristics, and peculiarities of each woman awarded the Nobel Prize for Medicine or Physiology. Data were analyzed from the following sources: the Award page, websites of the institutions to which some of them have been or are affiliated, books with biographies of Nobel laureates in Medicine or Physiology, and articles in the PubMed database. Summary of findings: the average age when receiving the award was 63.4 years. The most recurrent country of origin was the United States of America, also responsible for the largest number of institutions to which the laureates were affiliated at the time of the award. The academic training of the laureates was quite diverse, ranging among medicine, chemistry, physics, biology, pharmacy, psychology and natural sciences. Five of the 12 laureates did not have children. Comments: the origins and trajectories, although plural, have points in common, such as a fascination with science since childhood and the need to overcome additional barriers throughout their education, because of their sex. Conclusion: investments on a global scale are necessary to increase equity between sexes.

Introdução: o prêmio Nobel é uma das maiores honrarias acadêmicas do mundo. Desde a sua primeira edição, em 1901, até 2021, já foram centenas de vencedores. Na categoria Medicina ou Fisiologia, escolhido pelo Instituto Karolinska em Estocolmo, na Suécia, foram entregues 111 prêmios para 224 laureados, dentre eles, apenas 12 (5,4%) mulheres. Objetivos e métodos: com o objetivo rever as biografias, características e peculiaridades, de cada mulher laureada com o prêmio Nobel de Medicina ou Fisiologia, foram analisados dados provenientes da página do prêmio; de sites das instituições às quais algumas delas foram ou são afiliadas; em livros com biografias dos laureados com o prêmio Nobel de Medicina ou Fisiologia; e artigos na base de dados PubMed. Síntese dos dados: a média de idade ao receber o prêmio foi de 63,4 anos. O país de origem mais recorrente foi os Estados Unidos da América; também é o local que abriga o maior número de instituições às quais as laureadas estavam filiadas no momento da premiação. A formação acadêmica das laureadas foi bastante diversa, variando entre: medicina, química, física, biologia, farmácia, psicologia e ciências naturais. Cinco das 12 laureadas não tiveram filhos. Conclusão: fazem-se necessários investimentos em escala global para aumentar a equidade entre os gêneros.

Women in the Pharmaceutical Sciences: Honoring Our Pioneers.

Graphical Abstract.

[Argentinian women and the uses of drugs: A sociohistorical analysis of female drug use in Argentina (1860-1930)]. / Mujeres argentinas y usos de drogas: análisis sociohistórico del uso femenino de sustancias psicoactivas en Argentina (1860-1930).

This article describes cases presented by experts from the legislative and medical-legal fields regarding the use of psychoactive substances among Argentinian women from 1878 to 1930. Background information is presented regarding the relationship between women and the use different drugs, medical interventions on the female body where psychoactive substances were used are analyzed, and experts' descriptions of cases of female drug users are detailed. Experts' discourses during this period did not attempt to comprehend the specificities of female consumption, but were rather used to position the issue of drug use as a social problem. This was done using three prototypes: the victim of a sick husband; the prostitute who encourages drug use among the weak in spirit (natural-born criminals); and the virtuous young woman who succumbs to drug addiction in spite of her father's rule. Each figure reinforces the need for state intervention and increased social control.

Este trabajo describe casos expuestos por expertos de los ámbitos legislativo y médico-legal periodístico, en los que se reporta el consumo de sustancias psicoactivas por parte de mujeres de Argentina, entre 1878 y 1930. Se presentan antecedentes sobre mujeres y usos de distintos fármacos, se analizan las intervenciones médicas que utilizan sustancias psicoactivas sobre el cuerpo femenino, y se detallan los casos de mujeres consumidoras desde las miradas expertas. En este periodo, los discursos expertos no buscaron comprender la especificidad femenina del consumo, sino promover el tema drogas como un problema. Esto se produce utilizando tres prototipos: la víctima de un marido enfermo, la prostituta que envicia a los débiles de espíritu (criminal nata), y la joven virtuosa que contraviene la ley del padre y sucumbe en la toxicomanía. Cada figura refuerza la necesidad de intervención estatal y control social.

Survival analysis of the Black Death: Social inequality of women and the perils of life and death in Medieval London.

OBJECTIVES: Described as an indiscriminate killer by many chroniclers, the Black Death descended on London during the 14th century. To best understand the pattern of transmission among demographic groups, models should include multiple demographic and health covariates concurrently, something rarely done when examining Black Death, but implemented in this study to identify which demographic groups had a higher susceptibility. Female predisposition to the Black Death was also explored, focusing on whether social inequality added to vulnerability. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Three attritional cemeteries from the Wellcome Osteological Research Database were compared with the Black Death cemetery, East Smithfield. A Cox proportional hazards regression estimated hazards ratios of dying of the Black Death, using transition analysis ages-at-death as the time variable, and sex and frailty as covariates. Additionally, a binomial logistic regression generated odds ratios for age-at-death, sex, and frailty. RESULTS: The Cox model produced a significant hazards ratio for individuals deemed frail. Similarly, the logit model calculated significantly increased odds ratios for frail individuals, and decreased odds for individuals aged 65+. DISCUSSION: The older individuals were not undergoing growth during times of great stress in London pre-dating the Black Death epidemic, which may explain the decreased odds of contracting the Black Death. Further, although women dealt with social inequality, which partially led to the demographic puzzle of the Medieval "missing" women, women's susceptibility to infection by the Black Death was not increased. The phenomenon of the missing women may be due to a combination of factors, including infant and child mortality and preservation.

Pharmaceutical Ethics and Grassroots Activism in the United States: A Social History Perspective.

Women's health activists laid the groundwork for passage of the law that created the U.S. Food and Drug Administration in 1906. The pharmaceutical and food industries fought regulatory reforms then and continue to do so now. We examine public health activism in the Progressive Era, the postwar era and the present day. The women's health movement began in the 1960s, and criticized both the pharmaceutical industry and the medical establishment. In the 1990s, patient advocacy groups began accepting industry funds; thousands of commercially-funded groups now dominate the advocacy landscape. As pharma funding became normalized, concerns arose regarding a) the lack of transparency and public accountability regarding funding, b) the distortion of groups' agendas, and c) the ability of pharma-funded groups to dominate the discourse and override less well-resourced patient and health advocacy groups. Although industry-funded groups argue that funding allows them to provide useful services, the trade-off in health risks, exorbitant prices and distorted information is far too high. Sincerity is beside the point; patients and the industry have differing interests when it comes to drug safety and efficacy, drug information and drug prices. A growing resistance movement is asserting the values of its activist predecessors and opposing the prevailing culture of pharma-funded advocacy.

Mujeres argentinas y usos de drogas: análisis sociohistórico del uso femenino de sustancias psicoactivas en Argentina (1860-1930) / Argentinian women and the uses of drugs: A sociohistorical analysis of female drug use in Argentina (1860-1930)

RESUMEN Este trabajo describe casos expuestos por expertos de los ámbitos legislativo y médico-legal periodístico, en los que se reporta el consumo de sustancias psicoactivas por parte de mujeres de Argentina, entre 1878 y 1930. Se presentan antecedentes sobre mujeres y usos de distintos fármacos, se analizan las intervenciones médicas que utilizan sustancias psicoactivas sobre el cuerpo femenino, y se detallan los casos de mujeres consumidoras desde las miradas expertas. En este periodo, los discursos expertos no buscaron comprender la especificidad femenina del consumo, sino promover el tema drogas como un problema. Esto se produce utilizando tres prototipos: la víctima de un marido enfermo, la prostituta que envicia a los débiles de espíritu (criminal nata), y la joven virtuosa que contraviene la ley del padre y sucumbe en la toxicomanía. Cada figura refuerza la necesidad de intervención estatal y control social.

ABSTRACT This article describes cases presented by experts from the legislative and medical-legal fields regarding the use of psychoactive substances among Argentinian women from 1878 to 1930. Background information is presented regarding the relationship between women and the use of different drugs, medical interventions on the female body where psychoactive substances were used are analyzed, and experts' descriptions of cases of female drug users are detailed. Experts' discourses during this period did not attempt to comprehend the specificities of female consumption but were rather used to position the issue of drug use as a social problem. This was done using three prototypes: the victim of a sick husband; the prostitute who encourages drug use among the weak in spirit (natural-born criminals); and the virtuous young woman who succumbs to drug addiction in spite of her father's rule. Each figure reinforces the need for state intervention and increased social control.