RESUMO
Supramolecular nanoparticles containing peptides and drugs have recently gained recognition as an effective tumor treatment drug delivery system. A multitarget drug termed pemetrexed is effective against various cancers, including nonsmall cell lung cancer. The work aims to establish the capability of pemetrexed gold nanoparticles (PEM-AuNPs) to induce apoptosis and explore molecular changes. X-ray diffraction, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, scanning electron microscope, and transmission electron microscope were used to investigate the synthesized nanoparticles. The MTT assay was utilized to investigate the anticancer properties of PEM-AuNPs at varying concentrations (50, 100, and 200 µM). PEM-AuNPs demonstrated a decrease in cell viability with 55.87%, 43.04%, and 25.59% for A549 cells and 54.31%, 37.40%, and 25.84% for H1299 cells at the respective concentrations. To assess apoptosis and perform morphological analysis, diverse biochemical staining techniques, including acridine orange-ethidium bromide and 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole nuclear staining assays, were employed. Additionally, 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein diacetate staining confirmed the induction of reactive oxygen species generation, while JC-1 staining validated the impact on the mitochondrial membrane at the IC50 concentration of PEM-AuNPs. Thus, the study demonstrated that the synthesized PEM-AuNPs exhibited enhanced anticancer activity against both A549 and H1299 cells.
Assuntos
Antineoplásicos , Apoptose , Ouro , Neoplasias Pulmonares , Nanopartículas Metálicas , Mitocôndrias , Pemetrexede , Espécies Reativas de Oxigênio , Humanos , Ouro/química , Ouro/farmacologia , Nanopartículas Metálicas/química , Apoptose/efeitos dos fármacos , Espécies Reativas de Oxigênio/metabolismo , Neoplasias Pulmonares/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias Pulmonares/patologia , Neoplasias Pulmonares/metabolismo , Mitocôndrias/efeitos dos fármacos , Mitocôndrias/metabolismo , Pemetrexede/farmacologia , Pemetrexede/química , Antineoplásicos/farmacologia , Antineoplásicos/química , Sobrevivência Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Células A549 , Ensaios de Seleção de Medicamentos Antitumorais , Proliferação de Células/efeitos dos fármacos , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Linhagem Celular TumoralRESUMO
BACKGROUND: An eco-friendly analytical technique was developed with the intention of preserving the environment by using green chemistry principles. Pemetrexed is a folate analogue indicated for the treatment of advanced lung cancer. OBJECTIVE: Development of a green stability-indicating HPLC method for the quantification of pemetrexed ditromethamine (PDT) impurities in Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient (API) and parenteral dosage form. METHODS: Chromatographic separation was achieved using a Zorbax SB C18 column (150 mm × 4.6 mm i.d., 3.5 µ particle size) with perchlorate buffer (pH 3.0 ± 0.1, 50 mM) as mobile phase A and acetonitrile-perchlorate (90 + 10, v/v) buffer as mobile phase B at a flow rate of 0.8 mL/min with a column temperature of 40°C ± 0.5°C. All analytes were well resolved by gradient elution with a total run time of 75 min. The UV detection wavelength was 230 nm. RESULTS: The RP-HPLC method is capable of resolving all the degradation and process impurities for PDT API and parenteral dosage form. The related compounds method was validated in accordance with International conference on harmonization (ICH) Q2(R1) and United states of Pharmacopoeia (USP) <1225> guidelines, and found to be accurate, specific, precise, linear, robust and stability-indicating. The precision and intermediate results were <5% CV for all the impurities. The accuracy for all the impurities was found to be between 90 and 110%. The linearity of regression co-efficient values for all the impurities were found to be more than 0.999. CONCLUSION: The proposed related compounds method is found suitable for the determination of process and degradation impurities of commercial formulations, stability samples in QC analysis for PDT API, and drug product. HIGHLIGHTS: The developed liquid chromatographic method greenness and eco-friendliness were assessed using the green analytical procedure index (GAPI) and the analytical greenness (AGREE) tool, and found to be green. A PDT detoxification procedure was also developed to reduce environmental pollution.
Assuntos
Antineoplásicos , Estabilidade de Medicamentos , Pemetrexede , Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Pressão/métodos , Pemetrexede/análise , Pemetrexede/química , Antineoplásicos/análise , Antineoplásicos/química , Química Verde/métodos , Contaminação de Medicamentos , InjeçõesRESUMO
The interaction of antifolate drug Pemetrexed (PEM) with CT-DNA has been studied by UV-Vis, fluorescence and circular dichroism spectroscopic techniques. The results of these spectroscopic studies in combination with viscosity measurements, voltammetric and KI quenching studies suggested a less-common mode of binding of PEM with CT-DNA i.e. neither intercalation nor groove binding. Thus, metadynamic (MD) simulation is utilized to decipher the nature of binding of PEM with CT-DNA. Analysis of free energy surfaces obtained in MD simulation, reveals that PEM binds to the 3'- and 5'-ends of the DNA molecule. The thermodynamics of the interaction has been investigated by isothermal titration calorimetric experiment. The analysis shows that PEM binds with CT-DNA strongly with a binding constant of 2.6x109 M-1 and the process is found to be spontaneous (ΔG - 12.84 kcal/mol). Further, positive values of enthalpy (ΔH 6.09 cal/mol) and entropy (ΔS 43.1 cal/mol) changes indicate that the binding is an enthalpically unfavourable and, instead, entropically driven process.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
Assuntos
DNA , Pemetrexede , DNA/química , Pemetrexede/química , Termodinâmica , Animais , Bovinos , Simulação de Acoplamento Molecular , Análise Espectral , Dicroísmo CircularRESUMO
Background: Conventional chemotherapy results in severe toxic side effects due to affecting normal and cancer cells. The conjugation of chemotherapy with mAb will improve the chemotherapy selectivity towards cancer cells and at the same time will potentiate immune system to detect and kill cancer cells. The aim of the study was to prepare atezolizumab-pemetrexed conjugate using two types of linkers (linker conjugated with -NH2 of lysine amino acid in the mAb). Methods: This study utilizes (for the first time) the mAb atezolizumab (AtZ) to prepare a new, selective conjugate carrier for pemetrexed (PMX) by using gamma amino butyric acid (GABA) as linker for the first time in comparison to the commonly used linker polyethylene glycol (PEG) using carbodiimide (EDC) / N-hydroxysulfosuccinimide (Sulfo-NHS) zero length cross linker. Stepwise evaluation for PMX-linkers linkage as well as mAb conjugates was evaluated by FTIR, 1HNMR, DSC, LC-MS, gel-electrophoresis as well as the anticancer activity against lung cells A549. Results: The work revealed that two molecules of GABA combined with PMX, which in turn conjugated with an average ratio of 4:1 with mAb, while one molecule of PEG combined with PMX, which in turn conjugated with mAb in the same average ratio. The IC 50 for the prepared PMX-GABA-AtZ conjugate was 0.048 µM, which was much lower than PMX alone, antibody AtZ alone as well as PMX-PEG-AtZ conjugate in a dose and time dependent manner. Conclusions: The potential use of such conjugate that selectively directed to the overexpressed lung cells antigen in a low dose leading to reduction of serious side effects of PMX and the cost of therapeutically AtZ mAb used.
Assuntos
Anticorpos Monoclonais Humanizados , Antineoplásicos , Pemetrexede , Humanos , Pemetrexede/química , Pemetrexede/farmacologia , Anticorpos Monoclonais Humanizados/química , Anticorpos Monoclonais Humanizados/farmacologia , Antineoplásicos/química , Antineoplásicos/farmacologia , Imunoconjugados/química , Imunoconjugados/farmacologia , Anticorpos Monoclonais/química , Anticorpos Monoclonais/farmacologia , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Células A549 , Polietilenoglicóis/químicaRESUMO
Although nanotheranostics have displayed striking potential toward precise nanomedicine, their targeting delivery and tumor penetration capacities are still impeded by several biological barriers. Besides, the current antitumor strategies mainly focus on killing tumor cells rather than antiangiogenesis. Enlightened by the fact that the smart transformable self-targeting nanotheranostics can enhance their targeting efficiency, tumor penetration, and cellular uptake, we herein report carrier-free Trojan-horse diameter-reducible metal-organic nanotheranostics by the coordination-driven supramolecular sequential co-assembly of the chemo-drug pemetrexed (PEM), transition-metal ions (FeIII), and antiangiogenesis pseudolaric acid B. Such nanotheranostics with both a high dual-drug payload efficiency and outstanding physiological stability are responsively decomposed into numerous ultra-small-diameter nanotheranostics under stimuli of the moderate acidic tumor microenvironment and then internalized into tumor cells through tumor-receptor-mediated self-targeting, synergistically enhancing tumor penetration and cellular uptake. Besides, such nanotheranostics enable visualization of self-targeting capacity under the macroscopic monitor of computed tomography/magnetic resonance imaging, thereby realizing efficient oncotherapy. Moreover, tumor microvessels are precisely monitored by optical coherence tomography angiography/laser speckle imaging during chemo-antiangiogenic therapy in vivo, visually verifying that such nanotheranostics possess an excellent antiangiogenic effect. Our work will provide a promising strategy for further tumor diagnosis and targeted therapy.
Assuntos
Inibidores da Angiogênese/farmacologia , Antineoplásicos/farmacologia , Materiais Biocompatíveis/farmacologia , Estruturas Metalorgânicas/farmacologia , Neovascularização Patológica/tratamento farmacológico , Nanomedicina Teranóstica , Inibidores da Angiogênese/química , Antineoplásicos/química , Materiais Biocompatíveis/química , Linhagem Celular , Proliferação de Células/efeitos dos fármacos , Sobrevivência Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Diterpenos/química , Diterpenos/farmacologia , Ensaios de Seleção de Medicamentos Antitumorais , Humanos , Teste de Materiais , Estruturas Metalorgânicas/química , Neovascularização Patológica/patologia , Tamanho da Partícula , Pemetrexede/química , Pemetrexede/farmacologia , Propriedades de SuperfícieRESUMO
Pemetrexed is an antifolate drug approved for the treatment of non-small-cell lung cancer and mesothelioma. Assessing pemetrexed pharmacokinetics after administration of a microdose (100 µg) may facilitate drug-drug interaction and dose individualization studies with cytotoxic drugs, without causing harm to patients. Therefore, a highly sensitive bioanalytical assay is required. A reversed-phase ultra-high performance liquid chromatography method was developed to determine pemetrexed concentrations in human ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid-plasma after microdosing. [13 C5 ]-Pemetrexed was used as the internal standard. The sample preparation involved solid-phase extraction from plasma. Detection was performed using MS/MS in a total run time of 9.5 min. The assay was validated over the concentration range of 0.0250-25.0 µg/L pemetrexed. The average accuracies for the assay in plasma were 96.5 and 96.5%, and the within-day and between-day precision in coefficients of variations was <8.8%. Extraction recovery was 59 ± 1 and 55 ± 5% for pemetrexed and its internal standard. Processed plasma samples were stable for 2 days in a cooled autosampler at 10°C. The assay was successfully applied in a pharmacokinetic curve, which was obtained as a part of an ongoing clinical microdosing study.
Assuntos
Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Pressão/métodos , Pemetrexede/sangue , Espectrometria de Massas em Tandem/métodos , Cromatografia de Fase Reversa/métodos , Ensaios Clínicos como Assunto , Humanos , Limite de Detecção , Modelos Lineares , Pemetrexede/química , Pemetrexede/farmacocinética , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Extração em Fase Sólida/métodosRESUMO
A facile synthetic protocol was employed to prepare process-related impurities associated with the synthesis of pemetrexed disodium heptahydrate, Alimta. The research work is described for the development of the novel synthetic methods and their structure elucidation of Pemetrexed glutamide, N-methyl pemetrexed, and N-methyl pemetrexed glutamide impurities. The listed impurities were deduced through spectral analysis, such as 1H-NMR, 13CNMR, and HRMS. The target compounds can be used as the reference substances for quality control.
Assuntos
Antineoplásicos , Glutamatos , Guanina , Pemetrexede/químicaRESUMO
Folates (also known as vitamin B9) have a critical role in cellular metabolism as the starting point in the synthesis of nucleic acids, amino acids and the universal methylating agent S-adenylsmethionine1,2. Folate deficiency is associated with a number of developmental, immune and neurological disorders3-5. Mammals cannot synthesize folates de novo; several systems have therefore evolved to take up folates from the diet and distribute them within the body3,6. The proton-coupled folate transporter (PCFT) (also known as SLC46A1) mediates folate uptake across the intestinal brush border membrane and the choroid plexus4,7, and is an important route for the delivery of antifolate drugs in cancer chemotherapy8-10. How PCFT recognizes folates or antifolate agents is currently unclear. Here we present cryo-electron microscopy structures of PCFT in a substrate-free state and in complex with a new-generation antifolate drug (pemetrexed). Our results provide a structural basis for understanding antifolate recognition and provide insights into the pH-regulated mechanism of folate transport mediated by PCFT.
Assuntos
Microscopia Crioeletrônica , Antagonistas do Ácido Fólico/química , Antagonistas do Ácido Fólico/metabolismo , Pemetrexede/química , Pemetrexede/metabolismo , Transportador de Folato Acoplado a Próton/química , Transportador de Folato Acoplado a Próton/metabolismo , Apoproteínas/química , Apoproteínas/metabolismo , Apoproteínas/ultraestrutura , Transporte Biológico , Humanos , Modelos Moleculares , Transportador de Folato Acoplado a Próton/ultraestrutura , PrótonsRESUMO
Folate receptor alpha (FRα) is known as a biological marker for many cancers due to its overexpression in cancerous epithelial tissue. The folic acid (FA) binding affinity to the FRα active site provides a basis for designing more specific targets for FRα. Heterocyclic rings have been shown to interact with many receptors and are important to the metabolism and biological processes within the body. Nineteen FA analogs with substitution with various heterocyclic rings were designed to have higher affinity toward FRα. Molecular docking was used to study the binding affinity of designed analogs compared to FA, methotrexate (MTX), and pemetrexed (PTX). Out of 19 FA analogs, analogs with a tetrazole ring (FOL03) and benzothiophene ring (FOL08) showed the most negative binding energy and were able to interact with ASP81 and SER174 through hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions with amino acids of the active site. Hence, 100 ns molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were carried out for FOL03, FOL08 compared to FA, MTX, and PTX. The root mean square deviation (RMSD) and root mean square fluctuation (RMSF) of FOL03 and FOL08 showed an apparent convergence similar to that of FA, and both of them entered the binding pocket (active site) from the pteridine part, while the glutamic part was stuck at the FRα pocket entrance during the MD simulations. Molecular mechanics Poisson-Boltzmann surface accessible (MM-PBSA) and H-bond analysis revealed that FOL03 and FOL08 created more negative free binding and electrostatic energy compared to FA and PTX, and both formed stronger H-bond interactions with ASP81 than FA with excellent H-bond profiles that led them to become bound tightly in the pocket. In addition, pocket volume calculations showed that the volumes of active site for FOL03 and FOL08 inside the FRα pocket were smaller than the FA-FRα system, indicating strong interactions between the protein active site residues with these new FA analogs compared to FA during the MD simulations.
Assuntos
Simulação por Computador , Receptor 1 de Folato/química , Ácido Fólico/química , Compostos Heterocíclicos/química , Sítios de Ligação , Humanos , Ligação de Hidrogênio , Ligantes , Metotrexato/química , Simulação de Acoplamento Molecular , Simulação de Dinâmica Molecular , Pemetrexede/química , TermodinâmicaRESUMO
Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is a membrane-bound zinc metallopeptidase that generates the vasodilatory peptide angiotensin 1-7 and thus performs a protective role in heart disease. It is considered an important therapeutic target in controlling the COVID-19 outbreak, since SARS-CoV-2 enters permissive cells via an ACE2-mediated mechanism. The present in silico study attempted to repurpose existing drugs for use as prospective viral-entry inhibitors targeting human ACE2. Initially, a clinically approved drug library of 7,173 ligands was screened against the receptor using molecular docking, followed by energy minimization and rescoring of docked ligands. Finally, potential binders were inspected to ensure molecules with different scaffolds were engaged in favorable contacts with both the metal cofactor and the critical residues lining the receptor's active site. The results of the calculations suggest that lividomycin, burixafor, quisinostat, fluprofylline, pemetrexed, spirofylline, edotecarin, and diniprofylline emerge as promising repositionable drug candidates for stabilizing the closed (substrate/inhibitor-bound) conformation of ACE2, thereby shifting the relative positions of the receptor's critical exterior residues recognized by SARS-CoV-2. This study is among the rare ones in the relevant scientific literature to search for potential ACE2 inhibitors. In practical terms, the drugs, unmodified as they are, may be introduced into the therapeutic armamentarium of the ongoing fight against COVID-19 now, or their scaffolds may serve as rich skeletons for designing novel ACE2 inhibitors in the near future.
Assuntos
Inibidores da Enzima Conversora de Angiotensina/química , Antivirais/química , Betacoronavirus/química , Peptidil Dipeptidase A/química , Bibliotecas de Moléculas Pequenas/química , Motivos de Aminoácidos , Enzima de Conversão de Angiotensina 2 , Betacoronavirus/enzimologia , COVID-19 , Carbazóis/química , Domínio Catalítico , Infecções por Coronavirus/tratamento farmacológico , Infecções por Coronavirus/virologia , Reposicionamento de Medicamentos , Difilina/análogos & derivados , Difilina/química , Interações Hospedeiro-Patógeno , Humanos , Ácidos Hidroxâmicos/química , Ligantes , Simulação de Acoplamento Molecular , Pandemias , Paromomicina/análogos & derivados , Paromomicina/química , Pemetrexede/química , Peptidil Dipeptidase A/metabolismo , Pneumonia Viral/tratamento farmacológico , Pneumonia Viral/virologia , Ligação Proteica , Domínios e Motivos de Interação entre Proteínas , Estrutura Secundária de Proteína , SARS-CoV-2 , Relação Estrutura-Atividade , TermodinâmicaRESUMO
Mesoporous material SBA-15 was functionalized with different polar and nonpolar groups: 3-aminopropyl, (SBA-15-NH2), 3-isocyanatopropyl (SBA-15-NCO), 3-mercaptopropyl (SBA-15-SH), methyl (SBA-15-CH3) and phenyl (SBA-15-Ph). The resulting surface grafted materials were investigated as matrices for controlled drug delivery. Anticancer agent, pemetrexed (disodium pemetrexed heptahydrate) was selected as a model drug and loaded in the unmodified and functionalized SBA-15 materials. Materials were characterized by elemental analysis, infrared spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, nitrogen adsorption/desorption analysis, small angle X-ray scattering, powder X-ray diffraction, solid state NMR spectroscopy and thermogravimetry. It was shown that surface modification has an impact on both encapsulated drug amount and release properties. Release experiments were performed into two media with different pH: simulated body fluid (pHâ¯=â¯7.4) and simulated gastric fluid (pHâ¯=â¯2). In general, the effect of pH was reflected by the lower release of pemetrexed under acidic conditions (pHâ¯=â¯2) compared to slightly alkaline saline environment (pHâ¯=â¯7.4). The release rate of pemetrexed from propylamine-, propylisocyanate- and phenyl-modified SBA-15 was found to be effectively controlled by intermolecular interactions as compared to that from pure SBA-15, SBA-15-SH, and SBA-15-CH3, that evidenced a steady and similar release. The highest release was observed for methyl-functionalized material whose hydrophobic surface accelerates the pemetrexed release. The data obtained from release studies were fitted using various kinetic models to determine the pemetrexed release mechanism and its release rate. The best correlations were found for Korsmeyer-Peppas and Higuchi models. Moreover, the theoretical three-parameter model for drug release kinetic was applied to calculate the strength of drug-support interactions. The in vitro cell study was performed on SKBR3 cancer cells and obtained results demonstrated that the modification of the mesoporous silica material by grafted polar/nonpolar groups may significantly affect the compatibility of this material with cells, drug release from this material and subsequent biological activity of PEM.
Assuntos
Antineoplásicos , Neoplasias/tratamento farmacológico , Pemetrexede , Dióxido de Silício , Antineoplásicos/química , Antineoplásicos/farmacocinética , Antineoplásicos/farmacologia , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Preparações de Ação Retardada/química , Preparações de Ação Retardada/farmacocinética , Preparações de Ação Retardada/farmacologia , Humanos , Concentração de Íons de Hidrogênio , Neoplasias/metabolismo , Neoplasias/patologia , Pemetrexede/química , Pemetrexede/farmacocinética , Pemetrexede/farmacologia , Dióxido de Silício/química , Dióxido de Silício/farmacocinética , Dióxido de Silício/farmacologia , Propriedades de SuperfícieRESUMO
A stability-indicating high-performance liquid chromatography method for Pemetrexed bulk was developed and validated as per the ICH guidelines by employing design of experiments methodology equipped with Box-Behnken design. The separation of Pemetrexed and its oxidative degradation product was achieved in isocratic elution mode with Zorbax C18 column (150â¯mmâ¯xâ¯4.6â¯mm x5⯵m) using 10â¯mM ammonium acetate (pH 4.5 adjusted with acetic acid) and acetonitrile in the ratio of 50:50, v/v with a flow rate of 1.0â¯mL/min at detection wavelength of 223â¯nm. Tandem mass spectrometry method was adopted to identify and characterize the major oxidative degradation product. The results obtained indicate that the method is specific, linear, precise and accurate for the determination of Pemetrexed and characterization of degradation product.
Assuntos
Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Pressão/métodos , Pemetrexede/química , Espectrometria de Massas em Tandem/métodos , Acetatos/química , Acetonitrilas/química , Estabilidade de Medicamentos , Oxirredução , Reprodutibilidade dos TestesRESUMO
Despite the clinical approval of few nanomedicines for cancer therapy, some drawbacks still impede their improved efficiency including low drug loading, off-target toxicity and development of multi-drug resistance. Herein, lactoferrin (Lf)-coupled mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNPs) were developed for combined delivery of the cytotoxic drug pemetrexed (PMT) and the phytomedicine ellagic acid (EA) for synergistic breast cancer therapy. While the hydrophobic EA was physically encapsulated within the pores of MSNPs via the adsorptive properties of MSNPs and the electrostatic interactions between the negatively charged EA and positively charged amino modified MSNs, the highly water soluble PMT was chemically anchored to the Lf shell through chemical conjugation to the surface of lactoferrin coated MSNPs by carbodiimide reaction to avoid pre-mature drug release and systemic toxicity. The dual drug-loaded Lf-MSNPs (284â¯nm) demonstrated a sequential faster release of EA followed by a sustained release of PMT. The dual drug-loaded Lf-MSNPs exhibited highest cytotoxicity against MCF-7 (Michigan Cancer Foundation-7) breast cancer cells as revealed by the lowest combination index (CIâ¯=â¯0.885) compared to free drugs. The combination index value (< 1) revealed synergy between both loaded drugs. Furthermore, high cellular uptake of the nanocarriers into MCF-7 breast cancer cells was observed via Lf-receptor mediated endocytosis. Altogether, the dual drug-loaded Lf-targeted MSNPs showed to be a promising carrier for breast cancer therapy through triggering different signaling pathways, and hence overcoming the multi-drug resistance and minimizing the systemic toxicity.
Assuntos
Antineoplásicos/farmacologia , Neoplasias da Mama/tratamento farmacológico , Ácido Elágico/farmacologia , Lactoferrina/farmacologia , Nanopartículas/química , Pemetrexede/farmacologia , Dióxido de Silício/farmacologia , Antineoplásicos/síntese química , Antineoplásicos/química , Neoplasias da Mama/patologia , Proliferação de Células/efeitos dos fármacos , Sobrevivência Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Ensaios de Seleção de Medicamentos Antitumorais , Ácido Elágico/química , Humanos , Lactoferrina/química , Células MCF-7 , Estrutura Molecular , Tamanho da Partícula , Pemetrexede/química , Porosidade , Dióxido de Silício/química , Relação Estrutura-Atividade , Propriedades de Superfície , Células Tumorais CultivadasRESUMO
AIM: The intention of this investigation was to develop Pemetrexed Diacid (PTX)-loaded gelatine-cloisite 30B (MMT) nanocomposite for the potential oral delivery of PTX and the in vitro, and ex vivo assessment. BACKGROUND: Gelatin/Cloisite 30 B (MMT) nanocomposites were prepared by blending gelatin with MMT in aqueous solution. METHODS: PTX was incorporated into the nanocomposite preparation. The nanocomposites were investigated by Fourier Transmission Infra Red Spectroscopy (FT-IR), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and Confocal Laser Microscopy (CLSM). FT-IR of nanocomposite showed the disappearance of all major peaks which corroborated the formation of nanocomposites. The nanocomposites were found to have a particle size of 121.9 ± 1.85 nm and zeta potential -12.1 ± 0.63 mV. DSC thermogram of drug loaded nanocomposites indicated peak at 117.165 oC and 205.816 oC, which clearly revealed that the drug has been incorporated into the nanocomposite because of cross-linking of cloisite 30 B and gelatin in the presence of glutaraldehyde. RESULTS: SEM images of gelatin show a network like structure which disappears in the nanocomposite. The kinetics of the drug release was studied in order to ascertain the type of release mechanism. The drug release from nanocomposites was in a controlled manner, followed by first-order kinetics and the drug release mechanism was found to be of Fickian type. CONCLUSION: Ex vivo gut permeation studies revealed 4 times enhancement in the permeation of drug present in the nanocomposite as compared to plain drug solution and were further affirmed by CLSM. Thus, gelatin/(MMT) nanocomposite could be promising for the oral delivery of PTX in cancer therapy and future prospects for the industrial pharmacy.
Assuntos
Antineoplásicos/administração & dosagem , Argila , Gelatina/administração & dosagem , Mucosa Intestinal/metabolismo , Nanocompostos/administração & dosagem , Pemetrexede/administração & dosagem , Administração Oral , Animais , Antineoplásicos/química , Sistemas de Liberação de Medicamentos , Liberação Controlada de Fármacos , Enterócitos/metabolismo , Gelatina/química , Masculino , Nanocompostos/química , Neoplasias/tratamento farmacológico , Pemetrexede/química , Ratos , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
Drug-loaded magnetic nanoparticles have been developed because of the advantages of specific drug targeting in cancer treatment. Pemetrexed (PEM) is a multi-targeting antifolate agent that is effective for the treatment of many cancers, for example, non-small cell lung cancer. Here, PEM loaded magnetic O-carboxymethyl chitosan (O-CMC) nanoparticles were prepared to deliver PEM on tumor tissue with an external magnetic field. The modification of chitosan to O-CMC was confirmed by FTIR analysis. Nanoparticle synthesis was performed via ionic gelation method. The diameter of magnetic O-CMC nanoparticles (MCMC) was found to be 130.1 ± 22.96 nm. After PEM loading, diameter was found to be 123.9 ± 11.42 nm. The drug release of PEM loaded MCMC (PMCMC) was slower in physiological medium than in acidic medium. A549-luc-C8 and CRL5807 cell lines were used for MTT test which showed that IC50 values of nanoparticles were lower than PEM. The antitumor efficiency of PMCMC in xenograft tumor model was examined with in vivo imaging system (IVIS) and caliper and with hematological analyses. In vivo studies revealed that PMCMC had targeted antitumor activity in A549-luc-C8-tumor-bearing mice compared to PEM. As a result, it was suggested that PMCMC have great potential for the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer.
Assuntos
Carcinoma Pulmonar de Células não Pequenas , Sistemas de Liberação de Medicamentos , Neoplasias Pulmonares , Nanopartículas de Magnetita , Pemetrexede , Células A549 , Animais , Carcinoma Pulmonar de Células não Pequenas/tratamento farmacológico , Carcinoma Pulmonar de Células não Pequenas/metabolismo , Carcinoma Pulmonar de Células não Pequenas/patologia , Feminino , Humanos , Neoplasias Pulmonares/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias Pulmonares/metabolismo , Neoplasias Pulmonares/patologia , Nanopartículas de Magnetita/química , Nanopartículas de Magnetita/uso terapêutico , Camundongos , Camundongos Nus , Pemetrexede/química , Pemetrexede/farmacologia , Ensaios Antitumorais Modelo de XenoenxertoRESUMO
Immunotherapy has emerged as a promising new approach for cancer treatment. However, clinically available drugs have been limited until recently, and the antitumor efficacy of most cancer immunotherapies still needs to be improved. Herein, we develop diselenide-pemetrexed assemblies that combine natural killer (NK) cell-based cancer immunotherapy with radiotherapy and chemotherapy in a single system. The assemblies are prepared by co-assembly between pemetrexed and cytosine-containing diselenide through hydrogen bonds. Under γ-radiation, the hydrogen bonds are cleaved, resulting in the release of pemetrexed. At the same time, diselenide can be oxidized to seleninic acid, which suppresses the expression of human leukocyte antigen E (HLA-E) in cancer cells, thus activating the immune response of NK cells. In this way, cancer immunotherapy is combined with radiotherapy and chemotherapy, providing a new strategy for cancer treatment.
Assuntos
Antineoplásicos/farmacologia , Neoplasias da Mama/terapia , Compostos Organosselênicos/farmacologia , Pemetrexede/farmacologia , Antineoplásicos/química , Neoplasias da Mama/imunologia , Neoplasias da Mama/patologia , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Proliferação de Células/efeitos dos fármacos , Sobrevivência Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Antígenos de Histocompatibilidade Classe I/imunologia , Humanos , Imunoterapia , Células Matadoras Naturais/efeitos dos fármacos , Células Matadoras Naturais/imunologia , Estrutura Molecular , Compostos Organosselênicos/química , Pemetrexede/químicaRESUMO
Serine hydroxymethyltransferases (SHMTs) reversibly transform serine into glycine in a reaction accompanied with conversion of tetrahydrofolate (THF) into 5,10-methylene-THF (5,10-meTHF). In vivo, 5,10-meTHF is the main carrier of one-carbon (1C) units, which are utilized for nucleotide biosynthesis and other processes crucial for every living cell, but hyperactivated in overproliferating cells (e.g. cancer tissues). SHMTs are emerging as a promising target for development of new drugs because it appears possible to inhibit growth of cancer cells by cutting off the supply of 5,10-meTHF. Methotrexate (MTX) and pemetrexed (PTX) are two examples of antifolates that have cured many patients over the years but target different enzymes from the folate cycle (mainly dihydrofolate reductase and thymidylate synthase, respectively). Here we show crystal structures of MTX and PTX bound to plant SHMT isozymes from cytosol and mitochondria-human isozymes exist in the same subcellular compartments. We verify inhibition of the studied isozymes by a thorough kinetic analysis. We propose to further exploit antifolate scaffold in development of SHMT inhibitors because it seems likely that especially polyglutamylated PTX inhibits SHMTs in vivo. Structure-based optimization is expected to yield novel antifolates that could potentially be used as chemotherapeutics.
Assuntos
Proteínas de Arabidopsis/química , Arabidopsis/enzimologia , Glicina Hidroximetiltransferase/química , Metotrexato/química , Pemetrexede/química , Arabidopsis/genética , Proteínas de Arabidopsis/genética , Cristalografia por Raios X , Glicina Hidroximetiltransferase/genética , Humanos , Isoenzimas/química , Isoenzimas/genética , Medicago truncatula/enzimologia , Medicago truncatula/genéticaRESUMO
Tumor microenvironment responsive multimodal synergistic theranostic strategies can significantly improve the therapeutic efficacy while avoiding severe side effects. Inspired by the fact that special morphology could enhance photothermal conversion efficiency (PCE) and cellular delivery, we developed an acidic tumor microenvironment responsive shape-reversal metal-organic virus-inspired nanodrug for enhancing near-infrared (NIR)-II PCE, increasing cell adhesion, and activating tumor targeting. First, a NIR-I fluorescence probe (IR825), a chemo-drug (pemetrexed, PEM), and a rare-earth metal ion (Nd(III)) were chosen to synthesize a virus-like nanodrug via coordination-driven assembly. Then, the spike-like surface of the nanodrug was further camouflaged by an acidity-sensitive poly(ethylene glycol) "shell" to create virus-core and sphere-shell hierarchical nanoassemblies, which could efficiently prevent immune clearance and prolong systemic circulation. Interestingly, the acidic tumor microenvironment could trigger the shell detachment of nanoassemblies for shape reversal to produce a virus-like surface followed by re-exposure of PEM to synergistically amplify the cellular internalization while enhancing NIR-II PCE. By utilizing the shell-detached virus-like nanodrug core, the tumor microenvironment specific enhanced NIR-II photothermal chemotherapy can be realized under the precise guidance of fluorescence/photoacoustic imaging, thereby achieving complete tumor elimination without recurrence in a single treatment cycle. We envision that integrating the tumor microenvironment responsive ability with "sphere-to-virus" shape reversal will provide a promising strategy for biomimetic targeted cancer therapy.
Assuntos
Antineoplásicos/farmacologia , Corantes Fluorescentes/farmacologia , Nanopartículas/química , Neodímio/farmacologia , Pemetrexede/farmacologia , Fotoquimioterapia , Microambiente Tumoral/efeitos dos fármacos , Antineoplásicos/síntese química , Antineoplásicos/química , Proliferação de Células/efeitos dos fármacos , Ensaios de Seleção de Medicamentos Antitumorais , Corantes Fluorescentes/síntese química , Corantes Fluorescentes/química , Células HeLa , Humanos , Raios Infravermelhos , Neodímio/química , Tamanho da Partícula , Pemetrexede/química , Propriedades de SuperfícieRESUMO
In this work, the host-guest interaction between calixpyridinium and anionic anticancer drug Alimta was studied in aqueous media. Spherical supramolecular amphiphilic assembly rather than simple complex was accidentally fabricated by the complexation of calixpyridinium with Alimta. It is the third kind of anionic guest to be discovered to form the higher-order assembly by the complexation of calixpyridinium besides polyanionic guest and anionic gemini surfactant guest. The finding of this assembly approach supplies a new idea to construct various self-assembly architectures in water via the complexation of calixpyridinium with anionic drugs. The resulting calixpyridinium-drug assemblies may also have the potential to adjust the effects of drugs.
Assuntos
Antineoplásicos/química , Pemetrexede/química , Piridinas/química , Tensoativos/química , Substâncias Macromoleculares/química , Estrutura Molecular , Tamanho da Partícula , Propriedades de SuperfícieRESUMO
The aim of this study was to characterize the hydration performance and the bioactive response of the new bioactive endodontic cement MTA HP repair (HP), comparing its physicochemical parameters with those of ProRoot MTA White (Pro) and NeoMTA Plus (Neo). Un-hydrated precursor materials were characterized by X-ray fluorescence, laser diffraction, N2 physisorption and field emission gun scanning electron microscopy (FEG-SEM). Setting time was assessed according to ASTM specification C 266. Hydrated materials were analyzed by X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and (FEG-SEM). Bioactivity evaluation in vitro was carried out, by soaking processed cement disk in simulated body fluid (SBF) during 168 h. The cements surface was studied by FT-IR, FEG-SEM, and energy dispersive X-ray. Release to the SBF media of ionic degradation products was monitored using inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy. HP showed shorter initial setting time compared to Pro and Neo and produce a quick and effective bioactive response in vitro in terms of phosphate phase surface coating formation. This higher bioactive response for HP is correlated with increasing calcium aluminate content, increasing surface area of un-hydrated powder precursor and the increasing release capacity of Si ionic products of the final hydrated product. The higher bioactive response of MTA HP repair highlights this material, as very interesting to further investigate its performance to improve the outcome of vital pulp therapy procedures. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater 107B: 2109-2120, 2019.