BAP1 and YY1 regulate expression of death receptors in malignant pleural mesothelioma.

Malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) is a rare, aggressive, and incurable cancer arising from the mesothelial lining of the pleura, with few available treatment options. We recently reported that loss of function of the nuclear deubiquitinase BRCA1-associated protein 1 (BAP1), a frequent event in MPM, is associated with sensitivity to tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL)-mediated apoptosis. As a potential underlying mechanism, here we report that BAP1 negatively regulates the expression of TRAIL receptors: death receptor 4 (DR4) and death receptor 5 (DR5). Using tissue microarrays of tumor samples from MPM patients, we found a strong inverse correlation between BAP1 and TRAIL receptor expression. BAP1 knockdown increased DR4 and DR5 expression, whereas overexpression of BAP1 had the opposite effect. Reporter assays confirmed wt-BAP1, but not catalytically inactive BAP1 mutant, reduced promoter activities of DR4 and DR5, suggesting deubiquitinase activity is required for the regulation of gene expression. Co-immunoprecipitation studies demonstrated direct binding of BAP1 to the transcription factor Ying Yang 1 (YY1), and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays revealed BAP1 and YY1 to be enriched in the promoter regions of DR4 and DR5. Knockdown of YY1 also increased DR4 and DR5 expression and sensitivity to TRAIL. These results suggest that BAP1 and YY1 cooperatively repress transcription of TRAIL receptors. Our finding that BAP1 directly regulates the extrinsic apoptotic pathway will provide new insights into the role of BAP1 in the development of MPM and other cancers with frequent BAP1 mutations.

TRAIL produced by SAM-1-activated CD4+ and CD8+ subgroup T cells induces apoptosis in human tumor cells through upregulation of death receptors.

Bacterial superantigens potently activate conventional T-cells to induce massive cytokine production and mediate tumor cell death. To engineer superantigens for immunotherapy against tumors in clinic, we previously generated SAM-1, a staphylococcal enterotoxins C2 (SEC2) mutant, that exhibited significantly reduced toxicity but maintained the superantigen activity in animal models. This present study aimed to investigate whether SAM-1 activates T cells and induces apoptosis in human tumor cells. We found that SAM-1 induced the maturation of dendritic cells (DCs) with upregulating expression of the surface markers CD80, CD86 and HLA-DR, which secreted high levels of IL-12p70 by activating TLR2-NF-κB signaling pathways. SAM-1 could activate human CD4+ subgroup T cells and CD8+ subgroup T cells in the presence of mature dendritic cells (DCs), leading to the productions of cytokines TRAIL, IL-2, IFN-γ and TNF-α. We observed that TRAIL mediated the apoptosis and S-phase and G2/M-phase arrest in HGC-27 tumor cells via binding to upregulated death receptors DR4 and DR5. Using shRNA knockdown in HGC-27 cells or constitutive overexpression in ES2 cells for DR4 and DR5, we demonstrated the vital requirement of DR4 and DR5 in apoptosis of tumor cells in response to TRAIL secreted from SAM-1-activated T cells. Collectively, our results will facilitate better understanding of SAM-1-based immunotherapies for cancer.

Luteolin enhances TRAIL sensitivity in non-small cell lung cancer cells through increasing DR5 expression and Drp1-mediated mitochondrial fission.

Cancer cells exhibit extreme sensitivity to tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) over normal cells, highlighting TRAIL's potential as a novel and effective cancer drug. However, the therapeutic effect of TRAIL is limited due to drug resistance. In the present study, we sought to investigate the potential effects of luteolin as a TRAIL sensitizer in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells. A549 and H1975 cells had low sensitivity or were resistant to TRAIL. Luteolin alone or in combination with TRAIL decreased cell viability and increased apoptosis. Furthermore, luteolin alone or in combination with TRAIL enhanced death receptor 5 (DR5) expression and dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1)-dependent mitochondrial fission. However, the synergistic effect of luteolin on cell viability and apoptosis was reversed by DR5 and Drp1 inhibition, suggesting that DR5 upregulation and mitochondrial dynamics may be essential for luteolin as a sensitizer of TRAIL-based therapy in NSCLC. Moreover, luteolin treatment alone or in combination with TRAIL increased the phosphorylation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), while SP600125 (the JNK inhibitor) significantly abolished the synergistic effect on DR5 expression and Drp1 translocation, indicating that JNK signaling activation was greatly associated with the synergistic effect exerted by luteolin in NSCLC cells. Therefore, TRAIL combined with luteolin could be as an effective chemotherapeutic strategy for NSCLC.

Non-Thermal Plasma Couples Oxidative Stress to TRAIL Sensitization through DR5 Upregulation.

Tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) induces apoptosis in various tumor cells without affecting most normal cells. Despite being in clinical testing, novel strategies to induce TRAIL-mediated apoptosis are in need to overcome cancer cell unresponsiveness and resistance. Plasma-activated medium (PAM) markedly stimulates reactive oxygen/nitrogen species (ROS/RNS)-dependent apoptosis in cancer cells. We investigate the capability of PAM and TRAIL (PAM/TRAIL) combination therapy to overcome TRAIL resistance and improve the anticancer efficacy of TRAIL. The combinatorial treatment of PAM and TRAIL shows synergistic effects on growth inhibition in TRAIL-resistant cancer cells via augmented apoptosis by two attributes. DR5 (TRAIL-R2) transcription by CHOP is upregulated in a PAM-generated ROS/RNS-dependent manner, and PAM itself upregulates PTEN expression mediated by suppression of miR-425 which is involved in Akt inactivation, leading to increased apoptosis induction. Treatment of cancer cell lines with the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine reduces the extent of membrane dysfunction and the expression of both CHOP-DR5 and miR-425-PTEN axes, attenuating PAM/TRAIL-induced cancer cell apoptosis. These data suggest that PAM/TRAIL treatment is a novel approach to sensitizing cancer cells to TRAIL-induced apoptosis and overcoming TRAIL resistance. PAM is a promising candidate for further investigations as a chemotherapeutic sensitizer in the treatment of cancer.

Effects of Zinc Oxide on mRNA Expression of Genes in Brain Tissue of Rats.

AIM: To investigate the expression of the DR4, DR5, OPG, DcR1, and DcR2 in rat brain tissue. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Thirty rats were used in this study. The rats were divided into three groups as the control group (n=10), tumor group (n=10), and zincoxide (ZnO) nanoparticles (NP) treatment group (n=10). The reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Western Blotting methods were used to measure the expression of DR4, DR5, OPG, DcR1, DcR2 and β-actin in the brain tissues of all the three groups. RESULTS: Expression of DR4, DR5, OPG, DcR1, and DcR2 genes were decreased in the tumor group. Overexpression of DR4, DR5, OPG, DcR1, and DcR2 was observed in brain tissues of the ZnO-NP group. CONCLUSION: Increased expression of the DR4, DR5, OPG, DcR1, and DcR2 genes may play an important role in ZnO-NP treatment of brain tumors.

A New Efficient Method for Production of Recombinant Antitumor Cytokine TRAIL and Its Receptor-Selective Variant DR5-B.

The cytokine TRAIL induces apoptosis in tumor cells of various origin without affecting normal cells. Clinical trials of TRAIL-receptor (DR4 and DR5) agonists (recombinant TRAIL or death receptors antibodies) have largely failed because most human tumors were resistant to them. Currently, a second generation of agents targeted at TRAIL-R with increased efficiency has been developed. To this end, we have developed DR5-B, a variant of TRAIL selectively interacting with DR5. We have developed a new efficient method for production of TRAIL and DR5-B using expression of these proteins in Escherichia coli strain SHuffle B. The proteins were isolated from the cytoplasmic fraction of cells and purified to a high degree of homogeneity using metal-affinity and ion-exchange chromatography. The protein yield was 211 and 173 mg from one liter of cell culture for DR5-B and TRAIL, respectively, which significantly exceeded the results obtained by other methods. DR5-B killed tumor cells of different origin more efficiently and rapidly compared with TRAIL. The resulting preparations can be used for the study of TRAIL signaling pathways and in preclinical and clinical trials as antitumor agents.

Heterogeneous intracellular TRAIL-receptor distribution predicts poor outcome in breast cancer patients.

Upon ligand binding, plasma membrane-located TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL)-receptors 1 and 2 induce apoptosis as well as cancer-promoting signaling in cancer cells. TRAIL-R3 and TRAIL-R4 are believed to negatively regulate TRAIL-mediated apoptosis. Intracellular localization of TRAIL-receptors, as observed in many tumor cells, has been associated with oncogenic features, which are distinct from membrane-associated TRAIL-R signaling. Here, analyzing a panel of 354 breast cancer specimens, we found that an unfavorable outcome correlating with cancer-promoting properties of TRAIL-R1, TRAIL-R2, and TRAIL-R4 was most significantly defined by their intracellular distribution and mutual co-expression. A nuclear or cytoplasmic heterogeneous expression pattern correlated with markedly decreased overall survival and discriminated high-risk breast cancer patients from low-risk patients with a homogeneous distribution of expression, i.e., nuclear and cytoplasmic expression. The homogeneous TRAIL-R expression was associated with favorable breast cancer surrogate markers corresponding with excellent survival prognoses at 5 years after diagnosis (hazard ratio, 0.043) and over the complete course of follow-up (hazard ratio, 0.098; both p < 0.001). No associations with specific intrinsic breast cancer subtypes were found. Our data suggest that the determination of intracellular co-expression patterns of TRAIL-R1, TRAIL-R2, and TRAIL-R4 provides an innovative and robust method for risk stratification in breast cancer patients beyond conventional prognostic markers. KEY MESSAGES: A total of 70% of breast cancer specimens show comparably high levels of intracellular TRAIL-Rs. Nuclear or cytoplasmic TRAIL-R co-expression occurs in the majority of tumors. A total of 25% of tumors show a heterogeneous expression of cytoplasmic or nuclear TRAIL-Rs. Patients with a heterogeneous TRAIL-R expression present with poor prognoses. Additive TRAIL-R-based risk stratification comprises different breast cancer subtypes.

The expression of death receptor systems TRAIL-R1/-R2/-R4, CD95 and TNF-R1 and their cognate ligands in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.

The expression of five members of the TNF receptor superfamily and two of their ligands in human pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma were investigated in parallel by immunohistochemistry. 41 patients with histologically confirmed ductal carcinoma of the pancreas were enrolled in this study in order (i) to compare the individual TNFR-SF expression and their ligands in PDAC-cells and (ii) to investigate their correlation with survival data. All patients had undergone pancreaticoduodenectomy and were staged as pT3N1M0. Immunostaining was done on FFPE tissue sections of the tumor tissue, using antibodies directed against TRAIL-Receptor-1, -2 and -4, TRAIL, CD95, TNF-Receptor-1 and TNF-α. The intensity and quantity of immunostaining were evaluated separately for tumor cell cytoplasm and tumor cell nucleus. Immunostaining results were correlated with each other and with patient survival. All proteins were found to be expressed in the majority of the tumor cells. The expression (i) of the following members of TNFR-SF and their ligands correlated with each other: TNF-Receptor-1 and TNFα (cytoplasmatic scores, p=0.001), TNF-Receptor 1 and TRAIL (nuclear antigen expression p=0.005 and the main score p=0.001, which contains the overall intracellular antigen expression), TNF-Receptor 1 and CD95 (main score, p=0.001), TRAIL-Receptor-1 and TRAIL-Receptor-2 (nuclear parameters, p=0.023), TRAIL-Receptor-4 and TRAIL (main score p=0.041). In addition (ii), high cytoplasmatic expression of TNF-Receptor-1 and a strong cytoplasmatic and nuclear expression of CD95 correlated significantly with a better prognosis of the PDAC patients.

C-27-carboxylated oleanane triterpenoids up-regulate TRAIL DISC assembly via p38 MAPK and CHOP-mediated DR5 expression in human glioblastoma cells.

Despite recent tremendous progress, targeting of TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) as a cancer therapy has limited success in many clinical trials, in part due to inactivation of death inducing signaling complex (DISC)-mediated caspase-8 signaling cascade in highly malignant tumors such as glioblastoma. In this study, screening of constituents derived from Astilbe rivularis for TRAIL-sensitizing activity identified C-27-carboxylated oleanolic acid derivatives (C27OAs) including 3ß-hydroxyolean-12-en-27-oic acid (C27OA-1), 3ß,6ß,7α-trihydroxyolean-12-en-27-oic acid (C27OA-2), and 3ß-trans-p-coumaroyloxy-olean-12-en-27-oic acid (C27OA-3) as novel TRAIL sensitizers. Interestingly, these C27OAs did not affect apoptotic cell death induced by either ligation of other death receptor (DR) types, such as TNF and Fas or DNA damaging agents, which suggests that C27OAs effectively and selectively sensitize TRAIL-mediated caspase-8 activation. Mechanistically, C27OAs upregulate the expression of cell surface DR5 and DISC formation without affecting downstream intracellular apoptosis-related proteins. The upregulation of DR5 expression by C27OAs strictly depends on transactivation of C/EBP homology protein, which is regulated through the p38 MAPK pathway, rather than p53 and intracellular reactive oxygen species status. Taken together, our results identify the novel C27OAs as TRAIL sensitizers targeting the upstream DISC assembly of DR5, and provide a rationale for further development of C27OAs for facilitating TRAIL-based chemotherapy in glioblastoma patients.

Comprehensive expression analysis of TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand and its receptors in colorectal cancer: Correlation with MAPK alterations and clinicopathological associations.

TNF-related, apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) apoptotic pathway constitutes a promising therapeutic target due to high selectivity and low toxicity of TRAIL targeting agents when administered in combination therapies. 106 colorectal cancers were examined for: relative mRNA expression of TRAIL pathway genes, decoy receptors TRAIL-R3 and TRAIL-R4 promoter methylation and the presence of KRAS, NRAS, BRAF mutations. Elevated mRNA levels were observed in 26%, 15%, 13%, 12% and 10% of the cases for TRAIL-R4, TRAIL-R3, TRAIL-R2, TRAIL-R1 and TRAIL genes respectively. Reduced mRNA levels were detected in 77%, 65%, 64%, 60% and 37% of the cases for TRAIL, TRAIL-R2, TRAIL-R3, TRAIL-R1 and TRAIL-R4 genes respectively. TRAIL-R3 and TRAIL-R4 promoter methylation was detected in 55% and 16% of the analysed samples respectively. TRAIL-R1, TRAIL-R2 elevated relative mRNA levels inversely correlated with tumor stage (p = .036, p = .048). Strong linear correlations of TRAIL receptors' mRNA levels were found: TRAIL-R1/TRAIL-R2 (R = 0.653, p < .001), TRAIL-R2/TRAIL-R3 (R = 0.573, p < .001). Finally, relative expression of TRAIL was correlated with KRAS, BRAF and NRAS mutation status, defining an inverse correlation between increased TRAIL expression and the absence of mutations in Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. In conclusion, simultaneous analysis of TRAIL pathway membrane components, pointed towards a significant deregulation of mRNA expression in colorectal tumours. Death receptor overexpression was an indicator of a less aggressive phenotype. The multiple expression patterns of TRAIL pathway components in colorectal tumours underscore the importance of patient selection in order to achieve maximum efficiency with TRAIL targeted therapy.

Combination of novel DR5 targeting agonistic scFv antibody TR2-3 with cisplatin shows enhanced synergistic antitumor activity in vitro and in vivo.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the antitumor activity of a novel agonistic single chain fragment variable (scFv) antibody TR2-3 targeting death receptor 5 (DR5) combined with cisplatin in vitro and in vivo. METHODS: The in vitro cytotoxic effects of TR2-3 and cisplatin, alone or in combination on human cancer cell lines COLO205 and MDA-MB-231 were evaluated using the MTT assay. The apoptosis in cancer cells was evaluated by an Annexin V-PE apoptosis detection kit and flow cytometry. The mRNA and protein levels of DR5 were analyzed by real-time PCR and Western blot, respectively. Additionally, the in vivo antitumor activity of TR2-3 combined with cisplatin was evaluated in a xenograft model. RESULTS: The combination treatment with TR2-3 and cisplatin for 24 h on COLO205 and MDA-MB-231 cells showed significant cytotoxicity effects by MTT assay, compared with the alone treatment. Consistent with cell viability results, the cisplatin enhanced the apoptosis-inducing effects of TR2-3 in the COLO205 cells and MDA-MB-231 cells by flow cytometry. In addition, treatment with cisplatin alone for 24 h resulted in significantly up-regulating the mRNA and protein levels of DR5 in both COLO205 and MDA-MB-231 cell lines by q-PCR and Western blot assay. Moreover, the cytotoxic effects of TR2-3 can be blocked by adding the soluble DR5, and the blocking rate can be greatly reduced by co-treatment with cisplatin. These results indicated that cisplatin sensitized COLO205 and MDA-MB-231 cancer cells to TR2-3-mediated apoptosis by up-regulation of DR5 expression. Furthermore, combination therapy with TR2-3 and cisplatin enhanced tumor growth inhibition compared to treatment with TR2-3 or cisplatin alone in mice bearing COLO205 xenograft tumors. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that cisplatin enhanced the antitumor activity of TR2-3 in COLO205 and MDA-MB-231 cancer cells through up-regulation of DR5 expression. The TR2-3 combined with cisplatin may be a promising treatment for cancer therapy.

Transcriptional-mediated effects of radiation on the expression of immune susceptibility markers in melanoma.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: We recently reported a time-sensitive, cooperative, anti-tumor effect elicited by radiation (RT) and intra-tumoral-immunocytokine injection in vivo. We hypothesized that RT triggers transcriptional-mediated changes in tumor expression of immune susceptibility markers at delayed time points, which may explain these previously observed time-dependent effects. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We examined the time course of changes in expression of immune susceptibility markers following in vitro or in vivo RT in B78 murine melanoma and A375 human melanoma using flow cytometry, immunoblotting, and qPCR. RESULTS: Flow cytometry and immunoblot revealed time-dependent increases in expression of death receptors and T cell co-stimulatory/co-inhibitory ligands following RT in murine and human melanoma. Using high-throughput qPCR, we observed comparable time courses of RT-induced transcriptional upregulation for multiple immune susceptibility markers. We confirmed analogous changes in B78 tumors irradiated in vivo. We observed upregulated expression of DNA damage response markers days prior to changes in immune markers, whereas phosphorylation of the STAT1 transcription factor occurred concurrently with changes following RT. CONCLUSION: This study highlights time-dependent, transcription-mediated changes in tumor immune susceptibility marker expression following RT. These findings may help in the design of strategies to optimize sequencing of RT and immunotherapy in translational and clinical studies.

The long non-coding RNA HOTAIR enhances pancreatic cancer resistance to TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand.

Pancreatic cancer is a malignant neoplasm with a high mortality rate. Therapeutic agents that activate TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL)-induced apoptosis have shown promising efficacy, but many pancreatic cancers are resistant to TRAIL therapy. Epigenetic regulation plays important roles in tumor pathogenesis and resistance, and a recent study indicated that the long non-coding RNA HOX transcript antisense RNA (HOTAIR) is overexpressed in pancreatic cancer. However, the role of HOTAIR in pancreatic cancer resistance to anticancer agents is unknown. The present study determined the role of HOTAIR in pancreatic cancer TRAIL resistance and investigated the underlying molecular mechanisms. We observed that TRAIL-resistant pancreatic cancer cells had higher levels of HOTAIR expression, whereas TRAIL-sensitive pancreatic cancer cells had lower HOTAIR levels. Overexpressing HOTAIR in TRAIL-sensitive cells attenuated TRAIL-induced apoptosis, and shRNA-mediated HOTAIR knockdown in TRAIL-resistant PANC-1 cells sensitized them to TRAIL-induced apoptosis. These results support a causative effect of HOTAIR on TRAIL sensitivity. Mechanistically, we found that increased HOTAIR expression inhibited the expression of the TRAIL receptor death receptor 5 (DR5), whereas HOTAIR knockdown increased DR5 expression. We further demonstrated that HOTAIR regulates DR5 expression via the epigenetic regulator enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2) and that EZH2 controls histone H3 lysine 27 trimethylation on the DR5 gene. Taken together, these results demonstrate that high HOTAIR levels increase the resistance of pancreatic cancer cells to TRAIL-induced apoptosis via epigenetic regulation of DR5 expression. Our study therefore supports the notion that targeting HOTAIR function may represent a strategy to overcome TRAIL resistance in pancreatic cancer.

3-Bromopyruvate enhances TRAIL-induced apoptosis in human nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells through CHOP-dependent upregulation of TRAIL-R2.

Past reports have shown that the sensitivity of cancer cells to TRAIL-induced apoptosis is related to their expression of TRAIL-death receptors on the cell surface. However, the level of TRAIL-death receptors expression on cancer cells is always low. Our previous research showed that nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) cells have a poor sensitivity to low doses of TRAIL. Here, we evaluated combined treatment with the energy inhibitor 3-bromopyruvate (3BP) and TRAIL as a method to produce an increased apoptotic response in NPC cells. The results showed that 3BP and TRAIL together produced higher cytotoxicity and increased TRAIL-R2 expression in NPC cells compared with the effects of either 3BP or TRAIL alone. These findings led us to hypothesize that 3BP may sensitize NPC cells to TRAIL. 3BP is a metabolic blocker that inhibits hexokinase II activity, suppresses ATP production, and induces endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. Our results showed that 3BP also activated AMP-activated protein kinase, which we found to play an important role in the induction of ER stress by 3BP. Furthermore, the induction of TRAIL-R2 expression and the sensitization of the NPC cells to TRAIL by 3BP were reduced when we inhibited the expression of CHOP. Taken together, our results showed that a low dose of 3BP sensitized NPC cells to TRAIL-induced apoptosis by the upregulation of CHOP, which was mediated by the activation of AMP-activated protein kinase and ER stress. The results showed that 3BP is a promising candidate agent for enhancing the therapeutic response to TRAIL in NPC.

Remote Limb Preconditioning Generates a Neuroprotective Effect by Modulating the Extrinsic Apoptotic Pathway and TRAIL-Receptors Expression.

As remote limb preconditioning (RPC) ameliorates brain damage after ischemic cerebral stroke (ICS), the purpose of the present study was to explore the molecular mechanisms in the course of RPC. Results of TUNEL staining and cleaved caspase-3 expression showed that ischemia-induced neuronal apoptosis was inhibited by RPC. The expression changes in cleaved caspase-8, cFLIP, Bid itself, and its truncated form represented that RPC suppressed the activation of extrinsic apoptotic pathway during ICS. Then, the level of cytoplasmic cytochrome c was also decreased by RPC. In addition, RPC might partially suppress TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL)-induced extrinsic apoptosis through downregulation of TRAIL death receptors and upregulation of TRAIL decoy receptors. As a counterproof, immunoneutralization of TRAIL in dMCAO rats resulted in significant restraint of tissue damage and in a marked functional recovery. Our data complemented the knowledge of RPC neuroprotective mechanism and provided new evidence for its clinical application.

Effects of A.marina-Derived Isoquercitrin on TNF-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand Receptor (TRAIL-R) Expression and Apoptosis Induction in Cervical Cancer Cells.

TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) is an anticancer agent, which has greater apoptosis inducing capacity, but most of the cancer cells become resistant to TRAIL-induced apoptosis. The combined treatment of TRAIL with natural products could restore the cancer cell sensitivity to recombinant human TRAIL (rhTRAIL) protein and might enhance the TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand receptor (TRAIL-R) expression. This investigation was aimed to isolate flavonoids from leaves of Avicennia marina and evaluate their potential for sensitization of rhTRAIL in human cervical cancer cells (SiHa). The methanolic extract of A.marina leaves were purified and structure was elucidated as isoquercitrin by NMR and LC-MS analysis. Isolated isoquercitrin showed cytotoxicity against SiHa cell line at IC50 of 980 µM. Messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of TRAIL-Rs was quantified by qRT-PCR, combination of isoquercitrin, and/or rhTRAIL increased TRAIL-R1 and TRAIL-R2 gene expression by 7 folds and 4 folds, respectively. Also, FACS assay revealed that combined treatment has increased the early apoptosis up to 7.24%. In the present study, we found that isoquercitrin enhances the mRNA expression of TRAIL-Rs, but the percentage of apoptosis was meager, possibly due to the influence of other anti-apoptotic proteins.

Expression of Death Receptor 4 Is Positively Regulated by MEK/ERK/AP-1 Signaling and Suppressed upon MEK Inhibition.

Death receptor 4 (DR4) is a cell surface receptor for tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) and triggers apoptosis upon ligation with TRAIL or aggregation. MEK/ERK signaling is a well known and the best-studied effector pathway downstream of Ras and Raf. This study focuses on determining the impact of pharmacological MEK inhibition on DR4 expression and elucidating the underlying mechanism. We found that several MEK inhibitors including MEK162, AZD6244, and PD0325901 effectively decreased DR4 protein levels including cell surface DR4 in different cancer cell lines. Accordingly, pre-treatment of TRAIL-sensitive cancer cell lines with a MEK inhibitor desensitized them to TRAIL-induced apoptosis. These results indicate that MEK inhibition negatively regulates DR4 expression and cell response to TRAIL-induced apoptosis. MEK inhibitors did not alter DR4 protein stability, rather decreased its mRNA levels, suggesting a transcriptional regulation. In contrast, enforced activation of MEK/ERK signaling by expressing ectopic B-Raf (V600E) or constitutively activated MEK1 (MEK1-CA) or MEK2 (MEK2-CA) activated ERK and increased DR4 expression; these effects were inhibited when a MEK inhibitor was present. Promoter analysis through deletion and mutation identified the AP-1 binding site as an essential response element for enhancing DR4 transactivation by MEK1-CA. Furthermore, inhibition of AP-1 by c-Jun knockdown abrogated the ability of MEK1-CA to increase DR4 promoter activity and DR4 expression. These results suggest an essential role of AP-1 in mediating MEK/ERK activation-induced DR4 expression. Our findings together highlight a previously undiscovered mechanism that positively regulates DR4 expression through activation of the MEK/ERK/AP-1 signaling pathway.

Caffeic acid phenethyl ester enhances TRAIL-mediated apoptosis via CHOP-induced death receptor 5 upregulation in hepatocarcinoma Hep3B cells.

Caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) exhibits various pharmaceutical properties, including anti-bacterial, anti-inflammatory, anti-viral, anti-cancer, and anti-oxidative activity. Tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) has been a promising anti-cancer agent that preferentially induces cancer cell apoptosis with negligible cytotoxicity toward normal cells. Therefore, the present study investigated whether CAPE promotes TRAIL-mediated cytotoxicity in hepatocarcinoma Hep3B cells. The present study demonstrated that CAPE sensitized TRAIL-mediated cell death in Hep3B carcinoma cells. The percentages of the apoptotic cells and annexin-V(+) cells significantly increased in combined treatment with CAPE and TRAIL (CAPE/TRAIL). Treatment with pancaspase inhibitor, z-VAD-fmk, attenuated CAPE/TRAIL-induced apoptosis, suggesting that the combined treatment triggers caspase-dependent apoptosis. Additionally, we found that CAPE stimulated the expression of death receptor 5 (DR5) and treatment with DR5/Fc chimera protein significantly blocked CAPE/TRAIL-induced apoptosis, which indicates that CAPE/TRAIL stimulated apoptosis through the binding of TRAIL to DR5. Moreover, expression of transcription factor C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP) markedly increased in response to CAPE and transient knockdown of CHOP abolished CAPE/TRAIL-mediated apoptosis. These results suggest that CHOP is a key regulator in CAPE/TRAIL-mediated apoptosis. Taken together, the present study found that CAPE significantly enhanced TRAIL-mediated apoptosis in Hep3B carcinoma cells and suggested that CAPE has promising potential in chemoprevention of hepatocellular carcinomas.

Paradoxical activation of MEK/ERK signaling induced by B-Raf inhibition enhances DR5 expression and DR5 activation-induced apoptosis in Ras-mutant cancer cells.

B-Raf inhibitors have been used for the treatment of some B-Raf-mutated cancers. They effectively inhibit B-Raf/MEK/ERK signaling in cancers harboring mutant B-Raf, but paradoxically activates MEK/ERK in Ras-mutated cancers. Death receptor 5 (DR5), a cell surface pro-apoptotic protein, triggers apoptosis upon ligation with tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) or aggregation. This study focused on determining the effects of B-Raf inhibition on DR5 expression and DR5 activation-induced apoptosis in Ras-mutant cancer cells. Using chemical and genetic approaches, we have demonstrated that the B-Raf inhibitor PLX4032 induces DR5 upregulation exclusively in Ras-mutant cancer cells; this effect is dependent on Ras/c-Raf/MEK/ERK signaling activation. PLX4032 induces DR5 expression at transcriptional levels, largely due to enhancing CHOP/Elk1-mediated DR5 transcription. Pre-exposure of Ras-mutated cancer cells to PLX4032 sensitizes them to TRAIL-induced apoptosis; this is also a c-Raf/MEK/ERK-dependent event. Collectively, our findings highlight a previously undiscovered effect of B-Raf inhibition on the induction of DR5 expression and the enhancement of DR5 activation-induced apoptosis in Ras-mutant cancer cells and hence may suggest a novel therapeutic strategy against Ras-mutated cancer cells by driving their death due to DR5-dependent apoptosis through B-Raf inhibition.

The pyrrolo-1,5-benzoxazepine, PBOX-15, enhances TRAIL­induced apoptosis by upregulation of DR5 and downregulation of core cell survival proteins in acute lymphoblastic leukaemia cells.

Apoptotic defects are frequently associated with poor outcome in pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) hence there is an ongoing demand for novel strategies that counteract apoptotic resistance. The death ligand TRAIL (tumour necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand) and its selective tumour receptor system has attracted exceptional clinical interest. However, many malignancies including ALL are resistant to TRAIL monotherapy. Tumour resistance can be overcome by drug combination therapy. TRAIL and its agonist antibodies are currently undergoing phase II clinical trials with established chemotherapeutics. Herein, we present promising therapeutic benefits in combining TRAIL with the selective anti-leukaemic agents, the pyrrolo-1,5-benzoxazepines (PBOXs) for the treatment of ALL. PBOX-15 synergistically enhanced apoptosis induced by TRAIL and a DR5-selective TRAIL variant in ALL-derived cells. PBOX-15 enhanced TRAIL-induced apoptosis by dual activation of extrinsic and intrinsic apoptotic pathways. The specific caspase-8 inhibitor, Z-IETD-FMK, identified the extrinsic pathway as the principal mode of apoptosis. We demonstrate that PBOX-15 can enhance TRAIL-induced apoptosis by upregulation of DR5, reduction of cellular mitochondrial potential, activation of the caspase cascade and downregulation of PI3K/Akt, c-FLIP, Mcl-1 and IAP survival pathways. Of note, the PI3K pathway inhibitor LY-294002 significantly enhanced the apoptotic potential of TRAIL and PBOX-15 validating the importance of Akt downregulation in the TRAIL/PBOX-15 synergistic combination. Considering the lack of cytotoxicity to normal cells and ability to downregulate several survival pathways, PBOX-15 may represent an effective agent for use in combination with TRAIL for the treatment of ALL.