RESUMO
Commercial applications of nanotechnology in the food industry are rapidly increasing. Accordingly, there is a simultaneous increase in the amount and diversity of nanowaste, which arise as byproducts in the production, use, disposal, or recycling processes of nanomaterials utilized in the food industry. The potential risks of this nanowaste to human health and the environment are alarming. It is of crucial significance to establish analytical methods and monitoring systems for nanowaste to ensure food safety. This review provides comprehensive information on nanowaste in foods as well as comparative material on existing and new analytical methods for the detection of nanowaste. The article is specifically focused on nanowaste in food systems. Moreover, the current techniques, challenges as well as potential use of new and progressive methods are underlined, further highlighting advances in technology, collaborative efforts, as well as future perspectives for effective nanowaste detection and tracking. Such detection and tracking of nanowaste are required in order to effectively manage this type ofwasted in foods. Although there are devices that utilize spectroscopy, spectrometry, microscopy/imaging, chromatography, separation/fractionation, light scattering, diffraction, optical, adsorption, diffusion, and centrifugation methods for this purpose, there are challenges to be overcome in relation to nanowaste as well as food matrix and method characteristics. New technologies such as radio-frequency identification, Internet of things, blockchain, data analytics, and machine learning are promising. However, the cooperation of international organizations, food sector, research, and political organizations is needed for effectively managing nanowaste. Future research efforts should be focused on addressing knowledge gaps and potential strategies for optimizing nanowaste detection and tracking processes.
Assuntos
Nanoestruturas , Nanoestruturas/química , Nanoestruturas/análise , Inocuidade dos Alimentos/métodos , Nanotecnologia/métodos , Contaminação de Alimentos/análise , Análise de Alimentos/métodosRESUMO
Nanobiotechnology and the engineering of nanomaterials are currently the main focus of many researches. Seafood waste carbon nanomaterials (SWCNs) are a renewable resource with large surface area, porous structure, high reactivity, and abundant active sites. They efficiently adsorb food contaminants through π-π conjugated, ion exchange, and electrostatic interaction. Furthermore, SWCNs prepared from seafood waste are rich in N and O functional groups. They have high quantum yield (QY) and excellent fluorescence properties, making them promising materials for the removal and detection of pollutants. It provides an opportunity by which solutions to the long-term challenges of the food industry in assessing food safety, maintaining food quality, detecting contaminants and pretreating samples can be found. In addition, carbon nanomaterials can be used as adsorbents to reduce environmental pollutants and prevent food safety problems from the source. In this paper, the types of SWCNs are reviewed; the synthesis, properties and applications of SWCNs are reviewed and the raw material selection, preparation methods, reaction conditions and formation mechanisms of biomass-based carbon materials are studied in depth. Finally, the advantages of seafood waste carbon and its composite materials in pollutant removal and detection were discussed, and existing problems were pointed out, which provided ideas for the future development and research directions of this interesting and versatile material. Based on the concept of waste pricing and a recycling economy, the aim of this paper is to outline current trends and the future potential to transform residues from the seafood waste sector into valuable biological (nano) materials, and to apply them to food safety.
Assuntos
Carbono , Inocuidade dos Alimentos , Nanoestruturas , Alimentos Marinhos , Alimentos Marinhos/análise , Inocuidade dos Alimentos/métodos , Nanoestruturas/análise , Carbono/análise , Contaminação de Alimentos/análiseRESUMO
Inorganic and carbon based nanomaterials are widely used against several diseases, such as cancer, autoimmune diseases as well as fungi and bacteria colonization. In this work, Santa Barbara Amorphous mesoporous silica (SBA), Halloysite Nanotubes (HNTs) and Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) were loaded with fluoroquinolone Levofloxacin (LVF) to be applied as antimicrobial agents. The prepared via adsorption nanocarriers were characterized by Fourier-Transformed Spectroscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy as well as High Pressure liquid Chromatography. In vitro release studies were carried out using Simulated Body Fluid at 37oC and data analyzed by various kinetic models showing slow dissolution over 12-24 hours. Antimicrobial studies showed improved antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecalis, Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, and Staphylococcus epidermidis compared to neat nanomaterials. CNTs were found to be the most promising candidates for LVF delivery and they were chosen to be further studied for their acute oral toxicity and histopathological examination using C57/Black mice. Histological examination depicted that drug loading did not affect mice organs morphology as well as hepatocyte degeneration, central vein degeneration and parenchymal necrosis scores. To conclude, the prepared nanomaterials present significant characteristics and can act as antimicrobial drug carriers; CNTs found to be safe candidates when orally fed to mice.
Assuntos
Nanotubos/efeitos adversos , Nanoestruturas/análise , Projetos , Toxicidade , Levofloxacino/agonistas , Técnicas In Vitro/classificação , Anti-InfecciososRESUMO
A wide variety of nanomaterials have demonstrated promise in medical applications such as drug delivery and imaging. In these applications, the surface chemistry of the materials is critical as it plays an important role in determining the toxicity and biodistribution behavior of the material. We review here the functionalization of nanomaterials with dendrons as an efficient method to alter the surface chemistry of the materials, introducing new properties and functions. Described here is the functionalization of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIO) with dendritic guanidines to enhance their transport into cells for magnetic resonance imaging applications. The introduction of dendrons bearing peripheral hydroxyls, amines, guanidines, carbohydrates and Gd(III) chelates to polymer vesicles (polymersomes) is also described. These dendritic moieties allow for modulation of toxicity, cell uptake, protein binding, and contrast agent efficiency, while at the same time allowing the stabilities of the polymersomes to be maintained. Thus, this approach holds promise for the development of a wide range of multifunctional materials for pharmaceutical applications.
Uma grande variedade de nanomateriais tem demonstrado aplicações médicas promissoras, tais como liberação de fármacos e em imagens. Nestas aplicações, a superfície química dos materiais é crítica, uma vez que exerce papel importante na determinação da toxicidade e comportamento de biodistribuição do material. Aqui, nós revisamos a funcionalização de nanomateriais, como dendrons, como método eficiente de alterar a superfície química destes compostos, introduzindo novas propriedades e funções. Descritos aqui estão nanopartículas superparamagnéticas de óxido de ferro (do inglês, SPIO), com guanidinas dendríticas para aumentar seu transporte para o interior das células, úteis em imagens de ressonância magnética. A introdução de dendrons contendo hidroxilas, aminas, guanidinas, carboidratos e quelatos de Gd(III) periféricos em vesículas poliméricas (polymersomes) também está descrita. Esses grupos dendríticos permitem a modulação de toxicidade, captura celular, ligação à proteína e eficiência como agente de contraste, enquanto que, ao mesmo tempo, permitem a manutenção da estabilidade das vesículas poliméricas. Assim, essa abordagem é promissora para o desenvolvimento de grande variedade de materiais multifuncionais para aplicações farmacêuticas.
Assuntos
Nanoestruturas/análise , Dendrímeros/classificação , Polímeros , Nanopartículas de Magnetita/classificaçãoRESUMO
Em virtude da grande atenção que os nanomateriais magnéticos recebem atualmente, cientistas de diversas áreas (química, física, engenharia e medicina) vêm estudando as propriedades e as aplicações de nanopartículas magnéticas, gerando uma grande demanda por materiais de alta qualidade. As propriedades dos nanomateriais magnéticos são fortemente dependentes de suas propriedades intrínsecas (p. ex., composição, cristalinidade, tamanho e forma) e das interações entre as partículas, portanto sofrendo grande influencia do método de síntese aplicado. Várias técnicas para produção de nanomateriais magnéticos são conhecidas, porém muitas delas geram materiais com baixa qualidade no que diz respeito a tamanho médio e faixa de distribuição de tamanhos nas amostras. O presente trabalho teve por objetivo estudar a síntese de nanopartículas de magnetita (Fe3O4) por decomposição térmica do acetilacetonato de ferro (III), um método já conhecido e que se destaca pela alta qualidade de amostras (elevado controle no tamanho, estreita distribuição de tamanhos e forma bem definida), porém de alto custo. Estudamos a influência dos aditivos normalmente empregados no meio reacional no controle da morfologia, tamanho e polidispesão das amostras preparadas e sugerimos outros reagentes (monoóis, dióis e polióis) em busca de novas condições de síntese de nanopartículas magnéticas com morfologia e tamanho controlados. Do ponto de vista prático, reduzimos o custo de produção de nanomateriais magnéticos de alta qualidade pela utilização de aditivos mais baratos e de fácil obtenção no mercado. Os diferentes aditivos propostos modificaram as propriedades magnéticas ligadas às interações dipolares entre as partículas magnéticas. A influência dos aditivos foi testada em crescimentos sucessivos usando partículas de magnetita já formadas como sementes. O perfil de crescimento se mostrou diferente em função dos reagentes empregados e as amostras tiveram suas interações hiperfinas medidas para avaliar a relação entre o tamanho e aumento da cristalinidade das partículas formadas. O revestimento das partículas de magnetita com ouro foi estudado buscando aumentar a biocompatibilidade e proteger os núcleos magnéticos, porém as estruturas core-shell obtidas não apresentaram comportamento superparamagnético. Os estudos das interações hiperfinas mostraram perda da cristalinidade após o revestimento com ouro. As partículas de magnetita foram aplicadas para produzir calor através de hipertermia magnética, sendo que a interação entre as partículas se mostrou fundamental para o aumento do calor gerado. Outra aplicação biomédica testada foi o uso das partículas de magnetita como contraste para imagem por ressonância magnética nuclear. Nossas amostras mostraram desempenho semelhante às partículas disponíveis no mercado a alto custo
Magnetic nanomaterials have received a great deal of attention from scientists of various research fields (chemistry, physics, engineering and medicine) that have been studying the properties and applications of magnetic nanoparticles, generating a great demand for high quality materials. The magnetic properties of nanomaterials are strongly dependent on their intrinsic properties (eg., composition, crystallinity, size and shape) and the interactions between particles, therefore are influenced by the method of synthesis applied. Various techniques for the production of nanomarerials are known, but many of them produce poor quality materials, regarding to the average size, broad size distribution range and variable shape. The present work aimed to study the synthesis of magnetite nanoparticles (Fe3O4) by thermal decomposition of iron (III) acetylacetonate, a method already known for delivering high quality samples (high control on the size and narrow size distribution ), but at high cost. We studied the influence of additives normally used in the reaction medium to control the morphology, size and polydispersion and suggested other reagents (monols, diols and polyols) in the search for new conditions to synthesize magnetic nanoparticles with controlled size and morphology. From a practical viewpoint, we have reduced cost of producing high-quality magnetic nanoparticles using cheaper additives available on the market. The different additives used in the synthetic protocol modified the magnetic properties which are related to dipolar interactions between magnetic particles. The influence of additives was tested in successive growth using magnetite particles previously formed as seeds. The growth profile showed to be different depending on the additives used and the samples had their hyperfine interactions measured to estimate the relationship between the size increasing and the crystallinity of the particles formed. The coating of the magnetite particles with gold was studied in order to increase the biocompatibility and to protect the magnetic core. In this case, the core-shell structure lost the superparamagnetic behavior. Studies of hyperfine interactions showed the loss of crystallinity after coating the nanoparticles with gold. The synthesized particles were used to produce heat by magnetic hyperthermia, where the interaction between the particles proved to be crucial to increase the generated heat. Another biomedical application tested was the use of magnetite particles as contrast agent for magnetic resonance imaging. Our samples showed similar performance to the commercially available particles at high cost