Societal costs before and up to 1 year after the first fracture liaison service visit in patients requiring anti-osteoporosis treatments.

This study aimed to estimate societal and healthcare costs incurred before and 1 year after the first fracture liaison services (FLS) visit and to explore differences in fracture type. All costs after 1 year significantly decreased compared to costs preceding the first visit. Fracture type did not significantly affect costs. INTRODUCTION: Limited literature is available on resource utilization and costs of patients visiting fracture liaison services (FLS). This study aimed to estimate the societal and healthcare costs incurred by patients with a recent fracture requiring anti-osteoporosis medication before and 1 year after the first FLS visit and to explore differences according to fracture type. METHODS: Resource utilization was collected through a self-reported questionnaire with a 4-month recall on health resource utilization and productivity losses immediately following the first FLS visit, and 4 and 12 months later. Unit costs derived from the national Dutch guideline for economic evaluations were used to compute societal and healthcare costs. Linear mixed-effect models, adjusted for confounders, were used to analyze societal and healthcare costs over time as well as the effect of fracture type on societal and healthcare costs. RESULTS: A total of 126 patients from two Dutch FLS centers were included, of whom 72 sustained a major fracture (hip, vertebral, humerus, or radius). Societal costs in the 4 months prior to the first visit (€2911) were significantly higher compared to societal costs 4 months (€711, p-value = 0.009) and 12 months later (€581, p-value = 0.001). Fracture type did not have a significant effect on total societal or healthcare costs. All costs 12 months after the initial visit were numerically lower for major fractures compared to others. CONCLUSION: Societal and healthcare costs in the year following the first FLS visit significantly decreased compared to those costs preceding the first visit.

Perspectives on Fracture Liaison Service in Austria: clinical and economic considerations.

Osteoporosis is a widespread disease and affects over 500,000 people in Austria. Fragility fractures are associated with it and represent not only an individual problem for the patients, but also an enormous burden for the healthcare system. While trauma surgery care is well provided in Vienna, there is an enormous treatment gap in secondary prevention after osteoporotic fracture. Systematic approaches such as the Fracture Liaison Service (FLS) aim to identify patients with osteoporosis after fracture, to clarify diagnostically, to initiate specific therapy, and to check therapy adherence. The aim of this article is to describe the practical implementation and operational flow of an already established FLS in Vienna. This includes the identification of potential FLS inpatients, the diagnostic workup, and recommendations for an IT solution for baseline assessment and follow-up of FLS patients. We summarize the concept, benefits, and limitations of FLS and provide prospective as well as clinical and economic considerations for a city-wide FLS, managed from a central location. Future concepts of FLS should include artificial intelligence for vertebral fracture detection and simple IT tools for the implementation of FLS in the outpatient sector.

The cost-effectiveness of osteoporosis medications for preventing periprosthetic fractures following femoral neck fracture indicated hip arthroplasty: a break-even analysis.

Osteoporosis treatment following arthroplasty for femoral neck fracture (FNF) is associated with lower rates of periprosthetic fracture (PPF). Our study evaluated the economic viability of treatment in patients following arthroplasty and demonstrates that treatment with oral bisphosphonates can be cost-effective in preventing PPF. INTRODUCTION: Osteoporosis treatment following arthroplasty for femoral neck fracture (FNF) is associated with lower rates of periprosthetic fracture (PPF). Although cost-effective in reducing the rate of secondary fragility fracture, the economic viability of osteoporosis treatment in preventing PPF has not been evaluated. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to use a break-even analysis to determine whether and which current osteoporosis medications are cost-effective in preventing PPF following arthroplasty for FNFs. METHODS: Three-year average cost of osteoporosis medication (oral bisphosphonates, estrogen hormonal therapy, intravenous (IV) bisphosphonates, denosumab, teriparatide, and abaloparatide), costs of PPF care, and PPF rates in patients who underwent hip arthroplasty for FNFs without osteoporosis treatment were used to perform a break-even analysis. The absolute risk reduction (ARR) related to osteoporosis treatment and sensitivity analyses were used to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of this intervention and break-even PPF rates. RESULTS: Oral bisphosphonate therapy following arthroplasty for hip fractures would be economically justified if it prevents one out of 56 PPFs (ARR, 1.8%). Given the current cost and incidence of PPF, overall treatment can only be economically viable for PPF prophylaxis if the 3-year costs of these agents are less than $1500. CONCLUSION: The utilization of lower cost osteoporosis medications such as oral bisphosphonates and estrogen hormonal therapy as PPF prophylaxis in this patient population would be economically viable if they reduce the PPF rate by 1.8% and 1.5%, respectively. For IV bisphosphonates and newer agents to be economically viable as PPF prophylaxis in the USA, their costs need to be significantly reduced.

Health service and medication costs associated with common mental disorders and subthreshold symptoms in women: Findings from the Geelong Osteoporosis Study in Australia.

OBJECTIVE: This analysis estimated 2013 annual healthcare costs associated with the common mental disorders of mood and anxiety disorders and psychological symptoms within a representative sample of Australian women. METHODS: Data from the 15-year follow-up of women in the Geelong Osteoporosis Study were linked to 12-month Medicare Benefits Schedule and Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme data. A Structured Clinical Interview for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, Non-patient edition identified common mental disorders and the General Health Questionnaire 12 assessed psychological symptoms. Participants were categorised into mutually exclusive groups: (1) common mental disorder (past 12 months), (2) subthreshold (no common mental disorder and General Health Questionnaire 12 score ⩾4) or (3) no common mental disorder and General Health Questionnaire 12 score <4. Two-part and hurdle models estimated differences in service use, and adjusted generalised linear models estimated mean differences in costs between groups. RESULTS: Compared to no common mental disorder, women with common mental disorders utilised more Medicare Benefits Schedule services (mean 26.9 vs 20.0, p < 0.001), had higher total Medicare Benefits Schedule cost ($1889 vs $1305, p < 0.01), received more Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme prescriptions (35.8 vs 20.6, p < 0.001), had higher total Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme cost ($1226 vs $740, p < 0.05) and had significantly higher annual out-of-pocket costs for Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme prescriptions ($249 vs $162, p < 0.001). Compared to no common mental disorder, subthreshold women were less likely to use any Medicare Benefits Schedule service (89.6% vs 97.0%, p < 0.01), but more likely to use mental health services (11.4% vs 2.9%, p < 0.01). The subthreshold group received more Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme prescriptions (mean 43.3 vs 20.6, p < 0.001) and incurred higher total Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme cost ($1268 vs $740, p < .05) compared to no common mental disorder. CONCLUSIONS: Common mental disorders and subthreshold psychological symptoms place a substantial economic burden on Australian healthcare services and consumers.

Expenditures on the treatment of osteoporosis in the elderly in Brazil (2008 - 2010): analysis of associated factors / Gastos com o tratamento da osteoporose em idosos do Brasil (2008 - 2010): análise dos fatores associados

Objective: To analyze the expenditure of the Ministry of Health with osteoporosis treatment in the Brazilian Public Health System (SUS) in 2008-2010 triennium and estimate the influence of demographic, regional and disease related variables on average expenditure per procedures performed. Methods: A cross-sectional, descriptive and analytical study based on secondary data from DATASUS related to procedures for the elderly with a diagnosis of osteoporosis and related fractures. For the statistical analysis and multivariate model, Stata 11.0 was used. Results: According to the findings, 3,252,756 procedures related to the osteoporosis treatment among the elderly were carried out in Brazil during the 2008 - 2010 period, totalizing R$ 288,986,335.15. The age group that most had procedures was 60 - 69 years (46.3%); the population of 80 years or older showed the highest spending per procedure, around R$ 106 million in three years. The women were majority in terms of quantity (95.6%) and expense (76%) of procedures. The average cost per procedure showed a large gap between men and women, nearly 7 times (R$ 480.14 versus R$ 70.85, respectively). The ambulatory care procedures predominated in quantity (96.4%) and the hospital procedures predominated in resources (70.4%). It was found that there is no single standard for groups of procedures when these are analyzed separately. Conclusion: A disaggregated analysis of expenditure by procedures groups extracted from the SUS Management System of the Table of Procedures, Medicines, Orthotics, Prosthetics and Special Materials allowed a detailed overview of federal spending on the osteoporosis treatment in the elderly from Brazil. .

Objetivo: Analisar o dispêndio do Ministério da Saúde com o tratamento de osteoporose no Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) no triênio 2008-2010 e estimar a influência de variáveis demográficas, regionais e associadas à doença nos gastos médios por procedimentos realizados. Métodos: Estudo transversal, descritivo e analítico com base em dados secundários do DATASUS relacionados a procedimentos para idosos com diagnóstico de osteoporose e de fraturas associadas. Para a análise estatística e para o modelo multivariado, foi utilizado o programa Stata 11.0. Resultados: Foram realizados 3.252.756 procedimentos relacionados ao tratamento de osteoporose em idosos do Brasil no triênio 2008 - 2010, que totalizaram R$ 288.986.335,15. A faixa etária de 60 - 69 anos (46,3%) foi a que mais realizou procedimentos, e a população de 80 ou mais anos foi a que apresentou maior gasto por procedimento, em torno de R$ 106 milhões no triênio. As mulheres foram majoritárias em termos de quantidade (95,6%) e de gastos (76%) com procedimentos. O gasto médio por procedimento apresentou uma grande disparidade entre homens e mulheres, de quase 7 vezes (R$ 480,14 versus R$ 70,85, respectivamente). Os procedimentos ambulatoriais predominaram em quantidade (96,4%) e os hospitalares, em recursos (70,4%). Verificou-se que não há um padrão único para os grupos de procedimentos, quando estes são analisados separadamente. Conclusão: A análise desagregada das despesas por grupos de procedimentos do Sistema de Gerenciamento da Tabela de Procedimentos, Medicamentos, Órtese, Prótese e Materiais Especiais do SUS permitiram uma visão mais detalhada dos gastos federais com o tratamento da osteoporose em idosos no Brasil. .

Perfil dos usuários e gastos com medicamentos excepcionais pelo SUS, destinados ao tratamento da osteoporose, em Minas Gerais, 2000-2004 / Users profile and expenses with the high cost medicines in the National Health System of Brazil for the treatment of osteoporosis in Minas Gerais, 2000-2004

Introdução: A osteoporose é uma doença comum, caracterizada por um comprometimento sistêmico da massa óssea e da microarquitetura que resulta em fraturas por fragilidade. Objetivo: Descrever o perfil demográfico e epidemiológico e os gastos envolvidos com o tratamento da osteoporose em indivíduos residentes em Minas Gerais, atendidos pelo Programa de Medicamentos Excepcionais do Sistema Único de Saúde, no período de 2000 a 2004. Métodos: Realizou-se pareamento probabilístico-determinístico de dados provenientes de registros de Autorizações de Procedimentos de Alta Complexidade/Alto Custo (APAC/SIA) e Sistema de Informação sobre Mortalidade (SIM), do DATASUS, identificando- se os indivíduos com diagnóstico com osteoporose e registro de gastos. Resultados: Foram identificados 6.596 pacientes com osteoporose, predominantemente do sexo feminino, idade igual ou superior a 50 anos. Grande parte dos pacientes atendidos iniciou tratamento medicamentoso após a ocorrência de fraturas osteoporóticas e o medicamento mais utilizado no início do tratamento foi o alendronato de sódio. A média de gastos com medicamentos no primeiro ano de tratamento foi de R$73,60±194,89, sendo maior para pacientes com idades entre 10-14, 20-39 e acima de 80 anos; que iniciaram tratamento em 2000, com fraturas osteoporóticas e utilizaram calcitonina e raloxifeno. Conclusão: Maior ênfase deve ser dada à prevenção de fraturas osteoporóticas, afim de que se inicie o tratamento o mais precocemente possível, auxiliando na redução da morbi-mortalidade e dos custos com o tratamento. Além disso, deve-se priorizar a utilização de medicamentos eficazes, seguros e que apresentem baixo custo de tratamento.(AU)

Introduction: Osteoporosis is a common disease characterised by a systemic impairment of bone mass and microarchitecture that results in fragility fractures. Objective: To describe the epidemiological and demographic profile of patients with osteoporosis enrolled at the High Cost Medicines Program and their treatment expenditures, in Minas Gerais, from 2000 to 2004. Methods: We conducted a data probabilistic-deterministic linkage from records of Ministry of Health's databases (DATASUS): Outpatient Information System (APAC/SIA) and Mortality Information System (SIM), identifying individuals diagnosed with osteoporosis and related drug expenditures. Results: We identified 6596 patients with osteoporosis, most of them were female, aged 50 years or more. Most patients started drug treatment after the occurrence of osteoporotic fractures and the drug used was alendronate sodium. The average cost of medication in the first year of treatment was R$73,60±194,89. The higher expenditures were observed for patients aged 10-14, 20-39 and 80 years or more, who started treatment in 2000, with osteoporotic fractures and were treated with calcitonin and raloxifene. Conclusion: Increased emphasis should be placed for the prevention of osteoporotic fractures. Treatment must begin as early as possible, helping to reduce morbidity and mortality and treatment costs. In addition, the use of effective and low cost drugs should be prioritized.(AU)

Actualización y costos de los estudios y el tratamiento de la osteoporosis en la Argentina / Update on osteoporosis in Argentina and treatment costs

Breve presentación de un estudio realizado para conocer la actualidad de la osteoporosis, el número de enfermos, los equipamientos en Argentina, los costos individuales del estudio y el tratamiento.

Epidemiology of osteoporosis in Latin America 2008: [review] / Epidemiología de la osteoporosis en Latino América: [revisión]

Osteoporosis is a growing disease in Latin America, rates of fractures actually in LA are quite similar to the ones in Southern Europe and slightly lower than USA and Northern Europe. According to the population projection of the WHO subjects over 65 of age will increase significantly in the next 50 years in LA and the number of hip fractures in this area will equal the numbers in Europe and USA. Unfortunately, in LA there are not adequate resources in terms of medical facilities for osteoporosis diagnosis, treatment or rehabilitation. Moreover, there are no policies of reimbursement for osteoporosis densitometry, bone markers measurements or medications in many countries or it is very limited in the ones who have started some kind of specific program for this matters. Thus, we have to face this public health problem by increasing the awareness of the disease in the general population, specific risk groups, schools, journalists or politicians. Improve medical education at different levels: Medical students, General Practitioners, Specialists, Nurses, and Social Workers. And, we have to develop enough influence to Public and Private Health Systems in order to make them to develop specific osteoporosis programs to cover a wide range of the population in LA, who actually is absolutely abandon of this kind of support.

La osteoporosis es una enfermedad que se vuelve cada vez más frecuente en América Latina. Su prevalencia es muy parecida a la encontrada en Europa del Sur y ligeramente más baja que en Europa del Norte y en la población blanca de los EUA. De acuerdo a las proyecciones de población de la OMS, el número de fracturas que se registrarán en la región de Latino América en los próximos 50 años casi igualará los números encontrados en EUA y Europa. Desafortunadamente en Latino América no hay recursos médicos suficientes para el diagnóstico, tratamiento y rehabilitación de la osteoporosis. En muchos países no existen leyes (o son muy limitadas) que garanticen el pago de los estudios de densitometría ósea, las medidas de prevención o los medicamentos para tratarla. Actualmente, es posible enfrentar este problema de salud pública generando conciencia de la enfermedad en el pú­blico general, en los grupos de riesgo y en las escuelas, con el apoyo de periodistas y sensibilizando a los políticos. También se debe mejorar la educación médica a nivel de las escuelas de medicina, entre los médicos generales, los especialistas, las enfermeras y los trabajadores sociales; se debe lograr suficiente influencia en el sistema de salud pública y privada para hacer que se desarrollen programas específicos contra la osteoporosis, que cubran al amplio rango de población Latinoamericana que actualmente no tiene ninguna clase de apoyo.

Custo da fratura osteoporótica de fêmur no sistema suplementar de saúde brasileiro / Cost of osteoporotic hip fracture in the Brazilian private health care system

OBJETIVO: Estimar custo direto durante hospitalização para fratura osteoporótica de fêmur no sistema privado de saúde brasileiro, pela perspectiva das empresas de planos de saúde. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal e retrospectivo sobre custos hospitalares em pacientes acima de 50 anos com fratura osteoporótica de fêmur, entre julho 2003 e junho 2004. A amostra estudada foi extraída da base de dados de processamento eletrônico das faturas de pacientes beneficiários de planos de saúde. RESULTADOS: Houve 129.611 pacientes com diagnóstico de osteoporose. A incidência de fratura osteoporótica de fêmur foi 4,99 por cento (mulheres). A média de permanência hospitalar foi 9,21 dias (2,13 dias na UTI). O custo médio total da hospitalização foi de R$ 24.000. O maior componente de custo foi atribuído ao material médico (61 por cento). O impacto econômico da fratura osteoporótica de fêmur foi estimado em R$ 12 milhões. CONCLUSÃO: Os custos do tratamento da fratura osteoporótica de fêmur são consideráveis no sistema privado de saúde brasileiro. Este estudo destaca a minimização de custos para empresas de planos de saúde caso a fratura osteoporótica de fêmur possa ser evitada.

Fracturas de cadera en egresos de hospitales de León, Guanajuato (México). Un indicador econométrico de osteoporosis

Aunque se desconoce la epidemiología de la osteoporosis (OP) en México, la frecuencia de las fracturas de cadera parece aumentar en los hospitales de Ortopedia. Con el propósito de conocer la frecuencia de las fracturas de cadera por trauma mínimo como un indicador de la importancia de la OP en hospitales públicos de nuestro medio, analizamos los registros de egresos de 4 hospitales generales del Sector Salud, en la ciudad de León, Guanajuato (México). Se revisaron los expedientes de todos los mayores de 50 años que sufrieron fractura de cadera. De un total de 113,410 pacientes egresados, 429 tuvieron una fractura de cadera por trauma mínimo. Estas se consideran de origen probablemente osteoporótico y se presentaron con una tasa de 3.78 por 1000 egresos por año. El 66 por ciento de estas fracturas ocurrieron en mujeres, con una edad media de 76.1 años. El 62 por ciento fueron transtrocantéricas y 19 por ciento transcervicales. Requirieron 12.2 días de hospitalización media y manejo quirúrgico en el 86 por ciento. El 12.5 por ciento de los pacientes sufrieron alguna complicación hospitalaria y 1.86 por ciento fallecieron en este lapso. El costo promedio de la estancia hospitalaria fue de US$1,266.01 (dolares americanos), más gastos quirúrgicos en la mayoría. La proyección al total de egresos hospitalarios del Sector Salud de México en 1995 revela un elevado costo directo. La fractura de cadera como una consecuencia común de la OP, representa una pesada carga económica. La única opción costo-efectiva está en la prevención tanto de la OP como de las caídas en la población general