Enhanced Intrusion of Exogenous Airborne Fine Particles toward Eyes in Humans and Animals: Where Damaged Blood-Ocular Barrier Plays a Crucial Role.

Emerging data suggest a close correlation between ambient fine particle (AFP) exposure and eye disorders and pinpoint potential threats of AFPs to eye health in humans. However, the possible passage (including direct intrusion) and the interactions of AFPs with the eye microenvironment in addition to morphological and physiological injuries remain elusive. To this end, the likely transport of AFPs into the eyes via blood-ocular barrier (BOB) in humans and animals was investigated herein. Exogenous particles were recognized inside human eyes with detailed structural and chemical fingerprints. Importantly, comparable AFPs were found in sera with constant structural and chemical fingerprints, hinting at the translocation pathway from blood circulation into the eye. Furthermore, we found that the particle concentrations in human eyes from patients with diabetic retinopathy were much higher than those from patients with no fundus pathological changes (i.e., myopia), indicating that the damaged BOB increased the possibility of particle entrance. Our diseased animal model further corroborated these findings. Collectively, our results offer a new piece of evidence on the intrusion of exogenous particles into human eyes and provide an explanation for AFP-induced eye disorders, with substantially increased risk in susceptible individuals with BOB injuries.

The overexpression of DSP1 in neurons induces neuronal dysfunction and neurodegeneration phenotypes in Drosophila.

Dorsal switch protein 1(DSP1), a mammalian homolog of HMGB1, is firstly identified as a dorsal co-repressor in 1994. DSP1 contains HMG-box domain and functions as a transcriptional regulator in Drosophila melanogaster. It plays a crucial role in embryonic development, particularly in dorsal-ventral patterning during early embryogenesis, through the regulation of gene expression. Moreover, DSP1 is implicated in various cellular processes, including cell fate determination and tissue differentiation, which are essential for embryonic development. While the function of DSP1 in embryonic development has been relatively well-studied, its role in the adult Drosophila brain remains less understood. In this study, we investigated the role of DSP1 in the brain by using neuronal-specific DSP1 overexpression flies. We observed that climbing ability and life span are decreased in DSP1-overexpressed flies. Furthermore, these flies demonstrated neuromuscular junction (NMJ) defect, reduced eye size and a decrease in tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-positive neurons, indicating neuronal toxicity induced by DSP1 overexpression. Our data suggest that DSP1 overexpression leads to neuronal dysfunction and toxicity, positioning DSP1 as a potential therapeutic target for neurodegenerative diseases.

How is eyeball growth associated with optic nerve head shape and glaucoma? The Lamina cribrosa/Bruch's membrane opening offset theory.

The optic nerve head (ONH) is a complex structure wherein the axons of the retinal ganglion cells extrude from the eyeball through three openings: 1) the Bruch's membrane opening (BMO) in the retinal layer, 2) the anterior scleral canal opening in the anterior scleral layer, and 3) the lamina cribrosa (LC). Eyeball expansion during growth induces an offset among openings, since the expansion affects the inner retinal and outer scleral layers differently: the posterior polar retinal structure is preserved by the preferential growth in the equatorial region, whereas no such regional difference is observed in the scleral layer. The various modes and extents of eyeball expansion result in diverse directionality and amount of offset among openings, which causes diverse ONH morphology in adults, especially in myopia. In this review, we summarize the ONH changes that occur during myopic axial elongation. These changes were observed prospectively in our previous studies, wherein LC shift and subsequent offset from the BMO center could be predicted by tracing the central retinal vascular trunk position. This offset induces the formation of γ-zone parapapillary atrophy or externally oblique border tissue. As a presumptive site of glaucomatous damage, the LC/BMO offset may render the LC pores in the opposite direction more vulnerable. To support such speculation, we also summarize the relationship between LC/BMO offset and glaucomatous damage. Indeed, LC/BMO offset is not only the cause of diverse ONH morphology in adults, but is also, potentially, an important clinical marker for assessment of glaucoma.

Organ-specific Toxocara canis larvae migration and host immune response in experimentally infected mice.

We investigated organ specific Toxocara canis larval migration in mice infected with T. canis larvae. We observed the worm burden and systemic immune responses. Three groups of BALB/c mice (n=5 each) were orally administered 1,000 T. canis 2nd stage larvae to induce larva migrans. Mice were sacrificed at 1, 3, and 5 weeks post-infection. Liver, lung, brain, and eye tissues were collected. Tissue from 2 mice per group was digested for larval count, while the remaining 3 mice underwent histological analysis. Blood hematology and serology were evaluated and compared to that in a control uninfected group (n=5) to assess the immune response. Cytokine levels in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid were also analyzed. We found that, 1 week post-infection, the mean parasite load in the liver (72±7.1), brain (31±4.2), lungs (20±5.7), and eyes (2±0) peaked and stayed constant until the 3 weeks. By 5-week post-infection, the worm burden in the liver and lungs significantly decreased to 10±4.2 and 9±5.7, respectively, while they remained relatively stable in the brain and eyes (18±4.2 and 1±0, respectively). Interestingly, ocular larvae resided in all retinal layers, without notable inflammation in outer retina. Mice infected with T. canis exhibited elevated levels of neutrophils, monocytes, eosinophils, and immunoglobulin E. At 5 weeks post-infection, interleukin (IL)-5 and IL-13 levels were elevated in BAL fluid. Whereas IL-4, IL-10, IL-17, and interferon-γ levels in BAL fluid were similar to that in controls. Our findings demonstrate that a small portion of T. canis larvae migrate to the eyes and brain within the first week of infection. Minimal tissue inflammation was observed, probably due to increase of anti-inflammatory cytokines. This study contributes to our understanding of the histological and immunological responses to T. canis infection in mice, which may have implications to further understand human toxocariasis.

Postmortem changes in the eye on computed tomography images.

BACKGROUND: Ocular tension decreases with increasing postmortem interval (PMI) and eyes collapse with extreme progression of postmortem change; however, time-related changes in postmortem computed tomography (PMCT) findings have not been clarified. This study aimed to quantitatively evaluate the vitreous volume and CT values of the vitreous body to clarify time-related changes in PMCT. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed PMCT images of the eyes of subjects who underwent autopsy at our institution between July 2023 and February 2024. They were classified into four PMI groups: PMI-1: < 1 day, PMI-2: 1-2 days, PMI-3: 3-6 days, PMI-4: ≥ 7 days. The vitreous volumes and mean CT values of the vitreous chambers were measured. Additionally, the presence of intraocular gas and crystalline lens dislocation was observed. RESULTS: The PMCT images of 131 eyes of 66 patients (41 males, 25 females) were analyzed. The mean age was 63.7 (22-99) years. The volume of the vitreous cavity was significantly decreased at PMI-3 and PMI-4, which indicated scleral depression. Intraocular gas appeared in PMI-4. Lens dislocation began at PMI-3 and was more frequently observed at PMI-4 and in the higher-temperature environment group. CONCLUSION: Ocular findings on PMCT are useful for estimating the time of death.

Complement regulation in the eye: implications for age-related macular degeneration.

Careful regulation of the complement system is critical for enabling complement proteins to titrate immune defense while also preventing collateral tissue damage from poorly controlled inflammation. In the eye, this balance between complement activity and inhibition is crucial, as a low level of basal complement activity is necessary to support ocular immune privilege, a prerequisite for maintaining vision. Dysregulated complement activation contributes to parainflammation, a low level of inflammation triggered by cellular damage that functions to reestablish homeostasis, or outright inflammation that disrupts the visual axis. Complement dysregulation has been implicated in many ocular diseases, including glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy, and age-related macular degeneration (AMD). In the last two decades, complement activity has been the focus of intense investigation in AMD pathogenesis, leading to the development of novel therapeutics for the treatment of atrophic AMD. This Review outlines recent advances and challenges, highlighting therapeutic approaches that have advanced to clinical trials, as well as providing a general overview of the complement system in the posterior segment of the eye and selected ocular diseases.

Disruption of common ocular developmental pathways in patient-derived optic vesicle models of microphthalmia.

Genetic perturbations influencing early eye development can result in microphthalmia, anophthalmia, and coloboma (MAC). Over 100 genes are associated with MAC, but little is known about common disease mechanisms. In this study, we generated induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived optic vesicles (OVs) from two unrelated microphthalmia patients and healthy controls. At day 20, 35, and 50, microphthalmia patient OV diameters were significantly smaller, recapitulating the "small eye" phenotype. RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) analysis revealed upregulation of apoptosis-initiating and extracellular matrix (ECM) genes at day 20 and 35. Western blot and immunohistochemistry revealed increased expression of lumican, nidogen, and collagen type IV, suggesting ECM overproduction. Increased apoptosis was observed in microphthalmia OVs with reduced phospho-histone 3 (pH3+) cells confirming decreased cell proliferation at day 35. Pharmacological inhibition of caspase-8 activity with Z-IETD-FMK decreased apoptosis in one patient model, highlighting a potential therapeutic approach. These data reveal shared pathophysiological mechanisms contributing to a microphthalmia phenotype.

A compared histopathological study on kidneys and eye bulbs in distinct clinical presentations of canine leishmaniasis by Leishmania infantum.

Canine leishmaniasis (CanL) caused by Leishmania infantum commonly progresses with renal and ophthalmic lesions associated with active systemic disease. As chronic inflammation related to immune complex deposits is a pathophysiological factor in the development of both glomerulonephritis and uveitis, we aimed to evaluate renal and ocular histopathological lesions and analyze whether they were related to each other and the clinical degree of the disease. For that, we evaluated 15 dogs from CanL-endemic areas. L. infantum PCR-positive dogs were studied according to disease severity into two different groups: Group-1 (G1) had data from seven dogs with mild to moderate CanL and no history of treatment, and G2 was formed with eight dogs with severe to terminal disease that had not responded to CanL treatment. Histopathological analysis of kidneys showed higher frequencies and intensities of glomerular basement membrane thickening (p = 0.026), deposits in glomeruli (p = 0.016), epithelial necrosis (p = 0.020), tubular dilatation (p = 0.003) and interstitial fibrosis (p = 0.04) in G2 dogs than in G1 dogs. Surprisingly, the histopathology of eye bulbs showed a higher frequency and intensity of retinitis (p = 0.019) in G1 dogs than in G2 dogs. The comparative analysis showed that there was no correspondence between histopathological findings in kidneys versus eyes in milder or more severe CanL. Our findings suggested that (1) clinically undetectable eye alterations can be more precocious than those in kidneys in the development of CanL, and (2) the lower frequency of eye lesions and higher frequency of renal lesions in dogs with terminal disease even after treatment indicate that therapy may have been effective in reducing CanL-associated ophthalmic disease but not proportionally in reducing kidney disease.

A six-year comprehensive review of eye cytology cases received at a tertiary level hospital.

BACKGROUND: Ocular cytology is an effective method of diagnosing infective, benign, and malignant ocular disease processes due to easy accessibility and rapid turnaround time. However, these specimens pose significant diagnostic challenges due to rarity of the specimen type, sparse diagnostic material available for ancillary workup, and unfamiliarity of the diagnostic entities by the cytopathologist. METHODS: This study conducted a 6-year comprehensive review of 65 eye cytology cases received at a tertiary level hospital. Cytopathologic diagnoses of "negative for malignancy" and "atypical" were categorized as negative findings (70.8%, n = 46) and diagnoses of "suspicious for malignancy" and "positive for malignancy" were categorized as positive findings (23.1%, n = 15). A 44.6% (n = 29) of cases had subsequent histopathology and/or flow cytometry diagnoses. Premalignant and malignant lesions detected on histopathology were considered as significant findings. Statistical analysis was performed to evaluate the concordance of ocular cytology with associated histopathology and/or flow cytometry diagnoses. RESULTS: The accuracy of final cytology-histopathology and/or cytology-flow cytometry diagnoses in this cohort of cases is 86.2%. The sensitivity and specificity of ocular diagnosis by cytology are 66.6% and 100%, respectively. The positive and negative predictive values of ocular diagnosis by cytology are 100% and 80.9%, respectively. CONCLUSION: Ocular cytology is a fast, effective, and sensitive method for diagnosing ocular pathology specimens. Familiarity with these specimen types by cytopathologists can help in diagnosing ocular diseases effectively on small, challenging cytologic preparations.

Association between eyeball asymmetry and offset of openings in optic nerve head canal assessed by posterior polar eyeball topography.

We investigated three-dimensional (3D) eyeball protrusion and its association with the offset between the lamina cribrosa (LC) and Bruch's membrane opening (BMO). 3D-MRI scans were taken from 93 subjects (186 eyes). An ellipsoid was fitted along the posterior 2/3 contour of each eyeball. Eyeball asymmetry with focal bulging was determined by the existence of an adjacent outward protrusion/reciprocal inward depression pair, and the angular deviation of the outermost protruded point (OPP) was measured from the nasal side of the fovea-BMO axis. The LC/BMO offset was evaluated by measuring the central retinal vascular trunk (CRVT) location from the BMO center: (1) the angular deviation and (2) the offset index as the ratio between the CRVT-BMO center distance and the BMO radius in the same direction. Seventy-nine eyes (42%) were classified as having eyeball asymmetry, which had a more superior LC/BMO offset (P < 0.001) and a larger offset index (P = 0.002). In those eyes, the angular deviation of the OPP showed a significant correlation with that of the LC/BMO offset (r = -0.724, P < 0.001), as did protrusion depth with the offset index (r = 0.291, P = 0.009). The presence of eyeball asymmetry was associated with superior LC/BMO offset (P = 0.004) and larger offset index (P = 0.009). Superior LC/BMO offset was associated with older age (P < 0.001), shorter axial length (P < 0.001) and inferior location of OPP (P < 0.001). The location and extent of focal bulging were closely associated with those of LC/BMO offset. This indicates that focal bulging during expansion might be associated with diverse directionality of LC/BMO offset.

Familial primary calcific band-shaped keratopathy with late onset systemic disease: a case series and review of the literature.

BACKGROUND: Familial calcific band-shaped keratopathy (BSK) is a very rare disease, with no underlying cause. There is no underlying disease in this form of the disease. This article introduces a family with seven children, three of whom were diagnosed with familial primary calcific BSK. One of them developed a systemic disease 38 years after ocular manifestation. CASE PRESENTATION: In this case report, three Iranian siblings from a family with familial calcific band-shaped keratopathy (BSK) are introduced. Systemic and ocular examinations performed on these patients indicated the occurrence of chronic kidney disease in the older child, a 41-year-old woman, 38 years after ocular manifestation. The examinations conducted on the other two siblings revealed no pathological findings. The 41-year-old sister and 37-year-old brother underwent unilateral deep anterior lamellar keratoplasty (DALK), while the 33-year-old sister underwent bilateral superficial keratectomy (SK). CONCLUSION: Considering the late onset of systemic disease in one of the siblings diagnosed with familial calcific band-shaped keratopathy (BSK), it is crucial to emphasize the necessity of long-term follow-up for these patients and their families.

Ocular abnormalities in Whippets practicing lure coursing in Poland.

Coursing is a canine sport discipline invented for sighthounds. The dogs chase the mechanically operated lure on an open area at the track that consists of straight lines as well as turns. Thus, the dogs must rely mainly on their sight in order to chase the lure and to compete. Whippets are the most popular sighthound breed in Poland and more and more dogs practice lure coursing on professional level. Several ocular disorders are known or presumed to be inherited in Whippets, so we decided to check how often they occur amongst competing dogs and if they have any impact on the results during competitions. Forty-five regularly competing Whippets underwent complete ophthalmic examination, including evaluation of menace response, pupillary light reflex and dazzle reflex, biomicroscopic examination conducted before and after dilating pupils with topical tropicamide and fundus examination with indirect ophthalmoscopy. Refractive state of each eye was assessed via streak retinoscopy. Ocular abnormalities were identified in 24 dogs (53.3%). The most common finding was vitreous degeneration identified in 9 dogs (20%), five dogs presented multiple lesions. There were no statistically significant differences regarding sex, age, and ranking points between the dogs with and without lesions. However, some of the identified lesions are likely to progress, so we postulate that the ophthalmological examination should receive more attention in sport Whippets, to check if it has any impact on competing dogs at more advanced age.

[Current aspects of vernal and atopic keratoconjunctivitis]. / Aktuelles zur Keratoconjunctivitis vernalis und atopica.

BACKGROUND: Vernal keratoconjunctivitis (VKC) and atopic keratoconjunctivitis (AKC) are complex and rare diseases. Thus, their diagnosis and treatment are often a challenge. OBJECTIVE: Discussion on the epidemiology, new pathogenetic concepts, interesting clinical findings, diagnostic possibilities and new treatment options and their side effects in severe ocular allergies. Analysis of the presentation of VKC in the internet. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Evaluation of recent review articles, original publications, and case reports on the topics of VKC and AKC over the past 5 years. RESULTS: Ocular allergies have significantly increased over the last decades. Recent concepts discussed in the pathogenesis of VKC and AKC are the role of the local and gut microbiome as well as the influence of neuroinflammation. Keratoconus is significantly more common in patients with VKC and AKC compared to the normal population. It is associated with faster progression and a more severe course of disease. A conjunctival provocation test is only rarely necessary in the diagnosis of allergic conjunctivitis. Treatment of atopic dermatitis with dupilumab, an interleukin 4 receptor alpha (IL-4Ra) antagonist, can cause ocular side effects. Unfortunately, information available on the internet for patients and parents on the topic of VKC is sometimes dangerously incorrect. CONCLUSION: From the abovementioned new pathogenetic concepts, preventive and personalized treatment options could be developed in the future. Keratoconus in AKC/VKC must be recognized and treated early. Official guidelines are now available for a standardized conjunctival provocation test in the diagnosis of allergic conjunctivitis. The unwanted ocular side effects of dupilumab are often difficult to discriminate from the actual underlying AKC and respond well to anti-inflammatory treatment. Patients with VKC must be informed about the incorrect information on the internet regarding their disease.

Ocular inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor in a pediatric patient.

Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor (IMT) is a mesenchymal neoplasm that rarely metastasizes and is more commonly seen in children, adolescents, and young adults than older adults. These tumors, composed of myofibroblasts and inflammatory cells, are often confused for a local infection due to the inflammatory cell infiltration, and they form in mucosal surfaces but rarely arise in the orbit. We present the case of a 6-year-old girl with excisional biopsy-confirmed conjunctival stromal IMT. There was no evidence of recurrence 2 years following resection with no subsequent medical therapy.

Biochemical and histopathological evaluation of systemic and ocular toxicity of favipiravir in rats.

Purpose: Favipiravir (FAV) used against COVID-19 is an antiviral drug that causes adverse reactions, such as hyperuricaemia, liver damage, and hematopoetic toxicity. The aim of the study was to investigate the systemic and ocular side-effects of FAV in rats, for the first time.Materials and methods: A total of 18 albino male Wistar rats were used in the study. The rats were divided into 3 groups as the healthy group (HG), the group given 50 mg/kg/day favipiravir (FAV50), and the group given 200 mg/kg/d favipiravir (FAV200). These doses were given to the experimental groups for one week. At the end of the experiment histopathological examinations were performed on the conjunctiva and sclera of the eye. In addition, malondialdehyde (MDA), total glutathione (tGSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), interleukin-1ß (IL-1ß), and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) levels were measured in blood samples taken from rats. Results: Compared to HG, the MDA (1.37 ± 0.61 vs. 4.82 ± 1.40 µmol/mL), IL-1ß (2.52 ± 1.14 vs. 6.67 ± 1.99 pg/mL), and TNF-α levels (3.28 ± 1.42 vs. 8.53 ± 3.06 pg/mL) of the FAV200 group were higher. The levels of tGSH (7.58 ± 1.98 vs. 2.50 ± 0.98 nmol/mL) and SOD (13.63 ± 3.43 vs. 3.81 ± 1.43 U/mL) the FAV200 group were lower than the HG (p < 0.05, for all). The degree of damage to the cornea and sclera of the FAV200 group was quite high according to HG (p < 0.001). Conclusions: FAV can cause damage to rat conjunctiva and sclera by increasing oxidant stress and inflammation at high dose.

[Research advances in myopic children with dry eye].

Myopia is a global public health issue, particularly prevalent in China, with a rising trend in recent years. The increased use of computers, smartphones, and video display terminals has led to frequent dry eye symptoms, such as blinking, among myopic students. Studies have revealed a higher incidence of dry eye in myopic children compared to emmetropic children, significantly impacting their learning and quality of life. However, ophthalmologists have traditionally focused more on the prevention and control of myopia, often neglecting ocular surface health awareness in children. It is essential to understand the potential impact of myopia on dry eyes in children and whether there is a difference in dry eye prevalence. This article reviews the current state of research on childhood myopia-related dry eye, encompassing epidemiology, pathogenesis, and risk factors, aiming to provide clinical reference for intervention, prevention, and precise treatment of dry eyes in myopic children.

Quiste de iris. A propósito de un caso / Iris cysts. About a case

Introducción: Los quistes de iris son lesiones benignas encapsuladas de contenido líquido que se pueden localizar en el epitelio pigmentario del iris o en su estroma, se clasifican de acuerdo con su etiología en primarios cuando no tienen una causa conocida y secundarios cuando se forman como consecuencia de traumatismos, fármacos, tumores malignos, uveítis, parásitos o trastornos sistémicos.Los síntomas incluyen obstrucción del eje visual, visión borrosa e incluso descompensación corneal, el diagnóstico se realiza mediante la observación directa a través de la lámpara de hendidura y con estudios de imagen como la ultrasonografía, una vez establecido el diagnóstico su tratamiento sigue siendo controversial e incluyen iridectomía, drenaje del conteni-do quístico, uso de láser argón y YAG láser.Presentación del caso: Paciente femenina de 28 años con antecedente de traumatismo ocular derecho, posteriormente presenta lesión quística en iris, valorada mediante biomicroscopía y estudios de imagen (ultrabiomicroscopía), confirmando el diagnóstico de quiste de iris, para lo cual se realiza drenaje quirúrgico con evolución favorable. Conclusión: Los quistes de iris son lesiones poco frecuentes que podrían comprometer el campo visual dependiendo de su localización y tamaño por lo que el drenaje quirúrgico del contenido quístico iridiano es una opción terapéutica eficaz.

Introduction: Iris cysts are benign encapsulated lesions of liquid content that can be located in the pigment epithelium of the iris or in its stroma, they are classified according to their etio-logy as primary when they do not have a known cause and secondary when they form as a consequence from trauma, drugs, malignant tumors, uveitis, parasites or systemic disorders.Symptoms include visual axis obstruction, blurred vision and even corneal decompensation. The diagnosis is made by direct observation through the slit lamp and with imaging studies such as ultrasonography. Once the diagnosis is established, its treatment remains contro-versial and include iridectomy, drainage of cystic contents, use of argon laser and YAG laser.Case presentation: A 28-year-old female patient with a history of right ocular trauma, subse-quently presenting a cystic lesion in the iris, assessed by biomicroscopy and imaging studies (ultrabiomicroscopy) confirming the diagnosis of iris cyst, for which surgical drainage was performed with a favorable evolution.Conclusion: Iris cysts are rare lesions that could compromise the visual field depending on their location and size, which is why surgical drainage of the iris cyst content is an effective therapeutic option.

Ophthalmic adverse effects of nasal decongestants on an experimental rat model / Efeitos oftálmicos adversos de descongestionantes nasais em modelo experimental com ratos

ABSTRACT Purpose: To investigate the potential effects of chronic exposure to a nasal decongestant and its excipients on ocular tissues using an experimental rat model. Methods: Sixty adult male Wistar rats were randomized into six groups. The first two groups were control (serum physiologic) and Otrivine® groups. The remaining four groups received the Otrivine excipients xylometazoline, benzalkonium chloride, sorbitol, and ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid. Medications were applied into both nostrils twice a day for 8 weeks. Before the rats were sacrificed, epithelial staining, the Schirmer test, and intraocular pressure measurements were performed under ketamine/xylasine anesthesia (50 and 5 mg/kg, respectively). Results: Epithelial defects and dry eye were common findings in all study groups. Cataracts developed in two cases clinically. Histopathological evaluation revealed many different pathological alterations in all parts of the ocular tissues such as corneal edema, polypoid proliferation and hyalinization of the vessel wall, cystic formation of the lens, retinal nerve fiber layer degeneration, and corpora amylacea formation of the lacrimal gland. Conclusions: Prolonged usage of the nasal decongestant xylometazoline and its excipients may cause ophthalmic problems such as dry eyes, corneal edema, cataracts, retinal nerve fiber layer, and vascular damage in rats. Although these results were obtained from experimental animals, ophthalmologists should keep in mind the potential ophthalmic adverse effects of this medicine and/or its excipients and exercise caution with drugs containing xylometazoline, ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid, benzalkonium chloride and sorbitol for patients with underlying ocular problems.

RESUMO Objetivo: Investigar os possíveis efeitos da exposição crônica de descongestionante nasal e seus excipientes em tecidos oculares, utilizando um modelo experimental com ratos. Métodos: Sessenta ratos Wistar adultos machos foram divididos aleatoriamente em seis grupos. Os primeiros dois grupos foram controle (soro fisiológico) e Otrivina®. Os quatro grupos restantes receberam os excipientes de Otrivina, tais como Xilometazolina, Benzalcônio, Sorbitol e Ácido Etilenodiamino Tetracético (EDTA). Os medicamentos foram aplicados em ambas as narinas dos ratos, duas vezes ao dia, durante 8 semanas. Antes que os ratos fossem sacrificados, a coloração epitelial, o teste de Schirmer e a medida da pressão intraocular foram realizados sob anestesia com Ketamina/Xilasina (50 e 5 mg/kg, respectivamente). Resultados: Defeitos epiteliais e olho seco foram achados comuns nos grupos de estudo. A catarata desenvolveu-se clinicamente em dois casos. A avaliação histopatológica revelou a existência de alterações em todas as partes dos tecidos oculares, tais como edema de córnea, proliferação polipoide e hialinização da parede vascular, formação cística da lente, degeneração da camada de fibra nervosa da retina (RNFL) e formação de corpos amiláceos da glândula lacrimal. Conclusões: O uso prolongado do descongestionante nasal Xilometazolina e seus excipientes pode causar vários problemas oftalmológicos, como olho seco, edema de córnea, catarata, RNFL e dano vascular em ratos. Embora esses resultados tenham sido obtidos a partir de animais experimentais, os oftalmologistas devem ter em mente os potenciais efeitos oftalmológicos adversos desse medicamento e/ou de seus excipientes.

Patología traumática ocular / Eye traumatic pathology

Resumen:La intoxicación se considera como una manifestación patológica definida por los signos y síntomas que secundarios a la acción de una o varias dosis de un agente tóxico y su evolución puede llevar al sujeto a un estado irreversible e incluso a la muerte. Cada año mueren alrededor de un millón de personas a consecuencia de diversos envenenamientos. La intoxicación alcohólica es causada por alcoholes, compuestos orgánicos que se derivan de los hidrocarburos y están formados por grupos hidroxilos. El etanol es el alcohol que con más frecuencia produce intoxicaciones ya que es el más común y el que más al alcance de la población se encuentra, este produce múltiples alteraciones a nivel del sistema nervioso y de otros sistemas del organismo.

Abstract:Often the medical examiner has to assess possible eye injuries and sequelae of a patient who has been the victim of an assault or some kind of accident (traffic, work, sport), which may have civil responsibility by the aggressor. The ocular pathology occurs for most forensics, not specialists in it, a major problem in establishing the etiology of injuries and their subsequent monitoring, given their complexity and specificity. Therefore in this article we try to make a review of the generalities of the anatomy, physiology and the most important variants of eye injuries that can lead to a trauma so that the forensic can make the assessment of injury with ophthalmological condition and have the information necessary so that you can interpret the ophthalmic report to provide the specialist in ophthalmology,dist inguish the offending box and interpreta previous state, if applicable, the final consequences.