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1.
Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Reports ; 51: 101021, 2024 Jun.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38772638

RESUMO

Cystic echinococcosis (CE) causes significant losses in Andean livestock production and affects Andean food security. However, more studies are needed to understand the epidemiology of the disease. In addition, the potential contribution of Andean cattle to the transmission of Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato needs to be known. This study aimed to determine the CE-prevalence and its association with risk factors, such as age and sex of the animals, the parasite load (number of cysts/organ) of condemned organs, and the viability and fertility of Echinococcus cysts from cattle in the Andes. The prevalence was examined in 348 cattle from an authorized slaughterhouse of Huancayo at 3300 m altitude. Cyst burden was determined by extracting all cysts from the total of the CE-infected organs. Cyst fertility and protoscolices viability were analysed from 90 randomly selected CE-infected organs. The CE prevalence was 35.6% (124/348; 95% CI: 30.6%-40.6%). There was no significant effect of age and sex on CE prevalence. CE was significantly more prevalent (p < 0.05) in lungs than livers, 34.8% (121/348; 95% CI: 29.8%-39.8%) vs 8.9% (31/348; 95% CI: 5.9%-11.9%). Most (75%) infected organs had one to five cysts. The mean cyst burden was significantly (p = 0.018) higher in the lungs than livers, 6.4 ± 4.9 vs 3.7 ± 2.9. Cyst fertility was 1.6% (10/608; 95% CI: 0.6%-2.6%). Despite the high CE prevalence, infected organs from Andean cattle play a minor role in CE transmission to dogs in the central Peruvian Andes.


Assuntos
Doenças dos Bovinos , Equinococose , Echinococcus granulosus , Animais , Bovinos , Peru/epidemiologia , Doenças dos Bovinos/epidemiologia , Doenças dos Bovinos/parasitologia , Doenças dos Bovinos/transmissão , Equinococose/epidemiologia , Equinococose/veterinária , Equinococose/transmissão , Masculino , Prevalência , Feminino , Echinococcus granulosus/isolamento & purificação , Fatores de Risco , Doenças Endêmicas/veterinária , Fígado/parasitologia , Pulmão/parasitologia
2.
Parasit Vectors ; 17(1): 211, 2024 May 10.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38730429

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: The health and productivity of dairy goats continue to be impacted by gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN) and lungworms (LW). Eprinomectin (EPN) is frequently selected for treatment because it is generally effective and does not require a milk withdrawal period. However, some factors, such as lactation, can have an impact on EPN pharmacokinetics and potentially its efficacy. To evaluate whether this can alter the efficacy of Eprecis® 2%, an eprinomectin injectable solution, a study was performed in lactating goats using the dose currently registered in cattle, sheep and goats (0.2 mg/kg). METHODS: This study was a blinded, randomized, controlled trial performed according to the VICH guidelines. Eighteen (18) worm-free lactating goats were included and experimentally challenged on day 28 with a mixed culture of infective gastrointestinal and lung nematode larvae (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus colubriformis, Teladorsagia circumcincta, Dictyocaulus filaria). At D-1, fecal samples were collected to confirm patent infection in all animals. On D0, the goats were randomly allocated into two groups of nine goats; group 1 was treated with Eprecis® 2% at 0.2 mg/kg BW by subcutaneous injection, while group 2 remained untreated. Fecal samples for egg counts were collected from all animals on days 3, 5, 7, 9, 11 and 14. On D14, all goats were killed, and the abomasum, small intestine and lungs were removed, processed and subsampled to record the number and species of worms. RESULTS: The treatment was well tolerated. After treatment, the arithmetic mean FEC decreased in the treated group and remained < 5 EPG until the end of the study, while the arithmetic mean FEC in the control group remained > 849.0 EPG. At D14, goats in the treated group had very limited or zero total worm counts, whereas all animals from the control group had a high worm burden. The measured efficacy was 100.0% against H. contortus and T. colubriformis, 99.9% against T. circumcincta and 98.0% against D. filaria. CONCLUSIONS: Eprinomectin (Eprecis®, 20 mg/ml), administered at the label dose (0.2 mg/kg), is highly effective against gastrointestinal nematodes and lungworms in lactating goats.


Assuntos
Fezes , Doenças das Cabras , Cabras , Ivermectina , Lactação , Infecções por Nematoides , Animais , Ivermectina/análogos & derivados , Ivermectina/administração & dosagem , Ivermectina/farmacocinética , Ivermectina/uso terapêutico , Doenças das Cabras/tratamento farmacológico , Doenças das Cabras/parasitologia , Feminino , Infecções por Nematoides/veterinária , Infecções por Nematoides/tratamento farmacológico , Infecções por Nematoides/parasitologia , Fezes/parasitologia , Lactação/efeitos dos fármacos , Contagem de Ovos de Parasitas/veterinária , Injeções Subcutâneas/veterinária , Anti-Helmínticos/administração & dosagem , Anti-Helmínticos/uso terapêutico , Anti-Helmínticos/farmacocinética , Nematoides/efeitos dos fármacos , Gastroenteropatias/veterinária , Gastroenteropatias/parasitologia , Gastroenteropatias/tratamento farmacológico , Pulmão/parasitologia
3.
Parasit Vectors ; 17(1): 210, 2024 May 09.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38725025

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Toxocara canis is considered one of the most neglected parasitic zoonoses and threatens the health of millions of people worldwide with a predilection for pediatric and adolescent populations in impoverished communities. Exploring the invasion and developmental mechanisms associated with T. canis infection in its definitive canine hosts will help to better control zoonotic toxocariasis. METHODS: Proteomic changes in samples from the upper lobe of the left lung of Beagle puppies were systematically analyzed by quantitative proteomic technology of data-independent acquisition (DIA) at 96 h post-infection (hpi) with T. canis. Proteins with P-values < 0.05 and fold change > 1.5 or < 0.67 were considered proteins with differential abundance (PDAs). RESULTS: A total of 28 downregulated PDAs and 407 upregulated PDAs were identified at 96 hpi, including RhoC, TM4SFs and LPCAT1, which could be associated with the maintenance and repair of lung homeostasis. GO annotation and KEGG pathway enrichment analyses of all identified proteins and PDAs revealed that many lung proteins have correlation to signal transduction, lipid metabolism and immune system. CONCLUSIONS: The present study revealed lung proteomic alterations in Beagle dogs at the lung migration stage of T. canis infection and identified many PDAs of Beagle dog lung, which may play important roles in the pathogenesis of toxocariasis, warranting further experimental validation.


Assuntos
Doenças do Cão , Pulmão , Proteômica , Toxocara canis , Toxocaríase , Animais , Cães , Toxocaríase/parasitologia , Pulmão/parasitologia , Doenças do Cão/parasitologia , Proteoma
4.
Vet Parasitol ; 328: 110180, 2024 Jun.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38626652

RESUMO

The Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato species complex is responsible for the neglected zoonotic disease known as cystic echinococcosis (CE). Humans and livestock are infected via fecal-oral transmission. CE remains prevalent in Western China, Central Asia, South America, Eastern Africa, and the Mediterranean. Approximately one million individuals worldwide are affected, influencing veterinary and public health, as well as social and economic matters. The infection causes slow-growing cysts, predominantly in the liver and lungs, but can also develop in other organs. The exact progression of these cysts is uncertain. This study aimed to understand the survival mechanisms of liver and lung CE cysts from cattle by determining their metabolite profiles through metabolomics and multivariate statistical analyses. Non-targeted metabolomic approaches were conducted using quadrupole-time-of-flight liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC-QTOF-MS) to distinguish between liver and lung CE cysts. Data processing to extract the peaks on complex chromatograms was performed using XCMS. PCA and OPLS-DA plots obtained through multiple statistical analyses showed interactions of metabolites within and between groups. Metabolites such as glutathione, prostaglandin, folic acid, and cortisol that cause different immunological reactions have been identified both in liver and lung hydatid cysts, but in different ratios. Considering the differences in the metabolomic profiles of the liver and lung cysts determined in the present study will contribute research to enlighten the nature of the cyst and develop specific therapeutic strategies.


Assuntos
Doenças dos Bovinos , Fígado , Pulmão , Metabolômica , Animais , Bovinos , Doenças dos Bovinos/parasitologia , Fígado/parasitologia , Pulmão/parasitologia , Echinococcus granulosus/fisiologia , Echinococcus granulosus/imunologia , Equinococose Pulmonar/veterinária , Equinococose/veterinária , Equinococose/parasitologia , Equinococose Hepática/veterinária , Equinococose Hepática/parasitologia , Cromatografia Líquida , Espectrometria de Massas/veterinária
5.
Acta Trop ; 254: 107208, 2024 Jun.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38621620

RESUMO

The study aimed to elicit protective immune responses against murine schistosomiasis mansoni at the parasite lung- and liver stage. Two peptides showing amino acid sequence similarity to gut cysteine peptidases, which induce strong memory immune effectors in the liver, were combined with a peptide based on S. mansoni thioredoxin peroxidase (TPX), a prominent lung-stage schistosomula excretory-secretory product, and alum as adjuvant. Only one of the 2 cysteine peptidases-based peptides in a multiple antigenic peptide construct (MAP-3 and MAP-4) appeared to adjuvant protective immune responses induced by the TPX peptide in a MAP form. Production of TPX MAP-specific IgG1 serum antibodies, and increase in lung interleukin-1 (IL-1), uric acid, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) content were associated with significant (P < 0.05) 50 % reduction in recovery of lung-stage larvae. Increase in lung triglycerides and cholesterol levels appeared to provide the surviving worms with nutrients necessary for a stout double lipid bilayer barrier at the parasite-host interface. Surviving worms-released products elicited memory responses to the MAP-3 immunogen, including production of specific IgG1 antibodies and increase in liver IL-33 and ROS. Reduction in challenge worm burden recorded 45 days post infection did not exceed 48 % associated with no differences in parasite egg counts in the host liver and small intestine compared to unimmunized adjuvant control mice. Alum adjuvant assisted the second peptide, MAP-4, in production of IgG1, IgG2a, IgG2b and IgA specific antibodies and increase in liver ROS, but with no protective potential, raising doubt about the necessity of adjuvant addition. Accordingly, different vaccine formulas containing TPX MAP and 1, 2 or 3 cysteine peptidases-derived peptides with or without alum were used to immunize parallel groups of mice. Compared to unimmunized control mice, significant (P < 0.05 to < 0.005) 22 to 54 % reduction in worm burden was recorded in the different groups associated with insignificant changes in parasite egg output. The results together indicated that a schistosomiasis vaccine able to entirely prevent disease and halt its transmission still remains elusive.


Assuntos
Adjuvantes Imunológicos , Anticorpos Anti-Helmínticos , Imunoglobulina G , Fígado , Pulmão , Schistosoma mansoni , Esquistossomose mansoni , Vacinas de Subunidades Antigênicas , Animais , Schistosoma mansoni/imunologia , Esquistossomose mansoni/prevenção & controle , Esquistossomose mansoni/imunologia , Esquistossomose mansoni/parasitologia , Pulmão/parasitologia , Pulmão/imunologia , Camundongos , Anticorpos Anti-Helmínticos/imunologia , Anticorpos Anti-Helmínticos/sangue , Fígado/parasitologia , Fígado/imunologia , Imunoglobulina G/sangue , Adjuvantes Imunológicos/administração & dosagem , Vacinas de Subunidades Antigênicas/imunologia , Vacinas de Subunidades Antigênicas/administração & dosagem , Feminino , Antígenos de Helmintos/imunologia , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Compostos de Alúmen/administração & dosagem , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Vacinas de Subunidades Proteicas
6.
Acta Parasitol ; 69(1): 1090-1094, 2024 Mar.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38493433

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Co-infection with other microorganisms such as parasites in patients with COVID-19 can affect the clinical outcome and require prompt diagnosis and appropriate therapy. CASE PRESENTATION: We present a case of an adult male with chest pain, dyspnea, cough, diplopia, and anorexia who was confirmed to have acute COVID-19 pneumonia. 2 weeks prior to admission, a hydatid lung cyst was identified on examination, but the patient refused surgery. Thoracoabdominal computed tomography (CT) revealed a rupture of the lung hydatid cyst and co-infection with COVID-19. The patient has prescribed a treatment protocol for COVID-19 and albendazole. Despite measures taken to manage severe inflammation and decreasing blood oxygen levels, the patient required admission to the intensive care unit (ICU) and intubation. After approximately 3 weeks of hospitalization, the patient was successfully extubated and discharged uneventfully from the hospital. Oral albendazole was prescribed for follow-up treatment. CONCLUSION: Our case highlights the importance of considering hydatid cysts in the differential diagnosis of patients with COVID-19, especially those living in endemic areas.


Assuntos
Albendazol , COVID-19 , Equinococose Pulmonar , COVID-19/complicações , COVID-19/diagnóstico , Humanos , Masculino , Equinococose Pulmonar/complicações , Equinococose Pulmonar/diagnóstico , Equinococose Pulmonar/diagnóstico por imagem , Albendazol/uso terapêutico , Albendazol/administração & dosagem , Tomografia Computadorizada por Raios X , SARS-CoV-2 , Coinfecção/parasitologia , Coinfecção/diagnóstico , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Pulmão/parasitologia , Pulmão/diagnóstico por imagem , Pulmão/patologia , Índice de Gravidade de Doença
7.
PLoS Negl Trop Dis ; 18(2): e0011930, 2024 Feb.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38324590

RESUMO

Ascariasis (roundworm) is the most common parasitic helminth infection globally and can lead to significant morbidity in children including chronic lung disease. Children become infected with Ascaris spp. via oral ingestion of eggs. It has long been assumed that Ascaris egg hatching and larval translocation across the gastrointestinal mucosa to initiate infection occurs in the small intestine. Here, we show that A. suum larvae hatched in the host stomach in a murine model. Larvae utilize acidic mammalian chitinase (AMCase; acid chitinase; Chia) from chief cells and acid pumped by parietal cells to emerge from eggs on the surface of gastric epithelium. Furthermore, antagonizing AMCase and gastric acid in the stomach decreases parasitic burden in the liver and lungs and attenuates lung disease. Given Ascaris eggs are chitin-coated, the gastric corpus would logically be the most likely organ for egg hatching, though this is the first study directly evincing the essential role of the host gastric corpus microenvironment. These findings point towards potential novel mechanisms for therapeutic targets to prevent ascariasis and identify a new biomedical significance of AMCase in mammals.


Assuntos
Ascaríase , Ascaris suum , Quitinases , Pneumopatias , Doenças dos Suínos , Criança , Humanos , Animais , Camundongos , Suínos , Ascaríase/parasitologia , Larva , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Ascaris , Pulmão/parasitologia , Estômago , Doenças dos Suínos/parasitologia , Mamíferos
8.
Parasit Vectors ; 17(1): 46, 2024 Feb 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38303078

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Malaria-associated acute lung injury (MA-ALI) is a well-recognized clinical complication of severe, complicated malaria that is partly driven by sequestrations of infected red blood cells (iRBCs) on lung postcapillary induced impaired blood flow. In earlier studies the mechanosensitive Piezo1 channel emerged as a regulator of mechanical stimuli, but the function and underlying mechanism of Piezo1 impacting MA-ALI severity via sensing the impaired pulmonary blood flow are still not fully elucidated. Thus, the present study aimed to explore the role of Piezo1 in the severity of murine MA-ALI. METHODS: Here, we utilized a widely accepted murine model of MA-ALI using C57BL/6 mice with Plasmodium berghei ANKA infection and then added a Piezo1 inhibitor (GsMTx4) to the model. The iRBC-stimulated Raw264.7 macrophages in vitro were also targeted with GsMTx4 to further explore the potential mechanism. RESULTS: Our data showed an elevation in the expression of Piezo1 and number of Piezo1+-CD68+ macrophages in lung tissues of the experimental MA-ALI mice. Compared to the infected control mice, the blockage of Piezo1 with GsMTx4 dramatically improved the survival rate but decreased body weight loss, peripheral blood parasitemia/lung parasite burden, experimental cerebral malaria incidence, total protein concentrations in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, lung wet/dry weight ratio, vascular leakage, pathological damage, apoptosis and number of CD68+ and CD86+ macrophages in lung tissues. This was accompanied by a dramatic increase in the number of CD206+ macrophages (M2-like subtype), upregulation of anti-inflammatory cytokines (e.g. IL-4 and IL-10) and downregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines (e.g. TNF-α and IL-1ß). In addition, GsMTx4 treatment remarkably decreased pulmonary intracellular iron accumulation, protein level of 4-HNE (an activator of ferroptosis) and the number of CD68+-Piezo1+ and CD68+-4-HNE+ macrophages but significantly increased protein levels of GPX4 (an inhibitor of ferroptosis) in experimental MA-ALI mice. Similarly, in vitro study showed that the administration of GsMTx4 led to a remarkable elevation in the mRNA levels of CD206, IL-4, IL-10 and GPX-4 but to a substantial decline in CD86, TNF-α, IL-1ß and 4-HNE in the iRBC-stimulated Raw264.7 cells. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings indicated that blockage of Piezo1 with GsMTx4 alleviated the severity of experimental MA-ALI in mice partly by triggering pulmonary macrophage M2 polarization and subsequent anti-inflammatory responses but inhibited apoptosis and ferroptosis in lung tissue. Our data suggested that targeting Piezo1 in macrophages could be a promising therapeutic strategy for treating MA-ALI.


Assuntos
Lesão Pulmonar Aguda , Peptídeos e Proteínas de Sinalização Intercelular , Canais Iônicos , Malária Cerebral , Venenos de Aranha , Animais , Camundongos , Lesão Pulmonar Aguda/tratamento farmacológico , Lesão Pulmonar Aguda/parasitologia , Citocinas/genética , Citocinas/metabolismo , Interleucina-10/metabolismo , Interleucina-4 , Canais Iônicos/antagonistas & inibidores , Lipopolissacarídeos , Pulmão/parasitologia , Malária Cerebral/complicações , Malária Cerebral/tratamento farmacológico , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa/metabolismo , Venenos de Aranha/uso terapêutico , Peptídeos e Proteínas de Sinalização Intercelular/uso terapêutico
9.
Acta Parasitol ; 69(1): 559-566, 2024 Mar.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38233676

RESUMO

PURPOSE: Radiotherapy showed the potential to effectively kill the cysts of pulmonary cystic echinococcosis (CE). However, little is known about its safety. This study was designed to investigate the safety of three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy (3D-CRT) on the normal lung tissue adjacent to the cyst and blood of sheep naturally infected with pulmonary CE. METHODS: Twenty pulmonary CE sheep were randomly divided into control group (n = 5) and radiation groups with a dose of 30 Gray (Gy) (n = 5), 45 Gy (n = 5), and 60 Gy (n = 5), respectively. Animals in control group received no radiation. Heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70), tumor growth factor-ß (TGF-ß), matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) and MMP-9 in the lung tissues adjacent to the cysts, which were considered to be closely related to the pathogenesis of CE, were evaluated after 3D-CRT. A routine blood test was conducted. RESULTS: The results showed that there were multiple cysts of various sizes with protoscoleces in the lung tissues of sheep, and necrotic cysts were found after 3D-CRT. 3D-CRT significantly increased the mRNA level of Hsp70, enhanced the protein level of TGF-ß and slightly increased the expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9 in lung tissues adjacent to the cysts. 3D-CRT did not significantly alter the amount of WBC, HB and PLT in sheep blood. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggested that 3D-CRT may suppress the inflammation and induce less damage of the normal lung tissues and blood. We preliminarily showed that 3D-CRT under a safe dose may be used to treat pulmonary CE.


Assuntos
Equinococose Pulmonar , Proteínas de Choque Térmico HSP70 , Pulmão , Radioterapia Conformacional , Doenças dos Ovinos , Animais , Ovinos , Radioterapia Conformacional/efeitos adversos , Radioterapia Conformacional/métodos , Pulmão/parasitologia , Pulmão/efeitos da radiação , Pulmão/patologia , Proteínas de Choque Térmico HSP70/genética , Proteínas de Choque Térmico HSP70/metabolismo , Equinococose Pulmonar/veterinária , Doenças dos Ovinos/parasitologia , Fator de Crescimento Transformador beta/sangue , Fator de Crescimento Transformador beta/metabolismo , Fator de Crescimento Transformador beta/genética , Metaloproteinase 9 da Matriz/metabolismo , Metaloproteinase 9 da Matriz/sangue , Metaloproteinase 2 da Matriz/metabolismo , Metaloproteinase 2 da Matriz/genética
10.
Parasitol Int ; 99: 102829, 2024 Apr.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38030119

RESUMO

Angiostrongylus spp. (Metastrongyloidea) can cause severe disease in several animal species and humans. This report describes an infection with Angiostrongylus dujardini in a captive coconut lorikeet (Trichoglossus haematodus) from a zoo in Switzerland. The bird was reported being attacked by conspecifics, removed from the flock, and hospitalized. It showed lethargy, moderately reduced body condition, and lack of reaction to visual stimuli. Analgesic and antibiotic treatment were initiated but because of worsening of its general condition, the bird was euthanized the following day. Necropsy revealed multifocal, subcutaneous hemorrhages, diffusely reddened lungs and a moderately dilated right heart with several intraluminal nematodes embedded in a coagulum. Four worms were collected and microscopically examined. They were identified as adult females, measuring 19-21 mm long x 0.4-0.5 mm wide, with general morphological and morphometric characteristics consistent with angiostrongylid nematodes. In lung sections, multifocal collection of thin-walled embryonated eggs in variable stages of development was observed along with fully developed nematode larvae within the lumina of alveoli and lung vessels. Associated granulomatous infiltrates indicated a severe, multifocal, chronic, granulomatous pneumonia. The diagnosis of A. dujardini infection was formulated by morphological examination of adult and larval stages, supported by molecular analysis (PCR-amplification and sequencing of the ITS2, 5.8S and 28S rDNA flanking regions). This is the first report of A. dujardini infection in an avian species, providing evidence that birds can serve as accidental hosts of this parasite in addition to mammals, and that the parasite can reach maturity and multiply in the avian cardiorespiratory system.


Assuntos
Angiostrongylus , Papagaios , Infecções por Strongylida , Animais , Feminino , Humanos , Suíça , Pulmão/parasitologia , Coração , Angiostrongylus/anatomia & histologia , Angiostrongylus/genética , Infecções por Strongylida/diagnóstico , Infecções por Strongylida/veterinária , Infecções por Strongylida/parasitologia , Mamíferos
11.
Parasit Vectors ; 16(1): 245, 2023 Jul 20.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37475031

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Eucoleus aerophilus (syn. Capillaria aerophila) is a nematode with a worldwide geographical distribution. It causes a disease called lung capillariosis by affecting the respiratory tract of wild and domestic animals, and has also occasionally been described in humans. Despite steady increases in knowledge of the morphology of this neglected parasite, many aspects are still poorly understood. Epidemiological data regarding, for example, geographic distribution, range of hosts, clinical relevance and the actual zoonotic potential of this nematode are scarce and incomplete. METHODS: This article is a systematic review based on the screening of three databases (PubMed, Web of Science and Science Direct) to identify eligible studies published from 1973 to the end of 2022. RESULTS: From a total of 606 studies describing the occurrence of E. aerophilus, 141 articles from 38 countries worldwide were included in this meta-analysis, all of which presented results obtained mainly with flotation and necropsy. Due to the occurrence of E. aerophilus in many different species and different matrices (lungs and faeces), we decided to conduct the meta-analysis separately for each species with a given matrix. This systematic review confirmed the status of the Red fox as the main reservoir and main transmitter of E. aerophilus (average prevalence of 43% in faeces and 49% in lungs) and provided evidence of a higher prevalence of E. aerophilus in wild animals in comparison to domestic animals, such as dogs (3% in faeces) and cats (2% in faeces and 8% in lungs). Previous studies have investigated many host-related factors (age, sex, environmental/living conditions) in relation to the prevalence of E. aerophilus, but they show wide variations and no simple relationship has been demonstrates. Furthermore, mixed infections with other pulmonary nematodes, such as Crenosoma vulpis and/or Angiostrongylus vasorum, are reported very frequently, which greatly complicates the diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS: This systematic review focused on identifying data gaps and promoting future research directions in this area. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first systematic review that evaluates and summarizes existing knowledge on the occurrence and prevalence of E. aerophilus in wild and domestic animals originating from different geographical locations worldwide.


Assuntos
Metastrongyloidea , Infecções por Nematoides , Animais , Cães , Gatos , Humanos , Infecções por Nematoides/epidemiologia , Infecções por Nematoides/veterinária , Infecções por Nematoides/parasitologia , Animais Domésticos , Animais Selvagens , Pulmão/parasitologia , Raposas/parasitologia
12.
Front Immunol ; 14: 1170807, 2023.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37251384

RESUMO

Helminth-induced eosinophils accumulate around the parasite at the site of infection, or in parasite-damaged tissues well after the helminth has left the site. The role of helminth-elicited eosinophils in mediating parasite control is complex. While they may contribute to direct parasite-killing and tissue repair, their involvement in long-term immunopathogenesis is a concern. In allergic Siglec-FhiCD101hi, eosinophils are associated with pathology. Research has not shown if equivalent subpopulations of eosinophils are a feature of helminth infection. In this study, we demonstrate that lung migration of rodent hookworm Nippostrongylus brasiliensis (Nb) results in a long-term expansion of distinct Siglec-FhiCD101hi eosinophil subpopulations. Nb-elevated eosinophil populations in the bone marrow and circulation did not present this phenotype. Siglec-FhiCD101hi lung eosinophils exhibited an activated morphology including nuclei hyper-segmentation and cytoplasm degranulation. Recruitment of ST2+ ILC2s and not CD4+ T cells to the lungs was associated with the expansion of Siglec-FhiCD101hi eosinophils. This data identifies a morphologically distinct and persistent subset of Siglec-FhiCD101hi lung eosinophils induced following Nb infection. These eosinophils may contribute to long-term pathology following helminth infection.


Assuntos
Eosinófilos , Infecções por Uncinaria , Animais , Camundongos , Ancylostomatoidea , Imunidade Inata , Pulmão/parasitologia , Linfócitos , Nippostrongylus , Lectinas Semelhantes a Imunoglobulina de Ligação ao Ácido Siálico
13.
Parasitol Res ; 122(7): 1685-1688, 2023 Jul.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37212835

RESUMO

Cardio-pulmonary parasites, such as Angiostrongylus vasorum, Crenosoma vulpis, and Eucoleus aerophilus, pose a significant concern on account of pulmonary and cardiac problems they induce in dogs. While the red fox is known to be a key reservoir host for A. vasorum and may also play a role in transmitting C. vulpis and E. aerophilus, there has been no recent research on these parasites in foxes from Sardinia, with the most current studies dating back to 1986. A survey was conducted on red foxes in Sardinia, where a total of 51 foxes were collected, necropsied, and examined for adult worms in their hearts and lungs. The worms were identified using morphometric analysis and molecular methods. The results showed a 54.9% overall prevalence at dissection: 45.1% of the foxes were positive for E. aerophilus, 17.6% for C. vulpis, and 13.7% for A. vasorum. The molecular analyses validated the morphological characterization. In comparison to previous research, which found 13 out of 85 foxes to be positive for A. vasorum with a prevalence rate of 15.3% and 1 for E. aerophilus with a prevalence of 1.2%, this study showed an increased prevalence of E. aerophilus and C. vulpis, and a decrease in the prevalence of A. vasorum. These results indicate that the red foxes in Sardinia represent a reservoir host for cardio-pulmonary nematodes and it should be considered in the differential diagnosis of respiratory distress syndrome in dogs.


Assuntos
Raposas , Coração , Pulmão , Metastrongyloidea , Infecções por Nematoides , Animais , Cães , Raposas/parasitologia , Coração/parasitologia , Itália/epidemiologia , Infecções por Nematoides/epidemiologia , Infecções por Nematoides/parasitologia , Infecções por Nematoides/transmissão , Infecções por Nematoides/veterinária , Pulmão/parasitologia , Prevalência , Reservatórios de Doenças/parasitologia , Reservatórios de Doenças/veterinária , Masculino , Feminino
14.
Parasitol Int ; 91: 102649, 2022 Dec.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35988899

RESUMO

Three new species of lung-dwelling nematodes are described from the frogs Ptychadena anchietae (Bocage), P. oxyrhynchus (Smith), and P. uzungwensis (Loveridge) in southern Africa. All three species are medium-sized species of Rhabdias Stiles et Hassall, 1905, with the thick-walled buccal capsules measuring 11-13 µm × 6-11 µm, consisting of longer anterior and shorter posterior parts. Rhabdias athos n. sp. and R. porthos n. sp. are characterised by the rounded anterior end of the body and the presence of short dilatation of the oesophagus at its mid-length. Rhabdias porthos n. sp. has distinct excretory glands which are absent in two other species. Rhabdias aramis n. sp. is characterised by the truncated anterior end and the slight constriction of the oesophagus at the level of its mid-length. Phylogenetic analysis based on ITS-28S rDNA sequences placed R. aramis n. sp. in the clade consisting of R. engelbrechti Kuzmin et al., 2017 from South Africa and Eurasian Rhabdias spp., while R. athos n. sp. and R. porthos n. sp. formed a sister group to that clade. Identification key to 14 Rhabdias spp. parasitic in anuran amphibians from the Afrotropical Realm is provided.


Assuntos
Nematoides , Rhabdiasoidea , Animais , Anuros/parasitologia , Pulmão/parasitologia , Nematoides/genética , Filogenia
15.
PLoS Negl Trop Dis ; 16(8): e0010679, 2022 08.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35976975

RESUMO

Paragonimus kellicotti is a zoonotic lung fluke infection, the agent of North American paragonimiasis, and an excellent model for other Paragonimus infections. The excretory/secretory proteins (ESP) released by parasites and presented at the parasite-host interface are frequently proposed to be useful targets for drugs and/or vaccines In vitro culture conditions may alter ESP compared to those produced in vivo. In order to investigate ESPs produced in vivo we took advantage of the fact that adult P. kellicotti reproduce in the lungs of experimentally infected gerbils in tissue cysts. We performed a mass-spectrometric analysis of adult P. kellicotti soluble somatic protein (SSPs) extracts, excreted/secreted proteins (ESPs) produced by adult worms during in vitro culture, and lung cyst fluid proteins (CFPs) from experimentally infected gerbils. We identified 2,137 P. kellicotti proteins that were present in at least two of three biological replicates and supported by at least two peptides. Among those were 1,914 proteins found in SSP, 947 in ESP and 37 in CFP. In silico analysis predicted that only 141 of the total 2,137 proteins were secreted via classical or non-classical pathways. The most abundant functional categories in SSP were storage and oxidative metabolism. The most abundant categories in ESP were proteins related to metabolism and signal transduction. The 37 parasite-related proteins in CFP belonged to 11 functional categories. The largest groups were proteins with unknown function, cytoskeletal proteins and proteasome machinery. 29 of these 37 proteins were shared among all three sample types. To our knowledge, this is the first study that compares in vitro and in vivo ESP for any Paragonimus species. This study has provided new insights into ESPs of food-borne trematodes that are produced and released in vivo. Proteins released at the host-parasite interface may help the parasite evade host immunity and may represent new targets for novel treatments or diagnostic tests for paragonimiasis.


Assuntos
Cistos , Pneumopatias , Paragonimíase , Paragonimus , Animais , Gerbillinae , Pulmão/parasitologia , Paragonimus/fisiologia , Proteômica
16.
J Paediatr Child Health ; 58(7): 1193-1200, 2022 07.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35262239

RESUMO

AIM: Echinococcosis with multi-organ/disseminated involvement is rare in childhood. We aimed to evaluate the clinical and laboratory characteristics and prognosis in paediatric patients with echinococcosis having multiorgan/disseminated involvement. METHOD: We evaluated retrospectively children with echinococcosis with involvement of three or more organs. RESULTS: Thirteen patients were included in the study. The median age was 120 (range 71-189) months. Three (23%) were diagnosed incidentally. Abdominal pain was seen in 5 (38.4%) patients, vomiting in 4 (30.7%), headache in 3 (23%), cough in 2 (15.3%), groin pain in 1 (7.6%), 1 (7.6%) had jaundice and 1 (7.6%) had fever. The median duration of complaints was 48 (0-140) days. The most common tripartite organ was 38.4% (5/13) liver, lung and spleen. Isolated abdominal dissemination was detected in two patients. Two patients had multi-organ involvement and multiple cysts with dissemination. Cyst rupture was observed in three of the patients; recurrent urinary tract infection, hydroureteronephrosis, secondary peritonitis with intra-abdominal abscess, and biliary tract fistula were each observed in one patient. Relapse developed in 3 (23%) patients. CONCLUSION: Echinococcosis is a very slow growing and complex parasitic disease that affects many organs and tissues. In our study, eosinophilia, recurrence, and complications were seen at a higher rate in paediatric patients with multiorgan involvement, who required repetitive surgeries and long-term medical treatment. However, there are scanty data on risk factors, optimum treatment and prognosis.


Assuntos
Equinococose/patologia , Abdome , Dor Abdominal , Adolescente , Criança , Equinococose/complicações , Equinococose/diagnóstico , Equinococose/terapia , Humanos , Fígado/parasitologia , Fígado/patologia , Pulmão/parasitologia , Pulmão/patologia , Estudos Retrospectivos , Baço/parasitologia , Baço/patologia
17.
Cell Rep ; 38(2): 110215, 2022 01 11.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35021079

RESUMO

Macrophages are known to mediate anti-helminth responses, but it remains uncertain which subsets are involved or how macrophages actually kill helminths. Here, we show rapid monocyte recruitment to the lung after infection with the nematode parasite Nippostrongylus brasiliensis. In this inflamed tissue microenvironment, these monocytes differentiate into an alveolar macrophage (AM)-like phenotype, expressing both SiglecF and CD11c, surround invading parasitic larvae, and preferentially kill parasites in vitro. Monocyte-derived AMs (Mo-AMs) express type 2-associated markers and show a distinct remodeling of the chromatin landscape relative to tissue-derived AMs (TD-AMs). In particular, they express high amounts of arginase-1 (Arg1), which we demonstrate mediates helminth killing through L-arginine depletion. These studies indicate that recruited monocytes are selectively programmed in the pulmonary environment to express AM markers and an anti-helminth phenotype.


Assuntos
Pulmão/imunologia , Macrófagos Alveolares/imunologia , Infecções por Strongylida/imunologia , Animais , Arginase/metabolismo , Diferenciação Celular , Citocinas , Feminino , Pulmão/parasitologia , Macrófagos/imunologia , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Nippostrongylus , Infecções por Strongylida/parasitologia
18.
Mucosal Immunol ; 15(1): 74-83, 2022 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34420044

RESUMO

Macrophages are a heterogeneous population of innate immune cells that are often divided into two major subsets: classically activated, typically pro-inflammatory (M1) macrophages that mediate host defense, and alternatively activated, tolerance-inducing (M2) macrophages that exert homeostatic and tissue-regenerative functions. Disturbed macrophage function/differentiation results either in inadequate, excessive immune activation or in a failure to induce efficient protective immune responses against pathogens. Loss-of-function variants in protein tyrosine phosphatase non-receptor type 2 (PTPN2) are associated with chronic inflammatory disorders, but the effect of macrophage-intrinsic PTPN2 loss is still poorly understood. Here we report that PTPN2-deficient macrophages fail to acquire an alternatively activated/M2 phenotype. This was the consequence of reduced IL-6 receptor expression and a failure to induce IL-4 receptor in response to IL-6, resulting in an inability to respond to the key M2-inducing cytokine IL-4. Ultimately, failure to adequately respond to IL-6 and IL-4 resulted in increased levels of M1 macrophage marker expression in vitro and exacerbated lung inflammation upon infection with Nippostrongylus brasiliensis in vivo. These results demonstrate that PTPN2 loss interferes with the ability of macrophages to adequately respond to inflammatory stimuli and might explain the increased susceptibility of PTPN2 loss-of-function carriers to developing inflammatory diseases.


Assuntos
Inflamação/imunologia , Pulmão/imunologia , Macrófagos/imunologia , Nippostrongylus/fisiologia , Proteína Tirosina Fosfatase não Receptora Tipo 2/metabolismo , Infecções por Strongylida/imunologia , Animais , Diferenciação Celular , Técnicas de Silenciamento de Genes , Humanos , Interleucina-4/metabolismo , Pulmão/parasitologia , Camundongos , Camundongos Knockout , Proteína Tirosina Fosfatase não Receptora Tipo 2/genética , Células THP-1 , Células Th1/imunologia , Células Th2/imunologia
19.
PLoS Negl Trop Dis ; 15(12): e0010025, 2021 12.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34919557

RESUMO

Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) and pulmonary toxoplasmosis (PT) are caused by Pneumocystis jirovecii and Toxoplasma gondii. The clinical symptoms and imaging of PCP and PT are indistinguishable. A duplex qPCR was developed to differentiate between these two pathogens. In testing 92 clinical samples to validate the performance of this method for P. jirovecii detection, it identified 31 positive samples for P. jirovecii infection, consistent with clinical diagnosis. Among the remainder of the 61 clinical samples with suspected PCP, yet showing as negative by the conventional PCR diagnosis approach, 6 of them proved positive using our new assay. Our new approach also produced similar results in identification of T. gondii infections, giving a result of 2 positive and 20 negative in clinical samples. An investigation was undertaken on the prevalence of P. jirovecii and T. gondii infections using 113 samples from lung infection patients. 9% (10/113) were shown to be positive with infections of P. jirovecii, 2% with T. gondii (2/113) and 5% (6/113) were co-infected with both pathogens. Although this duplex qPCR can detect individual P. jirovecii and T. gondii infection, and co-infection of both pathogens, further large-scale investigations are needed to validate its performance, especially in T. gondii detection. Our assay provides a rapid and accurate tool for PCP and PT diagnosis in immunocompromised population and clinical surveillance of these infections in patients with no immune defects.


Assuntos
Pneumopatias/microbiologia , Pneumopatias/parasitologia , Pneumocystis carinii/isolamento & purificação , Pneumonia por Pneumocystis/microbiologia , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase/métodos , Toxoplasma/isolamento & purificação , Toxoplasmose/parasitologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Humanos , Hospedeiro Imunocomprometido , Lactente , Pulmão/microbiologia , Pulmão/parasitologia , Pneumopatias/diagnóstico , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Pneumocystis carinii/genética , Pneumonia por Pneumocystis/diagnóstico , Toxoplasma/genética , Toxoplasmose/diagnóstico , Adulto Jovem
20.
PLoS Negl Trop Dis ; 15(12): e0010050, 2021 12.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34914687

RESUMO

Ascariasis is one of the most common infections in the world and associated with significant global morbidity. Ascaris larval migration through the host's lungs is essential for larval development but leads to an exaggerated type-2 host immune response manifesting clinically as acute allergic airway disease. However, whether Ascaris larval migration can subsequently lead to chronic lung diseases remains unknown. Here, we demonstrate that a single episode of Ascaris larval migration through the host lungs induces a chronic pulmonary syndrome of type-2 inflammatory pathology and emphysema accompanied by pulmonary hemorrhage and chronic anemia in a mouse model. Our results reveal that a single episode of Ascaris larval migration through the host lungs leads to permanent lung damage with systemic effects. Remote episodes of ascariasis may drive non-communicable lung diseases such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and chronic anemia in parasite endemic regions.


Assuntos
Anemia/parasitologia , Ascaríase/parasitologia , Ascaris suum/fisiologia , Pneumopatias/parasitologia , Anemia/genética , Anemia/imunologia , Anemia/patologia , Animais , Ascaríase/genética , Ascaríase/imunologia , Ascaríase/patologia , Ascaris suum/genética , Doença Crônica , Citocinas/genética , Citocinas/imunologia , Feminino , Humanos , Larva/genética , Larva/fisiologia , Pulmão/imunologia , Pulmão/parasitologia , Pulmão/patologia , Pneumopatias/genética , Pneumopatias/imunologia , Pneumopatias/patologia , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C
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