Reactivity and DNA Damage by Independently Generated 2'-Deoxycytidin-N4-yl Radical.

Oxidative stress produces a variety of radicals in DNA, including pyrimidine nucleobase radicals. The nitrogen-centered DNA radical 2'-deoxycytidin-N4-yl radical (dC·) plays a role in DNA damage mediated by one electron oxidants, such as HOCl and ionizing radiation. However, the reactivity of dC· is not well understood. To reduce this knowledge gap, we photochemically generated dC· from a nitrophenyl oxime nucleoside and within chemically synthesized oligonucleotides from the same precursor. dC· formation is confirmed by transient UV-absorption spectroscopy in laser flash photolysis (LFP) experiments. LFP and duplex DNA cleavage experiments indicate that dC· oxidizes dG. Transient formation of the dG radical cation (dG+•) is observed in LFP experiments. Oxidation of the opposing dG in DNA results in hole transfer when the opposing dG is part of a dGGG sequence. The sequence dependence is attributed to a competition between rapid proton transfer from dG+• to the opposing dC anion formed and hole transfer. Enhanced hole transfer when less acidic O6-methyl-2'-deoxyguanosine is opposite dC· supports this proposal. dC· produces tandem lesions in sequences containing thymidine at the 5'-position by abstracting a hydrogen atom from the thymine methyl group. The corresponding thymidine peroxyl radical completes tandem lesion formation by reacting with the 5'-adjacent nucleotide. As dC· is reduced to dC, its role in the process is traceless and is only detectable because of the ability to independently generate it from a stable precursor. These experiments reveal that dC· oxidizes neighboring nucleotides, resulting in deleterious tandem lesions and hole transfer in appropriate sequences.

Evaluation of O-alkyl and aryl sulfonyl aromatic and heteroaromatic amidoximes as novel potent DNA photo-cleavers.

Several stable O-alkyl and aryl sulfonyl conjugated p-nitro-Ph and o-, m-, p-pyridine N'-hydroxy imidamides, were subjected to UV irradiation at 312 nm with supercoiled circular plasmid DNA pBluescript KS II. The generated amidinyl and sulfonyloxyl radicals led to effective DNA photo-cleavage. Both alkyl and aryl sulfonyl derivatives were active and the order p-pyridine > p-nitro-Ph > o-pyridine > m-pyridine was schematized for the N'-hydroxy imidamides moiety. Calf thymus-DNA affinity studies which comprised UV interactions, viscosity experiments and competitive studies with ethidium bromide showed good to excellent affinity of the compounds. These properties revealed sulfonyl amidoximes as novel effective DNA-photo-cleavers and may serve in the discovery of new leads for "on demand" biotechnological and medical applications.

Visible-light-promoted iminyl-radical formation from acyl oximes: a unified approach to pyridines, quinolines, and phenanthridines.

A unified strategy involving visible-light-induced iminyl-radical formation has been established for the construction of pyridines, quinolines, and phenanthridines from acyl oximes. With fac-[Ir(ppy)3 ] as a photoredox catalyst, the acyl oximes were converted by 1 e(-) reduction into iminyl radical intermediates, which then underwent intramolecular homolytic aromatic substitution (HAS) to give the N-containing arenes. These reactions proceeded with a broad range of substrates at room temperature in high yield. This strategy of visible-light-induced iminyl-radical formation was successfully applied to a five-step concise synthesis of benzo[c]phenanthridine alkaloids.

An efficient deprotection of oximes to carbonyls catalyzed by silica sulfuric acid in water under ultrasound irradiation.

Deprotection of oximes to the corresponding carbonyl compounds in silica sulfuric acid/surfactant/paraformaldehyde system can be carried out in excellent yields at 50 degrees C in water under ultrasound irradiation.

[Sensitized photomodification of DNA with binary systems of oligonucleotide conjugates. III. Double-quantum sensitization]. / Sensibilizirovannaia fotomodifikatsiia DNK binarnymi sistemami oligonucleotidnykh kon''iugatov. III. Dvykhkvantovaia sensibilizatsiia.

Site-specific modification of single-stranded DNA by oligonucleotide derivatives of p-azido-O-(4-aminobutyl)tetrafluorobenzaldoxime sensitized by an oligonucleotide derivative of pyrenylethylamine was studied. Upon irradiation with the long-wave UV light (365-390 nm) of a DNA target-oligonucleotide reagent complementary complex, a considerable increase in the rate of sensitized photomodification at the G11 residue of the target relative to the direct photomodification was observed owing to the singlet-single energy transfer from the sensitizer onto the photoreagent. Upon simultaneous irradiation of the complex with UV and visible light in the region of the triplet-triplet absorption of pyrene (360-580 nm), an additional increase in the modification rate and a change in its site-direction (from the G11 to T13 residue) occurred through the two-photon triplet-triplet sensitization. The total extent of the structure photomodification amounted to 80%.

Sensitivity of technetium-99m-d,1-HMPAO to radiolysis in aqueous solutions.

The sensitivity of technetium-99m- (99mTc) d,l-HMPAO to radiolytically induced dissociation in aqueous solutions was investigated. It was found that cobalt-60 (60Co) gamma irradiation of solutions containing 99mTc-d,l-HMPAO with only 1600 cGy reduced the lipophilic chelates' radiochemical purity (RCP) to 50%-60%. The radiolytic sensitivity of 99mTc-meso-HMPAO is significantly lower. The results indicate that radiolytically produced intermediates limit the in vitro stability of 99mTc-d,l-HMPAO.