Self-organized division of cognitive labor.

Often members of a group benefit from dividing the group's task into separate components, where each member specializes their role so as to accomplish only one of the components. While this division of labor phenomenon has been observed with respect to both manual and cognitive labor, there is no clear understanding of the cognitive mechanisms allowing for its emergence, especially when there are multiple divisions possible and communication is limited. Indeed, maximization of expected utility often does not differentiate between alternative ways in which individuals could divide labor. We developed an iterative two-person game in which there are multiple ways of dividing labor, but in which it is not possible to explicitly negotiate a division. We implemented the game both as a human experimental task and as a computational model. Our results show that the majority of human dyads can finish the game with an efficient division of labor. Moreover, we fitted our computational model to the behavioral data, which allowed us to explain how the perceived similarity between a player's actions and the task's focal points guided the players' choices from one round to the other, thus bridging the group dynamics and its underlying cognitive process. Potential applications of this model outside cognitive science include the improvement of cooperation in human groups, multi-agent systems, as well as human-robot collaboration.

Construct Validation of Experimental Manipulations in Social Psychology: Current Practices and Recommendations for the Future.

Experimental manipulations in social psychology must exhibit construct validity by influencing their intended psychological constructs. Yet how do experimenters in social psychology attempt to establish the construct validity of their manipulations? Following a preregistered plan, we coded 348 experimental manipulations from the 2017 issues of the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. Representing a reliance on "on-the-fly" experimentation, the vast majority of these manipulations were created ad hoc for a given study and were not previously validated before implementation. A minority of manipulations had their construct validity evaluated by pilot testing before implementation or via a manipulation check. Of the manipulation checks administered, most were face valid, single-item self-reports, and only a few met criteria for "true" validation. In aggregate, roughly two fifths of manipulations relied solely on face validity. To the extent that they are representative of the field, these results suggest that best practices for validating manipulations are not commonplace-a potential contributor to replicability issues. These issues can be remedied by validating manipulations before implementation using validated manipulation checks, standardizing manipulation protocols, estimating the size and duration of manipulations' effects, and estimating each manipulation's effects on multiple constructs within the target nomological network.

Conceptual controversies regarding the terms Gender and Sex.

I have been following lately the debate that has emerged in the Greek and International literature regarding the terms "sex" and "gender". Traditionally, the term sex refers to the assignment of gender at birth by the obstetrician or the midwife, based on the external genitalia. They declared the sex of the newly born baby as male or female, without any other graduation. Therefore, the term sex is a nonflexible categorical concept. It is quite difficult to comprehend the sense of "a little bit male" or "a little bit female", as it is not possible to comprehend the sense of "a little bit pregnant". At the preface of the DSM-5, the American Psychiatric Association presents its intention to propose the new dimensional classification of psychiatric symptoms, based on the rationale that the present categorical system does not apply to clinical and research needs.1 In that case, it would be difficult (if not impossible), to achieve the graduation of the term "sex", which refers to the biological definition. Therefore, in my opinion, there is a trend to bring back the term "gender", where a graduation is feasible, and dimensions can be applied. The term gender contains the social definition of reproductive behavior, which can be detached from the reproductive role per se. The term "gender" was recalled in 1955 by the well-known author J. Money, in order to indicate the social effect on the development of the behavior of "sex", and therefore he used at the beginning the term G-I/R, which refers to Gender Identity Role.2 The short term "gender", that derived from the abovementioned term, came up the recent years and was widely used, putting aside the clearly biologic, non-flexible term "sex".3 The term "gender" spread in the literature, especially when it was adopted by the women rights' movement (feminism), in order to highlight the "socially constructed" differences between the two sexes. The term "gender" has given ground to the proposal of several graduations of sexual behavior. Zucker et al at in a recent article report ten different gender behaviors such as agender, gender nonconforming, gender neutral, gender variant, gender queer, gender dysphoria, gender fluid, bigender, nonbinary, transgender.4 Several of these identities overlap considerably. In the Greek language, the use of the terms gender and sex (male, female) may lead to confusion, since they are attributed by the same term «φύλο¼. Additionally, the use of the term "gender" in Greek as «Î³Î­νος¼ may also lead to misunderstandings and misconceptions, as it happened lately with the law regarding the name change in the identification card (ID) of people with gender dysphoria. Actually, the latter term refers to masculinity or femininity, as these are configured by the social background. In my opinion, in the Greek language it would be better to use the term "gender" referring to its social delineation, meaning "social sex", social sex identity. The term "gender dysphoria" could be attributed as «Î´υσφορία γένους¼, in order to distance itself from the dysphoria caused by dysplasias of genitalia which are refered to in the literature as "intersexual disorders" and could be referred to as "disorders of the development of genitalia".

O papel da vinculação aos pais e da regulação emocional no investimento esquemático na aparência em jovens adultos / The Role of Parental Attachment and Emotional Regulation on Schematic Investment in Appearance in Young Adults

Resumo Os vínculos afetivos que se estabelecem na infância podem ter efeitos no desenvolvimento emocional dos jovens. A vinculação segura pode potenciar a capacidade de regulação emocional e proporcionar uma imagem de si mais positiva, gerando comportamentos ajustados de investimento na aparência. A presente investigação objetivou analisar o papel da vinculação aos pais e da regulação emocional no investimento esquemático na aparência. Foram usados instrumentos de autorrelato numa amostra constituída por 948 jovens adultos (18-30 anos) de ambos os sexos. Evidenciou-se o papel significativo que a qualidade de vinculação aos pais e a regulação emocional assumem no desenvolvimento de um investimento ajustado na aparência. Verificou-se ainda o efeito mediador positivo das dificuldades de regulação emocional entre a inibição da exploração e individualidade mãe e a saliência auto-avaliativa.

Abstract. The affective bonds that are established in childhood can have effects on the emotional development of young people. The secure attachment can potentiate the ability of emotional regulation, provide a more positive image of yourself and, therefore, adjusted investment behaviors in appearance. This study aims to analyze the role of parental attachment and the emotional regulation in the schematic investment in appearance. Self-report instruments were used on a sample that consisted of 948 young adults (18 and 30 years) of both genders. The study highlighted the significant role that the quality of parental attachment and emotional regulation take in developing an investment adjusted in appearance. The results showed the positive mediator effect of difficulties in emotional regulation between the inhibition of exploration and individuality mother and the self-evaluative salience.

The Psychology of Morality: A Review and Analysis of Empirical Studies Published From 1940 Through 2017.

We review empirical research on (social) psychology of morality to identify which issues and relations are well documented by existing data and which areas of inquiry are in need of further empirical evidence. An electronic literature search yielded a total of 1,278 relevant research articles published from 1940 through 2017. These were subjected to expert content analysis and standardized bibliometric analysis to classify research questions and relate these to (trends in) empirical approaches that characterize research on morality. We categorize the research questions addressed in this literature into five different themes and consider how empirical approaches within each of these themes have addressed psychological antecedents and implications of moral behavior. We conclude that some key features of theoretical questions relating to human morality are not systematically captured in empirical research and are in need of further investigation.

Construcción de espacios grupales terapéuticos en el ámbito de la internación: relato de experiencia en una unidad de mediana estancia de la ciudad autónoma de Buenos Aires / Construction of therapeutic group spaces in the field of hospitalization: experience report in a medium-stay unit of the city autonomous of Buenos Aires

Este relato de experiencia describe el desarrollo de un dispositivo grupal de socialización en el abordaje de pacientes complejos en rehabilitación a partir del año 2016 en una Unidad de Mediana Estancia (UME) del Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires. Se partió de reconocer la posibilidad de trabajar en el marco de la psicología social de Pichon-Rivière adaptando la técnica del grupo operativo para ámbitos hospitalarios que generan alto nivel de estrés, desfuncionalización y disrupción de la vida cotidiana. En este relato describimos la conformación, en esta UME, de grupos operativos terapéuticos de pacientes con deterioro físico, cognitivo o en cuidados paliativos. La metodología para el análisis de esta experiencia se basó en el registro prospectivo narrativo de cada encuentro grupal. Presentamos una reflexión teórica sobre las adaptaciones al encuadre y a la planificación de cada actividad grupal, para lograr continuidad y pertenencia grupal, en los grupos operativos desarrollados en este tipo de contexto hospitalario. (AU)

This experience report describes the development of a socialization group device in the approach of complex patients in rehabilitation from 2016 on a Medium-Stay Unit (MSU) of the Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires. It started by recognizing the possibility of working within the social psychology framework of Pichon-Rivière by adapting the technique of the operative group for hospital environments with high level of stress, defunctionalization and disruption of daily life. In this report we describe the conformation in this MSU of therapeutic operative groups of patients with physical, cognitive or palliative care impairment. The methodology for the analysis was based on the prospective narrative record of each group meeting. We present a theoretical reflection on the adaptations to the framing and the planning of each group activity. This allowed us to achieve continuity and group belonging in the operative groups developed in this hospital context. (AU)

Broadening horizons: Sample diversity and socioecological theory are essential to the future of psychological science.

The present lack of sample diversity and ecological theory in psychological science fundamentally limits generalizability and obstructs scientific progress. A focus on the role of socioecology in shaping the evolution of morphology, physiology, and behavior has not yet been widely applied toward psychology. To date, evolutionary approaches to psychology have focused more on finding universals than explaining variability. However, contrasts between small-scale, kin-based rural subsistence societies and large-scale urban, market-based populations, have not been well appreciated. Nor has the variability within high-income countries, or the socioeconomic and cultural transformations affecting even the most remote tribal populations today. Elucidating the causes and effects of such broad changes on psychology and behavior is a fundamental concern of the social sciences; expanding study participants beyond students and other convenience samples is necessary to improve understanding of flexible psychological reaction norms among and within populations. Here I highlight two examples demonstrating how socioecological variability can help explain psychological trait expression: (i) the role of environmental harshness and unpredictability on shaping time preference and related traits, such as impulsivity, vigilance, and self-efficacy; and (ii) the effects of industrialization, market integration, and niche complexity on personality structure. These cases illustrate how appropriate theory can be a powerful tool to help determine choices of diverse study populations and improve the social sciences.

Think then act or act then think?

We introduce a new agent-based model of opinion dynamics in which binary opinions of each agent can be measured and described regarding both pre- and post-influence at both of two levels, public and private, vis-à-vis the influence source. The model combines ideas introduced within the q-voter model with noise, proposed by physicists, with the descriptive, four-dimensional model of social response, formulated by social psychologists. We investigate two versions of the same model that differ only by the updating order: an opinion on the public level is updated before an opinion on the private level or vice versa. We show how the results on the macroscopic scale depend on this order. The main finding of this paper is that both models produce the same outcome if one looks only at such a macroscopic variable as the total number of the individuals with positive opinions. However, if also the level of internal harmony (viz., dissonance) is measured, then significant, qualitative differences are seen between these two versions of the model. All results were obtained simultaneously within Monte Carlo simulations and analytical calculations. We discuss the importance of our studies and findings from three points of view: the theory of phase transitions, agent-based modeling of social systems, and social psychology.

Factores predictores de la satisfacción vital en estudiantes de educación de la Universidad Surcolombiana / Predictive Factors of Essential Satisfaction in Pedagogy Students of the Universidad Surcolombiana

Resumen Preguntarse por la satisfacción vital en una facultad de educación permite un acercamiento a expectativas de futuros agentes formadores de la sociedad. Desde esa perspectiva, el objetivo de este estudio es analizar qué factores predicen la satisfacción vital del estudiantado de Educación de la Universidad Surcolombiana y compararlo con otros constructos en función de la variable sexo. Se realizó un estudio analítico y transversal con 408 participantes. Se recogieron datos a través de la Escala de Satisfacción con la vida en Adolescentes (ESVA), Versión española del Trait Meta-Mood Scale (TMMS-24), Cuestionario de Esquema Interpersonal Asertivo (AISQ) y Autoconcepto (Forma AF-5). Los resultados evidenciaron cómo la satisfacción vital fue predicha por la dimensión familiar del AF-5 (autoconcepto) (β = .274 [.210 - .324]; p < .001) y dimensión de reparación emocional del TMMS-24 (inteligencia emocional) (β = .201 [.144 - .231]; p < .001). No hay diferencias significativas en función de la variable sexo. Los resultados se discuten en relación con la literatura existente.

Abstract Asking oneself about the satisfaction of life within a faculty of education brings us closer to the expectations of the future trainers of society. From this perspective, the objective of this study is to analyze which factors predict life satisfaction of students at Surcolombiana University and compare them to other constructs based on the sex variable. An analytical and transversal study was carried out with 408 participants. Data were collected through the Adolescent Life Satisfaction Scale (ESVA), Spanish version of the Trait Meta-Mood Scale (TMMS-24), Assertive Interpersonal Scheme Questionnaire (AISQ) and the Self-concept (Form AF- 5). Results showed that life satisfaction was predicted by the family dimension of AF-5 (self-concept) (β = .274 [.210 - .324]; p < .001) and the dimension of emotional repair of TMMS-24 (emotional intelligence) (β = .201 [.144 - .231], p < .001). There are no significant differences depending on the sex variable. Results are discussed in relation to the existing literature.

O idoso no mundo contemporâneo e as novas tecnologias / The elderly in the contemporary world and the new technologies

As inovações tecnológicas que vêm ocorrendo na contemporaneidade mostram que as tecnologias em geral tem influenciado significativamente o estilo de vida e as atividades diárias da população. Um dos grupos sociais que surge como potencialmente excluído da era tecnológica é o dos idosos, uma vez que muitas tecnologias não faziam parte do seu cotidiano, levando-o a aprender ou reaprender a se comportar frente à nova realidade....(AU)

The Acculturation of Community Psychology: Is There a Best Way?

In this paper I describe a community psychology perspective on acculturation and adjustment of immigrants and refugees and suggest that this field of acculturation research has in turn something to offer heuristically as we consider our identity and training for future generations of community psychologists over the next 50 years. I suggest that honoring our heritage, maintaining our disciplinary identity as community psychologists, and sustaining doctoral programs that offer training specific to community psychology are crucial for our survival as a field and is not antithetical to, and is indeed necessary for, interdisciplinary collaborations.

Breves considerações, comentários e ideias acerca de uma psicologia social crítica / Brief considerations, commentaries and ideas about critical social psychology / Breves consideraciones, comentarios e ideas sobre psicología social crítica

Neste breve ensaio teórico, discutimos e comentamos ideias do que constituiria uma Psicologia que possa ser entendida como uma Psicologia Social Crítica. Para tal, sistematizamos apontamentos feitos pelos psicólogos ingleses Ian Parker e Erica Burman, os quais detêm ampla produção teórica acerca da chamada Psicologia Crítica, que ainda se encontra pouco difundida em território brasileiro, bastando pesquisar para constatar a incipiência de textos de ambos vertidos para o português. Para delinear uma perspectiva de Psicologia Social Crítica, portanto, arrolamos características principais associadas a ela, além de argumentarmos contra as críticas e/ou acusações comumente imputadas a essa perspectiva Social e Crítica em Psicologia.

In this brief theoretical essay, we discuss and comment ideas about what would constitute a Psychology that could be understand as a Critical Social Psychology. For that, we systematise some notes written mainly by Ian Parker and Erica Burman, both English psychologists, which have a wide theoretical production regarding Critical Psychology, but it is not widespread so much in Brazil yet, since it is rare to find texts of them translated to Brazilian Portuguese. Hence, to draft a Critical Social Psychology perspective, we list principal features associated with that, besides arguing against criticisms and/or common accusations directed for this Critical and Social perspective in Psychology.

En ese breve ensayo teórico, discutimos y comentamos ideas de que constituiría una Psicología que puede ser comprendida como una Psicología Social Crítica. Para eso, sistematizamos apuntamientos hechos, especialmente, por los psicólogos ingleses Ian Parker y Erica Burman, que tienen una vasta producción teórica sobre la llamada Psicología Crítica, la cual, sin embargo, no está muy difundida en Brasil todavía, una vez que prácticamente no existen textos de ambos traducidos para el portugués brasileño. Para redactar una perspectiva de Psicología Social Crítica, por lo tanto, enumeramos características principales que son asociadas a ella, además de argumentamos contra las críticas y/o más comunes acusaciones hechas a esa perspectiva Social y Crítica en Psicología.

Cultivating Community Psychology for Future Generations: Symbiosis, Synergy, and Separation.

As we near the fiftieth anniversary of the founding of a community psychology division of the American Psychological Association, there are reasons to be concerned about the sustainability of the field. This commentary proposes a need for deliberate, systematic efforts to cultivate settings that can sustain the field. A framework for outreach to build symbiotic relationships and synergistic collaborations with persons who do not identify as community psychologists is proposed. Simultaneously, a strategy of separation from other disciplines may be needed in some circumstances to conserve settings that sustain the field. Finding a balance in these strategies is necessary to cultivate community psychology for future generations.

Reflections on a Community Psychology Setting and the Future of the Field.

The 50th anniversary of the Swampscott Conference offers an opportunity to reflect on a community psychology setting, The Consultation Center at Yale, that was formed in response to the 1963 Community Mental Health Act and the 1965 Swampscott Conference. The Center has flourished as a community psychology setting for practice, research, and training for 39 of the 50 years since Swampscott. Its creation and existence over this period offers an opportunity for reflection on the types of settings needed to sustain the field into the future.

A Vision for the Future of Community Psychology Education and Training.

As we reflect on the founding vision of the field of community psychology in the United States, we assess our progress toward achieving, building upon, and refining this vision. We review early literature regarding the US vision of the field, provide a historical overview of education and training within the field, and provide recommendations to guide and strengthen our approach to education. Our recommendations include the following: 1) serve as a resource to communities, 2) promote a sense of community within our field, 3) diversify students, faculty, and leadership, 4) evaluate our efforts, 5) be current and relevant, 6) enhance the visibility and growth of our field, and 7) create globally minded and innovative CPists. We provide strategies for programs, faculty, linkages between researchers and practitioners, and the Society for Community Research and Action. We conclude that community psychology education and training continues to reflect the early vision; however, we believe we must make more intentional efforts to align with the mission and values of the field, and to engage in a critical analysis of our pedagogy. Enhancing and growing undergraduate and graduate education can facilitate the achievement of our goals to promote social justice, prevent and address social problems, and build community connections to become more effective, impactful, and global social change agents.

Leading the Way on Diversity: Community Psychology's Evolution from Invisible to Individual to Contextual.

To take up the AJCP editor's call to think forward in this article, I offer up three challenges that revolve around further contextualizing our understandings of diversity, i.e., reconsidering the notion of "difference" between discrete categories; more fully emphasizing diversity as socially situated; and further delving into local, setting-specific practices that shape the meanings of diversity. Enhanced attention to these three challenges can transform theory, research, and action about diversity as we move into community psychology's next 50 years.

Methods for Influencing Social Policy: The Role of Social Experiments.

Research methods in community psychology have grown more diverse since the Swampscott conference, but rigorous social experiments maintain a place among the multiplicity of methods that can promote community psychology values. They are particularly influential in policy circles. Two examples of social experiments to end homelessness for different populations illustrate their role. Both studies show that offering extremely poor and disenfranchised people autonomy and the resources they seek works better than "helping" them to overcome deficits in ways designed by well-meaning service providers. Experiments are neither the first nor the last method community psychologists should employ, but are a critical part of the field's armamentarium for systems change.

Commentary on the Future of Community Psychology: Perspective of a Research Community Psychologist.

Community psychology is commented upon from the perspective of a community psychologist who was trained in the Community Psychology Program at the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor. Her background and training are reviewed. A brief survey of research on homelessness as a frame for community psychology research is presented. Concluding remarks are provided on the future of research in community psychology.

Social Change: Toward an Informed and Critical Understanding of Social Justice and the Capabilities Approach in Community Psychology.

Community psychology has long been concerned with social justice. However, deployments of this term are often vague and undertheorized. To address this weakness in the field's knowledge body we explored John Rawls's theory of social justice and Amartya Sen's economic theory of the capabilities approach and evaluated each for its applicability to community psychology theory, research, and action. Our unpacking of the philosophical and political underpinnings of Rawlsian theory of social justice resulted in identifying characteristics that limit the theory's utility in community psychology, particularly in its implications for action. Our analysis of the capability approach proposed by Amartya Sen revealed a framework that operationalizes social justice in both research and action, and we elaborate on this point. Going beyond benefits to community psychology in adopting the capabilities approach, we posit a bi-directional relationship and discuss how community psychology might also contribute to the capabilities approach. We conclude by suggesting that community psychology could benefit from a manifesto or proclamation that provides a historical background of social justice and critiques the focus on the economic, sociological, and philosophical theories that inform present-day conceptualizations (and lack thereof) of social justice for community psychology.