A 25 year perspective on advances in the pathologic assessment and diagnosis of urologic cancers.

Over the past 25 years, diagnostic categories in genitourinary pathology have changed dramatically. Prostate cancer reporting incorporated numerous new variant categories, recognized the importance of intraductal carcinoma, and introduced the concept of Grade Groups. Pathologic diagnosis of bladder cancer not only added new variant categories, but also modified the grading of non-invasive urothelial neoplasms and refined staging definitions. Kidney cancer classification expanded from a handful of diagnostic categories to a broad array of additional cancer types defined by unique immunohistochemical and molecular findings. Segregation of penile carcinoma by human papillomavirus status more accurately reflected pathogenesis and helped improve prediction of cancer behavior. Testicular pathology research advanced understanding of germ cell tumor subtypes and their impact on patient outcomes. Finally, adrenal gland pathology has evolved to incorporate a broader recognition of morphological variation and risk factors associated with tumor progression. Taken together, changes in pathology over the past quarter century have revolutionized our approach to genitourinary cancers. This review seeks to highlight some of the many significant changes in genitourinary pathology that have occurred during the past 25 years and emphasize impacts on clinical outcomes or therapy, as relevant.

A 25-year perspective on the evolution of radiation treatment of urologic cancers.

Advances in radiotherapy technology and technique over the last 3 decades have revolutionized radiation treatment options for genitourinary malignancies. The development of more focused and accurate radiation treatment has facilitated safe delivery of dose-escalated treatment that improves disease control and the development of shorter-duration hypofractionated treatment regimens that are more convenient for patients and improve access to treatment. The management of oligometastatic disease is evolving with ablative treatment of oligometastasis and the primary for select patients and shorter-duration palliative treatment regimens. Work is ongoing to personalize radiation treatment regimens for genitourinary malignancies based on molecular biomarkers.

A 25-year perspective on advances in the study of the epidemiology, disparities, and outcomes of urologic cancers.

In this narrative review, key developments in epidemiologic and clinical outcomes-based research from eminent historical data sources over the past quarter century are summarized. We then describe the rise of secondary and administrative datasets (AD), summarizing the predominant types of available secondary datasets for contemporary research and describe the benefits and inherent limitations in working with secondary data. We review the methodological advances that permit researchers to capitalize on the full capability of secondary data while also addressing the limitations inherent in utilizing these data for the purposes of epidemiologic and outcomes research. Finally, we present candidate strategies to perpetuate this momentum towards optimizing the development of clinical research infrastructure that harnesses the full potential of the ADs to further clinical and epidemiological research, advancing data analysis, and address the many unanswered questions that remain.

Incidence of prostate and urological cancers in England by ethnic group, 2001-2007: a descriptive study.

BACKGROUND: The aetiology of urological cancers is poorly understood and variations in incidence by ethnic group may provide insights into the relative importance of genetic and environmental risk factors. Our objective was to compare the incidence of four urological cancers (kidney, bladder, prostate and testicular) among six 'non-White' ethnic groups in England (Indian, Pakistani, Bangladeshi, Black African, Black Caribbean and Chinese) to each other and to Whites. METHODS: We obtained Information on ethnicity for all urological cancer registrations from 2001 to 2007 (n = 329,524) by linkage to the Hospital Episodes Statistics database. We calculated incidence rate ratios adjusted for age, sex and income, comparing the six ethnic groups (and combined 'South Asian' and 'Black' groups) to Whites and to each other. RESULTS: There were significant differences in the incidence of all four cancers between the ethnic groups (all p < 0.001). In general, 'non-White' groups had a lower incidence of urological cancers compared to Whites, except prostate cancer, which displayed a higher incidence in Blacks. (IRR 2.55) There was strong evidence of differences in risk between Indians, Pakistanis and Bangladeshis for kidney, bladder and prostate cancer (p < 0.001), and between Black Africans and Black Caribbeans for all four cancers (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The risk of urological cancers in England varies greatly by ethnicity, including within groups that have traditionally been analysed together (South Asians and Blacks). In general, these differences are not readily explained by known risk factors, although the very high incidence of prostate cancer in both black Africans and Caribbeans suggests increased genetic susceptibility. g.

The alchemy of jargon: etymologies of urologic neologisms-part 4: the history of histological nomenclature.

BACKGROUND: As the scientific community is increasingly severed from the study of linguistics, the underlying significance of their common technical words is becoming blurred. This article will focus on the genesis of terminology in the field of Histology. METHODS: These notes will give a detailed background of the history of technical terms, including how they came into being, whence they were derived, and how they impacted the scientific community through the ages. RESULTS: In this installment, following terms are analyzed: organ, gland, tissue, membrane, acinus, fibroblast, epithelium, and endothelium. CONCLUSIONS: This analysis of the history and significance of scientific terms common to the urological community works toward a fortification of their power by offering a reminder of their origins.

The alchemy of jargon: Etymologies of urologic neologisms. Number 5: oncology and its vocabulary.

BACKGROUND: As the scientific community is increasingly severed from the study of linguistics, the underlying significance of their common technical words is becoming blurred. This article will focus on the genesis of terminology in the field of Oncology. METHODS: These notes will give a detailed background of the history of technical terms, including how they came into being, whence they were derived, and how they impacted the scientific community through the ages. RESULTS: In this installment, following terms are analyzed: Oncology, Cancer, Carcinoma, Metastasis, Neoplasm, Malignant, and Benign. CONCLUSIONS: This analysis of the history and significance of scientific terms common to the urological community works towards a fortification of their power by offering a reminder of their origins. Prostate 69: 1369-1371, 2009. (c) 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

[Metastases from urologic malignancies: history, definitions and strategies]. / Les métastases des cancers urologiques : historique, définitions et enjeux.

The word metastasis came from grec "I move". Bayle and Récamier were the first to show the relation between a secondary tumor from a primitive carcinoma but it is really Stephen Paget who is the father of the "seed and soil" theory to explain metastasis dissemination. Since, a lot of works have been done to better understand the metastasis physiopathology and in particular Judah Folkman participated very actively in angiogenesis mechanisms research. Today, even if all is not totally understood, physicians know that metastasis is a decisive event in the carcinoma story.