Analysis of hospital dental care for patients with special needs in Brazil.

This analytical cross-sectional study aimed to analyze the access of patients with special needs (PSN) in Brazilian municipalities to hospital dental care of the Unified Health System (Sistema Único de Saúde - SUS), based on data from the Hospital Information System of the Unified Health System (Sistema de Informações Hospitalares do SUS- SIH/SUS - SIH), from 2010 to 2018. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov normality test was performed; the Poisson regression was used to verify factors associated with the variable total number of hospitalization authorizations with the main procedure of dental treatment for PSN ("Total de Autorizações de Internação Hospitalar" - AIH), the Spearman correlation test with a significance level of 5% was used to characterize the relationships between the Municipal Human Development Index per municipality - (Índice de Desenvolvimento Humano Municipal - HDI) and the Oral Health Coverage in the Family Health Strategy by municipality (Cobertura de saúde bucal na estratégia saúde da família por município - SBSF Coverage), and the relationship of the AIH with SBSF Coverage. A total of 127,691 procedures were performed, of which 71,517 (56%) were clinical procedures, such as restorations, endodontic treatments, supra and subgingival scaling, among others. Municipalities in the Midwest (PR=5.117) and Southeast (RP = 4.443) regions had more precedures than the others. A weak correlation was found between AIH and SBSF Coverage (r = -0.2, p < 0.001) and HDI and SBSF Coverage (r = -0.074, p < 0.001). Population size, region, health coverage, oral hygiene, and number of dentists in hospitals affected the availability of dental procedures in PSN.

Willingness to pay for National Health Insurance Services and Associated Factors in Africa and Asia: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Background: Universal health coverage (UHC) is crucial for public health, poverty eradication, and economic growth. However, 97% of low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), particularly Africa and Asia, lack it, relying on out-of-pocket (OOP) expenditure. National Health Insurance (NHI) guarantees equity and priorities aligned with medical needs, for which we aimed to determine the pooled willingness to pay (WTP) and its influencing factors from the available literature in Africa and Asia. Methods: Database searches were conducted on Scopus, HINARI, PubMed, Google Scholar, and Semantic Scholar from March 31 to April 4, 2023. The Joanna Briggs Institute's (JBI's) tools and the "preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA) 2020 statement" were used to evaluate bias and frame the review, respectively. The data were analyzed using Stata 17. To assess heterogeneity, we conducted sensitivity and subgroup analyses, calculated the Luis Furuya-Kanamori (LFK) index, and used a random model to determine the effect estimates (proportions and odds ratios) with a p value less than 0.05 and a 95% CI. Results: Nineteen studies were included in the review. The pooled WTP on the continents was 66.0% (95% CI, 54.0-77.0%) before outlier studies were not excluded, but increased to 71.0% (95% CI, 68-75%) after excluding them. The factors influencing the WTP were categorized as socio-demographic factors, income and economic issues, information level and sources, illness and illness expenditure, health service factors, factors related to financing schemes, as well as social capital and solidarity. Age has been found to be consistently and negatively related to the WTP for NHI, while income level was an almost consistent positive predictor of it. Conclusion: The WTP for NHI was moderate, while it was slightly higher in Africa than Asia and was found to be affected by various factors, with age being reported to be consistently and negatively related to it, while an increase in income level was almost a positive determinant of it.

Dental injuries in Swiss children - an analysis of Swiss national health insurance data from the year 2019.

This study, the first to analyze accident data from a major compulsory Swiss health insurer (Concordia), reviewed 5,063 dental accident reports of 122,370 children under the age of 16. The predominant cause of injury was a "fall," with "playing" being the foremost activity mentioned and "ground" identified as the primary object of impact. The analysis of the involved objects showed that dental injuries occur most frequently with scooters, bicycles, and stairs. In 2019, 8.14% of children aged one and insured by Concordia suffered a dental injury. By age 16, 58.8% of all children had experienced a dental injury. 0.72% had suffered a primary dentition crown fracture with pulp involvement. Regarding their permanent teeth, 0.21% suffered an avulsion, 0.84% another luxation injury, 0.65% a crown fracture with pulp involvement, and 0.16% a root fracture. A significant increase in injuries per day was observed after the summer holidays. On weekends, there were 28% fewer injuries per day on average than on weekdays. Despite differences among the cantons, the dataset can be considered to be representative for Switzerland. Accident descriptions were often too brief for detailed prevention strategies. Detailed accident information is essential for effective structural measures, which are more effective than promoting behavioural changes. A detailed recording could also be used to draw up a list of the objects frequently involved in accidents. An updated insurance form with an improved nomenclature, the option of digital submission, photo uploads and AI-supported data recording could greatly improve the quality and interpretability of injury data.

The effect of colchicine on cancer risk in patients with immune-mediated inflammatory diseases: a time-dependent study based on the Taiwan's National Health Insurance Research Database.

BACKGROUND: To determine the effect of colchicine on cancer risk in patients with the immune-mediated inflammatory diseases (IMIDs)-related to colchicine use. METHODS: This is a time-dependent propensity-matched general population study based on the National Health Insurance Research Database (NHIRD) of Taiwan. We identified the IMIDs patients (n = 111,644) newly diagnosed between 2000 and 2012 based on the International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-9-CM)-274,712, 135, 136.1, 279.49, 518.3, 287.0, 696.0, 696.1, 696.8, 420, 429.4, 710.0, 710.1, 710.3, 710.4, 714.0, 720, 55.0, 55.1, 55.9, 556. INCLUSION CRITERIA: aged ≧ 20 years, if a patient had at least these disease diagnosis requirements within 1 year of follow-up, and, these patients had at least two outpatient visits or an inpatient visit. After propensity-matched according to age, sex, comorbidities, medications and index date, the IMIDs patients enter into colchicine users (N = 16,026) and colchicine nonusers (N = 16,026). Furthermore, time-dependent Cox models were used to analyze cancer risk in propensity-matched colchicine users compared with the nonusers. The cumulative cancer incidence was analyzed using Cox proportional regression analysis. We calculated adjusted hazard ratios (aHRs) and their 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) for cancer after adjusting for sex, age, comorbidities, and use of medicine including acetylcysteine, medication for smoking cessation such as nicotine replacement medicines (the nicotine patch) and pill medicines (varenicline), anti-inflammatory drugs and immunosuppressant drugs. RESULTS: Comparing the colchicine nonusers, all cancer risk were mildly attenuated, the (aHR (95% CI)) of all cancer is (0.84 (0.55, 0.99)). Meanwhile, the colchicine users were associated with the lower incidence of the colorectal cancer, the (aHRs (95% CI)) is (0.22 (0.19, 0.89)). Those aged < 65 years and male/female having the colchicine users were associated with lower risk the colorectal cancer also. Moreover, the colchicine > 20 days use with the lower aHR for colorectal cancer. CONCLUSION: Colchicine was associated with the lower aHR of the all cancer and colorectal cancer formation in patients with the IMIDs.

Polypharmacy and associated factors in South Korean elderly patients with dementia: An analysis using National Health Insurance claims data.

BACKGROUND: Dementia is accompanied by several symptoms, including cognitive function decline, as well as behavioral and psychological symptoms. Elderly patients with dementia often experience polypharmacy, the concurrent use of multiple medications, due to chronic comorbidities. However, research on polypharmacy in patients with dementia is limited. This study aimed to characterize polypharmacy and associated factors among elderly patients with dementia in South Korea, and compare the characteristics of patients with and without dementia patients. METHODS: From the National Health Insurance Service (NHIS)-Senior cohort database, we extracted data on patients aged≥60 years who received outpatient treatment in 2019. Polypharmacy was defined as the concurrent use of five or more different oral medications for ≥90 days; excessive polypharmacy referred to the concurrent use of ten or more different oral medications for ≥90 days. We compared the prevalence of polypharmacy between patients with and without and identified the associated factors using a logistic regression model. RESULTS: About 70.3% and 23.7% of patients with dementia exhibited polypharmacy and excessive polypharmacy, respectively. After adjusting for conditions such as age and Charlson's comorbidity index, the likelihood of polypharmacy and excessive polypharmacy significantly increased over time after the diagnosis of dementia. Additionally, under the same conditions, Medical Aid beneficiaries with dementia were more likely to experience polypharmacy and excessive polypharmacy compared to patients with dementia covered by National Health Insurance (NHI). CONCLUSION: This study reports the latest evidence on the status and risk factors of polypharmacy in elderly patients with dementia. We proposed that careful monitoring and management are required for patients at high risk for polypharmacy.

[Intended utilization of health care services in cases of mental illnesses with varying urgency]. / Intendierte Inanspruchnahme von Versorgungsangeboten bei psychischen Erkrankungen mit unterschiedlicher Dringlichkeit.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate variations in intended utilization in cases of an acute psychotic episode, an alcohol related or depressive disorder depending on different case characteristics. METHODS: A telephone survey with case vignettes was conducted (N=1,200). Vignettes varied in terms of urgency of symptoms, daytime, sex of the afflicted person and age/mental disorder. The respondents were asked to indicate whom they would contact first in the described case. RESULTS: Outpatient physicians were named most frequently as the first point of contact (61.1%) while only 6.5% of the respondents named emergency medicine including the medical on call service (8.1% in high urgency cases, i. e. emergencies that did not tolerate any delay). Intended utilization varied by urgency and age/mental illness. CONCLUSION: More Information about the need to seek medical help immediately in cases of mental illnesses with high urgency should be provided.

[Postpartum Care by Midwives: Socioeconomic Status has a Strong Influence on the Amount of Care Received An Analysis with Routine Data from BARMER Health Insurance]. / Aufsuchende Wochenbettbetreuung: Die sozioökonomische Lage hat einen starken Einfluss auf den Betreuungsumfang Eine Analyse mit Routinedaten der BARMER.

BACKGROUND: Socio-economic situation is associated with inequalities in access to health care and health-related resources. This also applies to pregnancy, birth and the postpartum period. Compared to other European countries, Germany has very good care options for the postpartum period. It has an unique system of postpartum care, which comprises home visits by midwives for 12 weeks after birth and beyond in problem cases and thus has structurally good care options. So far, however, there are hardly any studies based on routine data that show which mothers receive homevisits in postpartum care and to what extent. METHOD: The study population comprised 199,978 women insured with BARMER who gave birth to at least one child in the years 2017-2020. Some women were pregnant several times in this period of time. The services billed by freelance midwives for outreach midwifery care in the puerperium were considered for 227,088 births, taking into account the socioeconomic situation of the mothers. RESULTS: According to the definition of the German Institute for Economic Research, 26% of the mothers belonged to a low income group, 46% to a medium income group and 29% to a high income group. Similar to what was shown for midwifery care during pregnancy, large differences were also found with regard to postpartum care: While 90.5% of the women with a high income received home visits, only 83.5% of women with a medium income did so, and only 67.9% of women with a low income. The groups did not differ with regard to other characteristics such as rate of caesarean section, preterm births, twins, age or concomitant diseases to an extent that could explain the differences in care. Women who had received midwifery services in pregnancy were much more likely to receive home visits by a midwife in the postpartum period. Furthermore, there was a correlation with the density of midwives in the respective region. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that access to home-based postpartum care by freelance midwives is significantly limited for low-income women. In contrast to antenatal care, women in the postpartum period cannot switch to other service providers, as outreach postpartum care is a reserved activity of midwives. Women with low incomes thus receive less midwifery care, although they have a higher need for support (Eickhorst et al. 2016).

Evaluación quinquenal de los ejes sanitarios de un programa nacional de Atención Primaria de la Salud / Five-year evaluation of the sanitary axes of a national program of Primary Health Care

Se realizó una evaluación quinquenal de los ejes sanitarios (que dan lugar a objetivos estratégicos con sus correspondientes metas e indicadores, áreas de intervención y líneas de acción) dentro del marco de la gestión sanitaria de uno de los 10 principales agentes de la seguridad social argentinos quien implementaba desde hacía 20 años un Programa Nacional de Atención Primaria de la Salud (PNAPS). El mismo promedió alrededor de 800 mil beneficiarios anuales dentro de una red asistencial nacional propia en el primer nivel de atención compuesta por 45 Centros de Atención Primaria (CAPs). Se implementó una investigación evaluativa que incluyó un trazado de línea de base con la valoración de cinco Ejes Sanitarios (ES). Se trata de un diseño de corte transversal de un periodo de 5 años. Se definieron metas, indicadores y recomendaciones para cada uno de los ES, recopilando información de fuentes diferentes y complementarias para su análisis. Los resultados mostraron una evolución favorable en el período evaluado, aunque el cumplimiento de las metas estuvo bastante alejado de lo propuesto de manera teórica. Conclusiones: este trabajo aporta información valiosa y original para subsidiar la toma de decisiones e incentivar la investigación en el ámbito de la APS, buscando reformular los actuales modelos de gestión y de atención de la salud (AU)

A five-year evaluation of the health axes (which give rise to strategic objectives with their corresponding goals and indicators, areas of intervention and lines of action) was carried out within the framework of health management of one of the 10 main argentine social security agents who had been implementing a National Primary Health Care Program (PNAPS) for 20 years. It averaged around 800,000 annual beneficiaries within its own national care network at the first level of care made up of 45 Primary Care Centers (CAPs). An evaluative investigation was implemented that included a baseline drawing with the assessment of five Sanitary Axis (ES). It is a cross-sectional design of a period of 5 years. Goals, indicators and recommendations were defined for each of the ES, collecting information from different and complementary sources for analysis. Results: they showed a favorable evolution in the period evaluated, although the fulfillment of the goals was quite far from what was theoretically proposed. The results of this work provides valuable and original information to support decision-making and encourage research in the field of PHC, seeking to reformulate current management and health care models (AU)

Delivery of index-linked HIV testing for children: learnings from a qualitative process evaluation of the B-GAP study in Zimbabwe.

BACKGROUND: Index-linked HIV testing for children, whereby HIV testing is offered to children of individuals living with HIV, has the potential to identify children living with undiagnosed HIV. The "Bridging the Gap in HIV Testing and Care for Children in Zimbabwe" (B-GAP) study implemented and evaluated the provision of index-linked HIV testing for children aged 2-18 years in Zimbabwe. We conducted a process evaluation to understand the considerations for programmatic delivery and scale-up of this strategy. METHODS: We used implementation documentation to explore experiences of the field teams and project manager who delivered the index-linked testing program, and to describe barriers and facilitators to index-linked testing from their perspectives. Qualitative data were drawn from weekly logs maintained by the field teams, monthly project meeting minutes, the project coordinator's incident reports and WhatsApp group chats between the study team and the coordinator. Data from each of the sources was analysed thematically and synthesised to inform the scale-up of this intervention. RESULTS: Five main themes were identified related to the implementation of the intervention: (1) there was reduced clinic attendance of potentially eligible indexes due to community-based differentiated HIV care delivery and collection of HIV treatment by proxy individuals; (2) some indexes reported that they did not live in the same household as their children, reflecting the high levels of community mobility; (3) there were also thought to be some instances of 'soft refusal'; (4) further, delivery of HIV testing was limited by difficulties faced by indexes in attending health facilities with their children for clinic-based testing, stigma around community-based testing, and the lack of familiarity of indexes with caregiver provided oral HIV testing; (5) and finally, test kit stockouts and inadequate staffing also constrained delivery of index-linked HIV testing. CONCLUSIONS: There was attrition along the index-linked HIV testing cascade of children. While challenges remain at all levels of implementation, programmatic adaptations of index-linked HIV testing approaches to suit patterns of clinic attendance and household structures may strengthen implementation of this strategy. Our findings highlight the need to tailor index-linked HIV testing to subpopulations and contexts to maximise its effectiveness.

[Differences in Billing Patterns Between GPs and Pediatricians Using Early Diagnostics in Children and Adolescents as an Example: Analysis of Nationwide Data from Statutory Health Insurance Physicians]. / Kompensation von Leistungen zwischen Hausärzten und Kinder- und Jugendmedizinern am Beispiel der Früherkennungsuntersuchungen bei Kindern und Jugendlichen ­ Analyse von bundesweiten KBV-Daten.

BACKGROUND: Despite a 13.1% increase in the number of pediatricians between 2011 - 2020, the capacity of pediatric care has largely stagnated. This is due to increasing flexibility in working hours and a declining willingness of doctors to establish practices. In addition, there is an imbalance in the distribution of pediatric medical care capacities. While metropolitan areas are often characterized by oversupply, there is an increasing shortage of pediatricians, especially in rural areas. As a result, general practitioners in rural areas are increasingly taking over part of pediatric care. We quantify this compensation effect using the example of examinations of general health and normal child development (U1-U9). METHODS: Basis of the analysis was the Doctors' Fee Scale within the Statutory Health Insurance Scheme (Einheitlicher Bewertungsmaßstab, EBM) from 2015 (4th quarter). Nationwide data from the National Association of Statutory Health Insurance Physicians (KBV) for general practitioners and pediatricians from 2015 was evaluated. In the first step, the EBM was used to determine the potential overlap of services between the two groups of doctors. The actual compensation between the groups was quantified using general health and normal child development as an example. RESULTS: In section 1.7.1 (early detection of diseases in children) of the EBM, there is a list of 16 options for services that can be billed (fee schedule positions, GOP) by general practitioners and pediatricians. This particularly includes child examinations U1 to U9. The analysis of the national data of the KBV for the early detection of diseases in children showed significant differences between rural and urban regions in the billing procedure. Nationwide, general practitioners billed 6.6% of the services in the area of early detection of diseases in children in 2015. In rural regions this share was 23% compared to 3.6% in urban regions. The analysis of the nationwide data showed that the proportion of services billed by general practitioners was higher in rural regions than in urban regions. CONCLUSION: The EBM allows billing of services by both general practitioners and pediatricians, especially in the area of general GOP across all medical groups. The national billing data of the KBV shows that general practitioners in rural regions bill more services from the corresponding sections than in urban regions.

National Health Care data system analysis of glaucoma surgery activity in France in 2016.

PURPOSE: To describe the glaucoma surgery offer in France in 2016. METHODS: We used the French National Health Care System database to identify all medical procedures carried out in 2016. The study investigated the entire population aged 30 years and older that had undergone glaucoma surgery, alone or combined with another surgery. We calculated the incidence of surgeries per 100 000 inhabitants 30 years of age and older performed by ophthalmologists carrying out at least 50 procedures annually, the number of surgeons doing these surgeries, the mean age of these practitioners, and the number of surgeons older than 55 years. RESULTS: In 2016, 16 854 glaucoma surgeries were performed in patients aged 30 years and older, for an incidence of 40.8 per 100 000 inhabitants aged 30 years and older. The most frequent procedure performed was trabeculectomy followed by non-penetrating deep sclerectomy (16.7 and 11.7, respectively, per 100 000 inhabitants 30 years of age and older). Private practice glaucoma surgery accounted for 47% of the activity of surgeons performing at least 50 surgeries per year and 60% of the total surgical activity. Of the private practice ophthalmologists performing at least 50 glaucoma surgery procedures per year, 58.5% were over 55 years of age, and 23.5% of public hospital ophthalmologists were over 55 years of age. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates that surgeons performing glaucoma surgeries are often older. It is necessary to take note of the country's educational capacity to ensure that the number of ophthalmological surgeons remains adapted to demand.

Long-Term Rehabilitation Utilization Pattern Among Stroke Patients Under the National Health Insurance Program.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to understand the frequency of patients receiving rehabilitation services at various periods after stroke and the possible medical barriers to receiving rehabilitation. DESIGN: A retrospective cohort study was conducted using a nationally representative sample in Taiwan. A total of 14,600 stroke patients between 2005 and 2011 were included. Utilization of physical therapy or occupational therapy at different periods after stroke onset was the outcome variable. Individual and geographic characteristics were investigated to determine their effect on patients' probability of receiving rehabilitation. RESULTS: More severe stroke or more comorbid diseases increased the odds of receiving physical therapy and occupational therapy; older age was associated with decreased odds. Notably, sex and stroke type influenced the odds of rehabilitation only in the early period. Copayment exemption lowered the odds of rehabilitation in the first 6 mos but increased the odds in later periods. Rural and suburban patients had significantly lower odds of receiving physical therapy and occupational therapy, as did patients living in areas with fewer rehabilitation therapists. CONCLUSIONS: Besides personal factors, geographic factors such as urban-rural gaps and number of therapists were significantly associated with the utilization of post-stroke rehabilitation care. Furthermore, the influence of certain factors, such as sex, stroke type, and copayment exemption type, changed over time.

Compassionate drug uses and saving for the national health system: the case study of Fondazione Policlinico Gemelli.

OBJECTIVE: Compassionate Drug Use (CDU) allows patients with a specific disease and no further treatment option to access unauthorized treatments. In this study, we analyzed the requests of CDU approved by the Ethics Committee of Fondazione Policlinico Gemelli in the period January 1, 2018-June 30, 2021. We also estimated the economic impact of CUs. MATERIALS AND METHODS: CDU requests were analyzed by year, by frequency and by regulatory status of the medicines requested. If an ex-factory price was available at the cutoff date of June 30, 2021, we estimated what would have been the costs for the National Health System (NHS) if the price was already negotiated at the time of CDU request. RESULTS: In the study period, 463 CDU requests were processed by the Ethics Committee. The number of requests increase linearly from 45 in 2018 to an estimated number of 260 in 2021. The requests included 68 medicines or combinations of medicines; 16 products out of 68 accounted for 75% of all requests. For 7 of these 16 highly requested treatments, accounting for 110 requests out of 463, it was possible to estimate the costs of therapies according to their ex-factory prices. If these products were to be purchased by the NHS, the estimated cost was € 5.472.225. CONCLUSIONS: The access to unauthorized drugs through CDUs is undergoing a huge increase in the last few years. Such increase meets the ethical need to provide patients with the most recent, often innovative, therapeutic options.

National health system characteristics, breast cancer stage at diagnosis, and breast cancer mortality: a population-based analysis.

BACKGROUND: In some countries, breast cancer age-standardised mortality rates have decreased by 2-4% per year since the 1990s, but others have yet to achieve this outcome. In this study, we aimed to characterise the associations between national health system characteristics and breast cancer age-standardised mortality rate, and the degree of breast cancer downstaging correlating with national age-standardised mortality rate reductions. METHODS: In this population-based study, national age-standardised mortality rate estimates for women aged 69 years or younger obtained from GLOBOCAN 2020 were correlated with a broad panel of standardised national health system data as reported in the WHO Cancer Country Profiles 2020. These health system characteristics include health expenditure, the Universal Health Coverage Service Coverage Index (UHC Index), dedicated funding for early detection programmes, breast cancer early detection guidelines, referral systems, cancer plans, number of dedicated public and private cancer centres per 10 000 patients with cancer, and pathology services. We tested for differences between continuous variables using the non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis test, and for categorical variables using the Pearson χ2 test. Simple and multiple linear regression analyses were fitted to identify associations between health system characteristics and age-standardised breast cancer mortality rates. Data on TNM stage at diagnosis were obtained from national or subnational cancer registries, supplemented by a literature review of PubMed from 2010 to 2020. Mortality trends from 1950 to 2016 were assessed using the WHO Cancer Mortality Database. The threshold for significance was set at a p value of 0·05 or less. FINDINGS: 148 countries had complete health system data. The following variables were significantly higher in high-income countries than in low-income countries in unadjusted analyses: health expenditure (p=0·0002), UHC Index (p<0·0001), dedicated funding for early detection programmes (p=0·0020), breast cancer early detection guidelines (p<0·0001), breast cancer referral systems (p=0·0030), national cancer plans (p=0·014), cervical cancer early detection programmes (p=0·0010), number of dedicated public (p<0·0001) and private (p=0·027) cancer centres per 10 000 patients with cancer, and pathology services (p<0·0001). In adjusted multivariable regression analyses in 141 countries, two health system characteristics were significantly associated with lower age-standardised mortality rates: higher UHC Index levels (ß=-0·12, 95% CI -0·16 to -0·08) and increasing numbers of public cancer centres (ß=-0·23, -0·36 to -0·10). These findings indicate that each unit increase in the UHC Index was associated with a 0·12-unit decline in age-standardised mortality rates, and each additional public cancer centre per 10 000 patients with cancer was associated with a 0·23-unit decline in age-standardised mortality rate. Among 35 countries with available breast cancer TNM staging data, all 20 that achieved sustained mean reductions in age-standardised mortality rate of 2% or more per year for at least 3 consecutive years since 1990 had at least 60% of patients with invasive breast cancer presenting as stage I or II disease. Some countries achieved this reduction without most women having access to population-based mammographic screening. INTERPRETATION: Countries with low breast cancer mortality rates are characterised by increased levels of coverage of essential health services and higher numbers of public cancer centres. Among countries achieving sustained mortality reductions, the majority of breast cancers are diagnosed at an early stage, reinforcing the value of clinical early diagnosis programmes for improving breast cancer outcomes. FUNDING: None.

Estimating the Theoretical Cost Implications of Funding New Drugs Considered Not to Be Cost-Effective.

This study aims to estimate the theoretical excess expenditure that would be incurred by the Irish state-payer, should drugs be reimbursed at their original asking ("list") price rather than at a price at which the drug is considered cost-effective. In Ireland, all new drugs are evaluated by the National Centre for Pharmacoeconomics. For this study, drugs that were submitted by pharmaceutical companies from 2012 to 2017 and considered not cost-effective at list price were reviewed. A total of 43 such drugs met our inclusion criteria, and their pharmacoeconomic evaluations were further assessed. The price at which the drug could be considered cost-effective (cost-effective price) at the upper cost-effectiveness threshold used in Ireland (€ 45 000/quality adjusted life-year) was estimated for 18 drugs with an available cost-effectiveness model. Then, for each drug, the list price and cost-effective price (both per unit) were both individually applied to 1 year of national real-world drug utilization data. This allowed the estimation of the expected expenditures under the assumptions of list price paid and cost-effective price paid. The resulting theoretical excess expenditure, the expenditure at list price minus the expenditure at the cost-effective price, was estimated to be €108.2 million. This estimate is theoretical because of the confidentiality of actual drug prices. The estimation is calculated using the list price and likely overestimates the actual excess expenditure, which would reduce to zero if cost-effective prices are agreed. Nevertheless, this estimate illustrates the importance of a process to assess the value of new drugs so that potential excess drug expenditure is identified.

The prevalence, incidence, and admission rate of diagnosed schizophrenia spectrum disorders in Korea, 2008-2017: A nationwide population-based study using claims big data analysis.

This study estimated the prevalence and incidence rate of schizophrenia, schizotypal, and delusional disorders (SSDD) in Korea from 2008 to 2017 and analyzed the hospital admission rate, re-admission rate, and hospitalization period. It used the Korean nationwide National Health Insurance Service claims database. SSDD patients who had at least one visit to Korea's primary, secondary, or tertiary referral hospitals with a diagnosis of SSDD, according to the International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision (ICD-10), were identified as SSDD cases if coded as F20-F29. Data were analyzed using frequency statistics. Results showed that the 12-month prevalence rate of SSDD increased steadily from 0.40% in 2008 to 0.45% in 2017. Analysis of the three-year cumulative prevalence rate of SSDD showed an increase from 0.51% in 2011 to 0.54% in 2017. In 2017, the five-year cumulative prevalence rate was 0.61%, and the 10-year cumulative prevalence rate was 0.75%. The hospital admission rate among SSDD patients decreased from 2008 (30.04%) to 2017 (28.53%). The incidence of SSDD was 0.05% and no yearly change was observed. The proportion of SSDD inpatients whose first hospital visit resulted in immediate hospitalization was 22.4% in 2017. Epidemiological indicators such as prevalence, incidence, and hospitalization rate play an important role in planning social and financial resource allocation. Therefore, efforts to produce more accurate epidemiological indicators are very important and this study's findings could have a significant social impact.

Direct costs of antineoplastic and supportive treatment for progressive multiple myeloma in a tax-based health system.

Aim: To estimate current real-world costs of drugs and supportive care for the treatment of multiple myeloma in a tax-based health system. Methods: Forty-one patients were included from a personalized medicine study (2016-2019). Detailed information was collected from patient journals and hospital registries to estimate the total and mean costs using inverse probability weighting of censored data. Results: Total observed (censored) costs for the 41 patients was €8.84 million during 125 treatment years, with antineoplastic drugs as the main cost driver (€5.6 million). Individual costs showed large variations. Mean 3-year cost per patient from first progression was €182,103 (€131,800-232,405). Conclusion: Prediction of real-world costs is hindered by the availability of detailed costing data. Micro-costing analyses are needed for budgeting and real-world evaluation of cost-effectiveness.

Lay abstract In recent years, there has been a dramatic improvement in the treatment of multiple myeloma due to the introduction of new drugs. These drugs have significantly increased survival but have also had an immense impact on healthcare budgets. In this study, we used detailed treatment information for multiple myeloma patients in combination with billing data from the hospital pharmacy at a Danish hospital to calculate individual cost histories for both drugs and supportive care. Using these data, we estimated the mean 3-year cost of a multiple myeloma patient to be €182.103, but we also found large variation between patients, causing an uncertainty of €50.000 in either direction. We believe that detailed costing studies, similar to the present one, are necessary for evaluation of cost-effectiveness of drugs in clinical practice.