RESUMO
Several somatic and sexual anomalies such as gynandromorphism and other morphological malformations have been described in ants, but cases of supernumerary legs in natural populations are rare, with only six cases reported to date. Moreover, few cases of abnormalities have been reported for the Ponerinae subfamily, with only three cases of genetic chimeras and five teratological cases worldwide. We report here a new case of teratology in this subfamily, with a seven-legged worker pupa found in a Neoponera villosa colony nesting in an epiphytic tank bromeliad. This is the second case for Mexico of a morphological anomaly in a ponerine ant, but the first report of a teratological case in the subfamily for this country.
Assuntos
Formigas , Pupa , Animais , México , Pupa/anatomia & histologia , Extremidades/anatomia & histologiaRESUMO
Sarcophaga (=Parasarcophaga) (Liopygia) ruficornis (Fabricius, 1794) is a species of medical-veterinary and forensic importance, as its immatures cause myiasis in humans and animals and colonize carcasses and cadavers. Therefore, investigations into the biology and morphology of this species, with a particular focus on pupae that constitute ≥50% of the developmental period for the immatures, are pertinent. Although there are biological and morphological studies of pupae, the intrapuparial development at different temperatures has not yet been analysed. Therefore, the present study aimed to describe how temperature (22, 27 and 32 ± 1°C) affects the development and morphology of S. (L.) ruficornis pupae at 60 ± 10% relative humidity and a 12-h photoperiod. Ten pupae were collected, euthanized and fixed every 4 h from pupariation until 24 h and every 8 h until the emergence of the first adult. Emergence occurred at 440, 272 and 232 h at 22, 27 and 32°C, with 590, 380 and 330 pupae, respectively. The highest mortality occurred at 32°C. Eight periods were defined, and sex was determined in pharate adult stage; in addition, 40 key morphological characteristics to estimate pupal age were presented. These findings can serve as a basis for studies on the biology and morphology of the pupa of S. (L.) ruficornis, particularly in bionomics, control and forensics, helping researchers and experts.
Sarcophaga (=Parasarcophaga) (Liopygia) ruficornis (Fabricius, 1794) é uma espécie de importância médicoveterinária e forense, pois seus imaturos causam miíase em humanos e animais e colonizam carcaças e cadáveres. Portanto, são pertinentes as investigações sobre a biologia e morfologia dessa espécie, com foco especial nas pupas que constituem ≥50% do período de desenvolvimento dos imaturos. Embora existam estudos biológicos e morfológicos das pupas, o desenvolvimento intrapuparial em diferentes temperaturas ainda não foi analisado. Logo, o presente estudo teve como objetivo descrever como a temperatura (22, 27 e 32 ± 1°C) afeta o desenvolvimento e a morfologia das pupas de S. (L.) ruficornis a 60 ± 10% de umidade relativa e fotoperíodo de 12 horas. Dez pupas foram coletadas, eutanasiadas e fixadas a cada quatro horas desde a pupariação até 24 horas e a cada oito horas até a emergência do primeiro adulto. A emergência ocorreu em 440, 272 e 232 horas a 22, 27 e 32°C, com 590, 380 e 330 pupas, respectivamente. A maior mortalidade ocorreu a 32°C. Foram definidos oito períodos e o sexo foi determinado na fase de adulto farato; além disso, foram apresentadas 40 características morfológicas importantes para estimar a idade das pupas. Essas descobertas podem servir de base para estudos sobre a biologia e a morfologia da pupa de S. (L.) ruficornis, especialmente em bionomia, controle e ciência forense, ajudando pesquisadores e especialistas.
Assuntos
Pupa , Sarcofagídeos , Temperatura , Animais , Sarcofagídeos/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Sarcofagídeos/fisiologia , Pupa/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Pupa/anatomia & histologia , Feminino , Masculino , Entomologia Forense/métodosRESUMO
Larvae of the beetle subfamily Rutelinae are poorly described in the literature. Notably, the morphology of the larvae of Callistethus plagiicollis Fairmaire has not previously been analyzed. Here, we report for the first time that these larvae feed on the tubers and roots of Gastrodia elata Blume, an important traditional Chinese herbal medicine, which causes a reduction in the yield and economic value of G. elata. We employed scanning electron microscopy and light microscopy to investigate the morphology and occurrence regularity of egg, larvae, pupae, and adult specimens of C. plagiicollis collected from the G. elata planting base in Guizhou Province, China, with a focus on the ultrastructure of mature larvae. The results revealed one generation of C. plagiicollis per year in the study area and three instar stages of larvae. Mature larvae were identified by the following characteristics: raster without palidia with a large number of hamate setae, antennal apex containing seven sensilla basiconica, larval haptomerum containing eight sensilla styloconica and four enlarged heli, and seven longitudinally arranged stridulatory teeth on the stipes of the maxilla. The combination of scanning electron and light microscopy effectively revealed the difference between membranous and sclerotized structures, ensuring accurate identification of C. plagiicollis larvae. By determining the feeding characteristics and occurrence regularity of C. plagiicollis, this study has implications for improved pest management in G. elata crops. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS: We identified C. plagiicollis as a new pest of G. elata, a traditional Chinese medicine Scanning electron and light microscopy were combined to analyze the morphology of the mature larvae of C. plagiicollis for the first time We determined the feeding characteristics and occurrence regularity of C. plagiicollis, which can be used to develop effective pest management strategies.
Assuntos
Besouros , Larva , Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura , Animais , Larva/anatomia & histologia , Larva/ultraestrutura , Besouros/anatomia & histologia , Besouros/ultraestrutura , China , Pupa/ultraestrutura , Pupa/anatomia & histologia , Microscopia , Raízes de Plantas/parasitologia , Raízes de Plantas/ultraestrutura , Raízes de Plantas/anatomia & histologiaRESUMO
Nyssorhynchus (Nyssorhynchus) ibiapabaensis (Sant'Ana & Sallum n. sp.) and Ny. (Nys.) untii (Sant'Ana & Sallum n. sp.) are new species of the Arthuri Complex of the Strodei Subgroup. The new species are described and validated using morphological characters of the male, female, and immature stages. The description of the male, female, fourth-instar larva and pupa of Ny. arthuri (Unti, 1941) and Ny. albertoi (Unti, 1941) are provided for the first time. To avoid nomenclature instability, neotypes are designated for both species. All life stages of Ny. strodei (Root, 1926) employing specimens collected in the Agua Limpa District, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil are redescribed.
Assuntos
Anopheles , Masculino , Feminino , Animais , Larva/anatomia & histologia , Brasil , Pupa/anatomia & histologiaRESUMO
Notodontidae (Lepidoptera, Noctuoidea) comprise over 4,000 described species distributed worldwide, among which nearly half are restricted to the Neotropics. Morphology of adults and immatures of Notodontidae have been broadly investigated and many larval, pupal, and adult characters were found to be synapomorphies of subfamilies and tribes. Despite this, the current classification of Notodontidae remains unsettled as most recent classification systems are contradictory due to reliance on incomplete global sampling and, many taxa, especially in the Neotropics, are still informally classified as incertae sedis. Anurocampa Herrich-Shäffer was recently treated as an incertae sedis genus, and immature and adult characters may provide further evidence for its systematic position among the Notodontidae. With this goal in mind, the present study describes the immature stages of Anurocampa mingens Herrich-Shäffer from Brazil and describes two new species in the genus from Costa Rica based on morphology and mitochondrial DNA: Anurocampa markhastingsi Chacón and St Laurent sp. nov. and Anurocampa abelardochaconi Chacón and St Laurent sp. nov. and discusses the systematic position of Anurocampa.
Assuntos
Mariposas , Filogenia , Animais , Larva/anatomia & histologia , Mariposas/anatomia & histologia , Mariposas/classificação , Mariposas/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Pupa/anatomia & histologia , Brasil , Costa Rica , Especificidade da EspécieRESUMO
Aedes yunnanensis (Gaschen), currently classified in the subgenus Hulecoeteomyia Theobald, is transferred to a new monobasic subgenus, Orohylomyia Somboon & Harbach, subg. nov., based on morphological assessment of adults, male and female genitalia, larvae, and pupae, and phylogenetic analysis. The new subgenus and its type species are described in detail.
Assuntos
Aedes , Ascomicetos , Culicidae , Masculino , Feminino , Animais , Aedes/anatomia & histologia , Filogenia , Larva/anatomia & histologia , Pupa/anatomia & histologiaRESUMO
Lasiocampidae belongs to superfamily Lasiocampoidea and contains more than a thousand species nearly distributed worldwide. Despite the great species richness and wide distribution, this group has internal phylogenetic relationships still little explored and with few studies on the morphology and biology of its immatures. This study describes the immature stages of the neotropical species Tolype medialis (Jones, 1912), focusing on the morphology and natural history. The eggs of T. medialis are oviposited freely inside a conical structure, and the larvae showed gregarious behavior in all instars. The seventh and eighth instar bear a pair of abdominal rounded flattened reddish brown glands on the segments A1, A2, A7, and A8 that produce a wax-like secretion that covers the pupae and the internal walls of the cocoon. In order to add information to the Lasiocampidae family, we compare and discuss these and other traits from the morphology and natural history of T. medialis immatures.
Assuntos
Lepidópteros , Animais , Filogenia , Larva/anatomia & histologia , Pupa/anatomia & histologiaRESUMO
The genus Apatelodes Packard, 1864 comprise more than half of the known Apatelodidae species, but most of its species are placed in the genus without precise justification. The result is a heterogeneous group of species, probably forming a polyphyletic arrangement. Despite being relatively large moths and relatively abundant in light traps, only little information on the natural history and morphology of the Apatelodes immature stages has been published, and only one species is fully described including its immature stages. Aiming to increase the knowledge and provide information towards the definition of the identity of this genus, the present study describes the immature stages, provides a redescription of the male, the first description of the female of Apatelodes kotzschi Draudt, 1929, and we compare and discuss the morphological similarities among Apatelodes species. In general, the immatures of Apatelodes exhibits apparently well-conserved morphological characters, including the gross chaetotaxy configuration. Most differences are found in larval coloration patterns (mainly in the last instar larvae), pupa texture, and cremaster morphology. In contrast, imagos wings and genitalia are rich sources of diagnostic characters which can be used to identify species. However, there are still large gaps in the knowledge of the morphological characters and natural history of most species in the genus that hampers a more robust delimitation of the genus Apatelodes.
Assuntos
Lepidópteros , Mariposas , Feminino , Masculino , Animais , Mariposas/anatomia & histologia , Larva/anatomia & histologia , Pupa/anatomia & histologia , GenitáliaRESUMO
The female, male, pupa and mature larva of Simulium (Simulium) poolpholi sp. nov. collected from a large and seasonal stream in northeastern Thailand are described. This new species is placed in the S. striatum species-group by the female sternite 8 concave posteromedially in form of the inverted-U shape, ovipositor valve with a ventrally produced process along its inner margin, male ventral plate saddle-shaped, style with a basal protuberance, and pupal gill with 10 filaments. It is morphologically similar to S. (S.) phraense Takaoka, Srisuka & Saeung from northern Thailand by lacking annular ridges on the surface of pupal gill filaments but it is distinguished from the latter species by the arrangement of pupal gill filaments. Molecular analysis using the fast-evolving nuclear big zinc finger (BZF) gene shows that S. (S.) poolpholi sp. nov. formed a distinct clade, being separated from the seven other Thai species of this species-group by a genetic distance of 1.84-4.55%. Our discovery increases the number of species in the S. striatum species-group in Thailand to nine.
Assuntos
Simuliidae , Animais , Feminino , Masculino , Larva/anatomia & histologia , Filogenia , Pupa/anatomia & histologia , TailândiaRESUMO
This article presents characteristics of the habitats of Melitaea gina Higgins, 1941 and describes the behavior of adults under natural conditions, their host plant, egg chorion, caterpillars, and pupa morphology. The morphology of the early stages and the taxonomy of M. gina are discussed.
Assuntos
Borboletas , Lepidópteros , Animais , Borboletas/anatomia & histologia , Larva/anatomia & histologia , Irã (Geográfico) , Pupa/anatomia & histologia , BiologiaRESUMO
This article describes the immature stages of the satyrid butterfly Yphthimoides celmis (Godart) for the first time. Morphology, head and body chaetotaxy, and coloration patterns are compared with those of other Yphthimoides species. Larvae behavioral aspects and oviposition behavior are also documented here. Overwintering larvae are observed for the first time for this genus. The larval stage has four or five instars in non-overwintering while six in overwintering larvae. The average duration of the life cycle is around 82 days for non-overwintering, while it is 227 days for overwintering larvae under laboratory conditions. The increase in instar stages and the development time duration of immature stages in overwintering larvae may be due to climatic conditions in the study area and also a strategy to survive the cold season. Eggs have irregular pentagonal and hexagonal cells. First instar larvae have a dark head capsule and a pattern of reddish stripes along their body, with clubbed body setae. Pupae are short and smooth with a non-uniform brown color, presenting a lighter clypeus and a darker ventral portion in the cremaster. We consider that the morphological information of immature stages can improve further phylogenetic studies.
Assuntos
Borboletas , Feminino , Animais , Filogenia , Estágios do Ciclo de Vida , Larva/anatomia & histologia , Pupa/anatomia & histologia , OviposiçãoRESUMO
The adult male, pupa, larva with DNA barcoding of Ps. matafonovi sp. nov. and the adult male of Ps. silinka sp. nov. from Amur River basin of Russia are described and illustrated. Ps. matafonovi sp. nov. is genetically distant from other Pseudokiefferiella showing uncorrected p-distances of >6.8 %. The results of species delimitation show that genus Pseudokiefferiella includes 10 (mPTP), 13 (ASAP, GMYC) or 14 (BOLD) distinct molecular taxonomic units (mOTUs) that requires a revision of this genus using both morphological and molecular approaches.
Assuntos
Chironomidae , Dípteros , Masculino , Animais , Chironomidae/genética , Dípteros/genética , Rios , Federação Russa , Larva/anatomia & histologia , Pupa/anatomia & histologia , Código de Barras de DNA TaxonômicoRESUMO
Mosquito species of the subgenus Decamyia Dyar, 1919 of genus Wyeomyia Theobald, 1901 are known to have immature stages mostly associated with Heliconia plants. Currently, the subgenus includes five species, some of which are poorly characterized. Here, we redescribe and illustrate the larval, pupal and adult life stages of Wy. felicia (Dyar Nez Tovar, 1927). In addition, Wyeomyia monticola, a new species of Decamyia from Trinidad, close to Wy. felicia, is described. The new species can be distinguished by morphological characters of the male genitalia, larva and pupa.
Assuntos
Culicidae , Animais , Culicidae/anatomia & histologia , Genitália Masculina , Larva/anatomia & histologia , Masculino , Pupa/anatomia & histologia , Trinidad e TobagoRESUMO
Illustrated morphological descriptions of chironomid larvae from subfamily Orthocladiinae Cardiocladius sp. 1, which as commensals live between ventral suckers of Blephariceridae larvae, as well as larvae and pupae of Eukiefferiella claripennis group inhabited of Simuliidae pupal cocoons, are given. DNA barcodes of these chironomid species and sequences of their hosts, three species of Liponeura Loew (Blephariceridae) and one species of Simulium aff. variegatum (Simuliidae), are provided.
Assuntos
Chironomidae , Simuliidae , Animais , Chironomidae/anatomia & histologia , Chironomidae/genética , Larva/anatomia & histologia , Pupa/anatomia & histologia , Simuliidae/anatomia & histologia , Simuliidae/genéticaRESUMO
This paper deals with species A, C, D, and E of the Lindesayi Complex of Anopheles subgenus Anopheles (Diptera: Culicidae) that were recently recorded from Bhutan. Species B is not included due to insufficient data. Species A is Anopheles lindesayi sensu stricto, and species C, D, and E are new species that are formally described and named herein as Anopheles druki Somboon, Namgay & Harbach, Anopheles himalayensis Somboon, Namgay & Harbach and Anopheles thimphuensis Somboon, Namgay & Harbach, respectively. Morphological characteristics of the adults, larval and pupal stages of each species are provided and compared with An. lindesayi from Bhutan.
Assuntos
Anopheles , Culicidae , Animais , Butão , Larva/anatomia & histologia , Pupa/anatomia & histologiaRESUMO
Psorophora (Grabhamia) dimidiata Cerqueira (1943) was described based on the adult female and male. Later, descriptions of the male and female genitalia were published by Lane (in Neotropical Culicidae, vols. I & II. Editora da Universidade de São Paulo, S. P., Brazil, 1953) and Guedes et al. (in Catalogo ilustrado dos mosquitos da coleção do Instituto Nacional de Endemias Rurais. I. Gênero Psorophora Robineau-Desvoidy, 1827. Rev. Bras. Malariol. Doencas Trop. 12: 3-24; 1965), respectively. Here we describe the pupa and fourth-instar larva and redescribe the adult male and female genitalia and female cibarium. All stages (except the egg) are illustrated. Unambiguous recognition is provided. Distinctions from Ps. cingulata (Fabricius) and possible phylogenetic relationships are discussed.
Assuntos
Culicidae , Larva , Pupa , Animais , Brasil , Culicidae/anatomia & histologia , Culicidae/classificação , Culicidae/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Feminino , Larva/anatomia & histologia , Masculino , Filogenia , Pupa/anatomia & histologiaRESUMO
The female, pupa, and fourth-instar larva of Culex (Melanoconion) aliciae are described for the first time, and the male is redescribed. The cibarium, female and male genitalia, pupa, and fourth-instar larva are illustrated. Information on distribution, bionomics, and taxonomy is also included. Males of Cx. aliciae Duret and Cx. martinezi Casal & Garcia are indistinguishable, except for the appearance of the ninth tergal lobes. The female of Culex martinezi has not been described before. The females of Culex aliciae can be recognized by characteristics of the occipital scales, cibarium, and genitalia. The larva of Cx. aliciae and Cx. martinezi can be distinguished from characters of the thorax and abdomen.
Assuntos
Culex , Culicidae , Animais , Feminino , Genitália Masculina , Larva/anatomia & histologia , Masculino , Pupa/anatomia & histologiaRESUMO
Adult females and males reared from pupae of Simulium sp. from Tak Province and those of S. chiangdaoense Takaoka & Srisuka from four localities in Chiang Mai and Lampang Provinces, northern Thailand, were molecularly and morphologically compared. Simulium sp. is morphologically almost indistinguishable from S. chiangdaoense except the hair tuft at the base of the radius of the adult female and male, which is composed of yellow and dark hairs (in place of yellow hairs only). Molecular analysis using COI gene sequences shows that S. sp. formed a distinct clade and was separated from S. chiangdaoense by a genetic distance of 1.56-2.44%. Based on the results of morphological and molecular analyzes, S. sp. is described as a new species, S. mokroense, from females, males, pupae and mature larvae. It is also found that S. chiangdaoense is genetically diverse, with five lineages, and is morphologically variable in the number of male upper-eye (large) facets, which are in 13 to 17 vertical columns and 14 to 17 horizontal rows on each side. This is a first case, in which the difference in the color of the wing tuft hairs is a clue leading to the discovery of a new cryptic species close to S. chiangdaoense.
Assuntos
Simuliidae , Animais , Feminino , Larva/anatomia & histologia , Masculino , Filogenia , Pupa/anatomia & histologia , Pupa/genética , TailândiaRESUMO
Understanding how development is coordinated in multiple tissues and gives rise to fully functional organs or whole organisms necessitates microscopy tools. Over the last decade numerous advances have been made in live-imaging, enabling high resolution imaging of whole organisms at cellular resolution. Yet, these advances mainly rely on mounting the specimen in agarose or aqueous solutions, precluding imaging of organisms whose oxygen uptake depends on ventilation. Here, we implemented a multi-view multi-scale microscopy strategy based on confocal spinning disk microscopy, called Multi-View confocal microScopy (MuViScopy). MuViScopy enables live-imaging of multiple organs with cellular resolution using sample rotation and confocal imaging without the need of sample embedding. We illustrate the capacity of MuViScopy by live-imaging Drosophila melanogaster pupal development throughout metamorphosis, highlighting how internal organs are formed and multiple organ development is coordinated. We foresee that MuViScopy will open the path to better understand developmental processes at the whole organism scale in living systems that require gas exchange by ventilation.
Assuntos
Drosophila melanogaster/anatomia & histologia , Microscopia Confocal/métodos , Animais , Metamorfose Biológica , Pupa/anatomia & histologia , Imagem com Lapso de TempoRESUMO
Species in the Simulium (Simulium) striatum species-group (Diptera: Simuliidae) in Taiwan and Japan are morphologically reevaluated. Simulium (S.) yanpingense sp. nov. is described as the third member in this species-group from Taiwan and a revised description of S. (S.) quinquestriatum (Shiraki) is provided. The species previously regarded as S. (S.) quinquestriatum in Japan is described as a new species, S. (S.) tanegashimaense. Simulium (S.) yanpingense sp. nov. is similar to S. (S.) pingtungense Huang & Takaoka from Taiwan, in many characteristics including the haired basal portion of the female radius, dark leg color, and male scutum with brassy hairs, but it is distinguished from the latter species by the number of male upper-eye (large) facets, which are in 17 (rarely 18) vertical columns and 17 or 18 horizontal rows in this new species but in 19 vertical columns and 20 horizontal rows in S. (S.) pingtungense. Simulium (S.) tanegashimaense sp. nov. is similar to S. (S.) quinquestriatum originally described from Taiwan by having the male scutum with yellow fine hairs, but is distinguished from the latter species by the number of male upper-eye (large) facets, which are in 17 (rarely 16) vertical columns and 17 horizontal rows in this new species but in 19 or 20 vertical columns and 19 or 20 horizontal rows in S. (S.) quinquestriatum. The morphological differences between these two new species and their related species from India, Malaysia, Thailand and Vietnam are noted.