Efficacy and tolerability of a depigmenting gel serum comprising tranexamic acid, niacinamide, 4-butylresorcinol, phytic acid, and a mixture of hydroxy acids that targets the biological processes regulating skin melanogenesis.

BACKGROUND: The diverse causes of hyperpigmentation and complex nature of melanogenesis make it a challenge to manage. Current approaches either fail to deliver effective pigmentation control or have undesirable safety profiles that preclude their long-term use. AIMS: To evaluate the capacity of a cosmetic gel serum comprising tranexamic acid, niacinamide, 4-butylresorcinol, phytic acid, and a mixture of hydroxy acids that was designed to target the biological processes regulating skin melanogenesis to attenuate melanin production in vitro and reduce hyperpigmentation clinically. METHODS: Capacity to reduce melanin production in vitro was determined in melanocyte-containing reconstructed human epidermis (RHEm). Clinical efficacy and skin tolerability following twice daily application were assessed in 35 subjects with slight to moderate facial hyperpigmentation by instrumental (VISIA®-CR, Mexameter®) and clinical (mMASI, clinical score, IGA for hyperpigmentation) evaluation on D14, D28, D56, and D84. Maintenance of pigmentation control was followed up 1 month after cessation of treatment on D112. RESULTS: In RHEm in vitro, melanin production was reduced by 50.0% from baseline (D0) on D14 (p < 0.001) and by 67.0% on D21 (p < 0.001). Clinical reductions from baseline in brown spots count (-9.0%; p < 0.05), brown spots area (-16.7%; p < 0.001), and the melanin index (-11.4%; p < 0.001) were observed within 14 days of use. Statistically significant improvements in all clinical parameters were achieved by D28. By the end of treatment on D84, the number and surface area of brown spots were reduced by 28.4% and 40.3% compared to D0, respectively (p < 0.001, both), the melanin index was reduced by 31.1% (p < 0.001), mMASI was reduced by 63.0% (p < 0.001), and skin luminosity was increased by 79.0% (p < 0.001). IGA was reduced from 2.3 on D0 to 1.3 on D84 (p < 0.001). Improvements to all these parameters were maintained until D112, 1 month after termination of treatment. The product also demonstrated very good skin tolerability. CONCLUSION: A gel serum comprising tranexamic acid, niacinamide, 4-butylresorcinol, and hydroxy acids, designed to target the biological processes regulating skin melanogenesis, demonstrates rapid, robust, and sustained pigmentation control in this cohort.

The opposite effect of tapinarof between IMQ and IL-23 induced psoriasis mouse models.

Tapinarof is an aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) ligand which is used to treat plaque psoriasis in adults. However, the underlying mechanism is not yet fully understood. In this study, we applied two of the most studied psoriasis mouse models: topical application of imiquimod (IMQ) and subcutaneous injection of IL-23. Although both models successfully induced psoriasis-like lesions in mice, tapinarof had a completely opposite effect on the two models. Tapinarof decreased the expression of multiple essential cytokines involved in the pathological IL-23/IL-17/IL-22 axis and ameliorated IMQ-induced psoriatic dermatitis, inhibiting keratinocyte proliferation and abnormal differentiation. However, in the IL-23-injection-model, tapinarof instead aggravated the disease. Here, tapinarof increased epidermal thickness and differentiated epidermal dysplasia in mice. Our data suggest that tapinarof may have different effects on varied types of psoriasis.

Heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) inhibitors in gastrointestinal cancer: where do we currently stand?-A systematic review.

PURPOSE: Dysregulated expression of heat shock proteins (HSP) plays a fundamental role in tumor development and progression. Consequently, HSP90 may be an effective tumor target in oncology, including the treatment of gastrointestinal cancers. METHODS: We carried out a systematic review of data extracted from clinicaltrials.gov and pubmed.gov, which included all studies available until January 1st, 2022. The published data was evaluated using primary and secondary endpoints, particularly with focus on overall survival, progression-free survival, and rate of stable disease. RESULTS: Twenty trials used HSP90 inhibitors in GI cancers, ranging from phase I to III clinical trials. Most studies assessed HSP90 inhibitors as a second line treatment. Seventeen of the 20 studies were performed prior to 2015 and only few studies have results pending. Several studies were terminated prematurely, due to insufficient efficacy or toxicity. Thus far, the data suggests that HSP90 inhibitor NVP-AUY922 might improve outcome for colorectal cancer and gastrointestinal stromal tumors. CONCLUSION: It currently remains unclear which subgroup of patients might benefit from HSP90 inhibitors and at what time point these inhibitors may be beneficial. There are only few new or ongoing studies initiated during the last decade.

Dermal Safety of Tapinarof Cream 1%: Results From 4 Phase 1 Trials.

BACKGROUND: Tapinarof (VTAMA®; Dermavant Sciences, Inc.) is a novel, non-steroidal, topical, aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist, FDA approved for psoriasis treatment and under investigation for atopic dermatitis treatment as a 1% cream formulation for once-daily (QD) application. OBJECTIVE: Evaluate cumulative skin irritation, sensitization, and photoallergic and phototoxic potential of tapinarof cream 1% across a range of dosing frequencies and conditions. METHODS: We conducted 4 randomized, controlled, phase 1 trials of topical tapinarof cream 1% vs vehicle or other appropriate controls in healthy adults. Cumulative skin irritation was assessed following QD application for 21 days under fully occlusive patch conditions. Contact sensitization, photoallergenicity, and phototoxicity were assessed under semi-occlusive patch conditions. The contact sensitization and photoallergenicity trials used an induction phase of repeated applications followed by a 2-week rest period and a 1-time challenge, with rechallenge if responses indicated sensitization/photosensitization; the phototoxicity trial comprised a single application. Ultraviolet A and B irradiation was used to assess photoallergenicity/toxicity. RESULTS: 376 participants were randomized across the 4 trials. In the cumulative irritation trial, tapinarof cream 1% QD was classified as having a slight potential for very mild cumulative irritation under the exaggerated test conditions of repeated dosing for 21 days. There was no evidence of sensitization, photosensitization, or phototoxicity. Tapinarof was well tolerated and there was a low discontinuation rate across all trials. CONCLUSIONS: Tapinarof cream 1% was well tolerated, non-sensitizing, non-phototoxic, and non-photoallergic, with no evidence of clinically meaningful cumulative skin irritation in 4 dermal safety trials in healthy adults. TRIAL REGISTRATION: IND 104601 J Drugs Dermatol. 2022;21(10):1084-1090. doi:10.36849/JDD.6627R1.

A clinical evaluation of a permanent hair dye designed to reduce allergic contact dermatitis and hair damage.

BACKGROUND: Permanent hair dye is the most commonly used anti-aging procedure used by both men and women. However, permanent hair dye can cause irritant contact dermatitis due to ammonia and allergic contact dermatitis due to paraphylenediamine (PPD). METHODS: This research examined an ammonia-free and PPD-free permanent hair dye in 50 ethnically diverse females 21-91 years of age who were current users of permanent hair dyes. Subjects were patch tested prior to dyeing. Two dye sessions were undertaken at baseline and 2-6 weeks post-baseline depending on the dyeing habits of the subject. RESULTS: 50/50 subjects successfully completed the study with no incidence of allergic or irritant contact dermatitis. After 2 dyeing procedures, the dermatologists rated an 87% improvement in hair shine, 90% improvement in hair color, 88% improvement in hair moisturization, 87% improvement in hair porosity, and 88% improvement in hair combability. CONCLUSIONS: A MEA-based ammonia-free cream hair color without PPD or resorcinol was safe for use on the hair and scalp of females with diverse hair types and textures.

One-year safety and efficacy of tapinarof cream for the treatment of plaque psoriasis: Results from the PSOARING 3 trial.

BACKGROUND: Tapinarof cream 1% once daily, an aryl hydrocarbon receptor-modulating agent, was significantly more efficacious than vehicle and well tolerated in two 12-week phase 3 trials in adults with mild to severe plaque psoriasis. OBJECTIVE: To assess long-term safety, efficacy, remittive effect, durability of response, and tolerability of tapinarof. METHODS: Patients completing the 12-week trials were eligible for 40-weeks' open-label treatment and 4-weeks' follow-up. Treatment was based on the Physician Global Assessment (PGA) score. Patients entering with PGA≥1 received tapinarof until PGA = 0. Patients with PGA = 0 discontinued tapinarof and were monitored for remittive effect. Patients with PGA≥2 were re-treated until PGA = 0. RESULTS: Overall, 91.6% (n = 763) of eligible patients enrolled; 40.9% of patients achieved complete disease clearance (PGA = 0), and 58.2% entering with PGA≥2 achieved PGA = 0 or 1. Mean duration of off therapy remittive effect for patients achieving PGA = 0 was 130.1 days. No new safety signals were observed. Most frequent adverse events were folliculitis (22.7%), contact dermatitis (5.5%), and upper respiratory tract infection (4.7%). LIMITATIONS: Open-label; no control; may not be generalizable to all forms of psoriasis; remittive effect/response rate potentially underestimated. CONCLUSIONS: Efficacy improved beyond the 12-week trials, with a 40.9% complete disease clearance rate, ∼4-month off therapy remittive effect, durability on therapy, and consistent safety.

Efficacy and safety of topical resorcinol 15% versus topical clindamycin 1% in the management of mild-to-moderate hidradenitis suppurativa: A retrospective study.

Topical and systemic antibiotic therapy remains the first-line treatment for mild-to-moderate hidradenitis suppurativa (HS). However, literature data on antibiotic resistance in HS are growing. A total of 134 patients with mild-to-moderate HS were retrospectively evaluated. Seventy-three patients (group A) received topical clindamycin 1% and 61 patients (group B) received topical resorcinol 15%. We evaluated the efficacy and tolerability of topical 15% resorcinol versus topical 1% clindamycin in mild-to-moderate HS, comparing the clinical response at 12 weeks of treatment. Patients treated with resorcinol 15% showed a significant improvement in Hidradenitis Suppurativa Clinical Response, International Hidradenitis Suppurativa Severity Score System, and Pain Visual Analogue Scale score from baseline compared to patients treated with clindamycin 1%. Topical resorcinol 15% could be a valid alternative to clindamycin in the management of acute and long-standing HS, limiting antibiotic use and antimicrobial resistance.

Effectiveness and safety of topical 15% resorcinol in the management of mild-to-moderate hidradenitis suppurativa: A cohort study.

Antibiotics remain one of the main treatment alternatives in mild-to-moderate hidradenitis suppurativa. The use of topical 15% resorcinol reduces antibiotic pressure and the generation of resistance. However, knowledge on its efficacy and safety is limited. This single-center, prospective, follow-up cohort study evaluated topical 15% resorcinol every 12-h response at 16 weeks. Those individuals with mild-to-moderate hidradenitis suppurativa (Hurley I-II) who started treatment with topical resorcinol monotherapy between April 2019 and May 2020 were eligible for follow-up. The primary endpoint for effectiveness was the proportion of patients who achieved an overall clinical response (complete or partial response) at week 16, evaluated as intention-to-treat. Responses were measured according to the Hidradenitis Suppurativa Clinical Response index. Target lesion size was measured clinically and by ultrasonography. Quality of life was assessed through the Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI) questionnaire. Safety was measured by recording the adverse events reported during the follow-up period. A total of 32 patients were enrolled (mean age, 40.1 years [95% confidence interval, 35.7-44.4]; women, 20 [62.5%]; Hurley I, 17 [53.1%]). Under the intention-to-treat analysis, 68.8% (n = 22) of the patients achieved a clinical response. A ≥50% reduction in the size of the main lesion was observed in 56.3% of the patients (n = 18). Some 65.6% (n = 21) of the patients had a ≥50% reduction (improvement) in their baseline DLQI score. Fifty percent of patients who completed the follow-up period experienced adverse events, all of which were local, mild, and transient and did not lead to discontinuation of resorcinol. To conclude, in this cohort study, topical 15% resorcinol was shown to be effective for mild-to-moderate hidradenitis suppurativa and to have a positive impact on quality of life with an acceptable safety profile.

Phase 3 Trials of Tapinarof Cream for Plaque Psoriasis.

BACKGROUND: Tapinarof cream is a topical aryl hydrocarbon receptor-modulating agent under investigation for the treatment of psoriasis. Tapinarof modulates the expression of interleukin-17 and the skin-barrier proteins filaggrin and loricrin. METHODS: We conducted two identical phase 3 randomized trials of tapinarof in patients with mild-to-severe plaque psoriasis. Adults with a baseline Physician's Global Assessment (PGA) score of 2 (mild) to 4 (severe) (on a scale from 0 to 4, with higher scores indicating more severe psoriasis) and a percent of total body-surface area affected of 3 to 20% were randomly assigned in a 2:1 ratio to use tapinarof 1% cream or vehicle cream once daily for 12 weeks. The primary end point, PGA response, was a PGA score of 0 (clear) or 1 (almost clear) and a decrease from baseline of at least 2 points at week 12. Secondary efficacy end points at week 12 were a reduction of at least 75% in the Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI) score, a PGA score of 0 or 1, the mean change from baseline in the percent of body-surface area affected, and a reduction of at least 90% in the PASI score. Patient-reported outcomes were the mean changes from baseline to week 12 in the proportion of patients who had a decrease of at least 4 points in the Peak Pruritus Numeric Rating Scale (PP-NRS) score (range, 0 [no itch] to 10 [worst imaginable itch]), the PP-NRS total score, the Dermatology Life Quality Index total score, and the Psoriasis Symptom Diary score. RESULTS: In trials 1 and 2, a total of 692 and 674 patients, respectively, were screened, with 510 and 515 patients being enrolled. A PGA response occurred in 35.4% of the patients in the tapinarof group and in 6.0% of those in the vehicle group in trial 1 and in 40.2% and 6.3%, respectively, in trial 2 (P<0.001 for both comparisons). Results for secondary end points and patient-reported outcomes were generally in the same direction as those for the primary end point. Adverse events with tapinarof cream included folliculitis, nasopharyngitis, contact dermatitis, headache, upper respiratory tract infection, and pruritus. CONCLUSIONS: Tapinarof 1% cream once daily was superior to vehicle control in reducing the severity of plaque psoriasis over a period of 12 weeks but was associated with local adverse events and headache. Larger and longer trials are needed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of tapinarof cream as compared with existing treatments for psoriasis. (Funded by Dermavant Sciences; PSOARING 1 and 2 ClinicalTrials.gov numbers, NCT03956355 and NCT03983980, respectively.).

Efficacy and safety of topical isobutylamido thiazolyl resorcinol (Thiamidol) vs. 4% hydroquinone cream for facial melasma: an evaluator-blinded, randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Melasma can be refractory to treatment, and relapses are frequent. Thiamidol is a new potent tyrosinase inhibitor that has been found effective as a cosmeceutical for the depigmenting of melasma. OBJECTIVE: This study compared the efficacy and tolerability of topical 0.2% Thiamidol vs. 4% hydroquinone for facial melasma. METHODS: Fifty women with facial melasma participated in a randomized, evaluator-blinded, controlled study from September through November 2020. Patients were randomly assigned to apply a double layer of 0.2% Thiamidol twice a day or 4% hydroquinone cream at bedtime, for 90 days. Both groups received tinted sunscreen (sun protection factor 60, PPD 20). The primary outcome was the change from the baseline Modified Melasma Area Seve:rity Index (mMASI) score. Secondary outcomes were improvements in the patients' quality of life [Melasma Quality of Life Index (MELASQoL)], colourimetry, and Global Aesthetic Improvement Scale (GAIS) evaluation. RESULTS: One participant, from the hydroquinone group, did not complete the study (unrelated to adverse effects). The mean (SD) age of the participants was 43 (6) years, and 86% were phototypes III-IV. Both groups exhibited a reduction in mMASI, MELASQoL, and colour contrast scores (P < 0.01). The mean [95% confidence interval (CI 95%)] reductions of the mMASI scores were 43% (35-50%) for Thiamidol and 33% (23-42%) for hydroquinone. There was no difference between the groups in the reductions in mMASI, MELASQoL, colourimetric contrast and GAIS scores (P ≥ 0.09). The GAIS analysis resulted in an improvement of 84% (CI: 95% 67-97%) for participants in the Thiamidol group and 74% (CI: 95% 61-93%) for those in the hydroquinone group. There were only mild adverse effects in the Thiamidol group, but allergic contact dermatitis was evidenced in two (8%) participants. CONCLUSION: The melasma improvement achieved using 0.2% Thiamidol did not differ from that of 4% hydroquinone cream. Thiamidol can be considered a suitable option for melasma patients with poor tolerability or treatment failure with hydroquinone.

Efficacy and safety of 0.15% isobutylamido thiazolyl resorcinol combined with hyaluronic acid vs 0.15% isobutylamido thiazolyl resorcinol or hyaluronic acid alone in melasma treatment: A randomized evaluator-blind trial.

BACKGROUND: Melasma has a complex pathogenesis, and various aggravating factors contribute to its recalcitrance to treatments. A combination of isobutylamido thiazolyl resorcinol (ITR) and hyaluronic acid (HA) could increase melasma treatment efficacy. AIMS: To compare the efficacy and safety of 0.15% ITR plus HA vs 0.15% ITR or HA alone in melasma treatment. METHODS: Ninety-two patients received ITR 0.15% plus HA (n = 30), 0.15% ITR (n = 31), or HA (n = 31) along with broad-spectrum sunscreen application for 12 weeks. Treatment efficacy was determined using modified Melasma Area Severity Index (mMASI), average melanin and melanin variation with Antera3D® , and safety based on transepidermal water loss. RESULTS: Compared with the HA group, the ITR+HA group showed significantly reduced mMASI at weeks 4, 8, and 12 (p = 0.026, 0.015, and 0.001, respectively), whereas the ITR group showed a significant reduction at week 12 (p = 0.027). There was no significant difference in the mMASI or average melanin level between the ITR+HA and ITR groups. Melanin variation was significantly lower in the ITR+HA group than in the ITR group at weeks 4, 8, and 12 (p = 0.027, 0.019, and 0.023, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: The combination of 0.15% ITR and 0.15% ITR+HA effectively reduced melasma severity. HA could synergistically improve melasma homogeneity.

Combined isobutylamido thiazolyl resorcinol and low-fluence Q-switched Nd: YAG laser for the treatment of facial hyperpigmentation: A randomized, split-face study.

BACKGROUND: Isobutylamido thiazolyl resorcinol (ITR) is a novel anti-tyrosinase recently shown to be effective in the treatment of hyperpigmentation. Low-fluence Q-switched Nd:YAG 1064-nm laser (LFQS) has proven to be effective for various hyperpigmentary conditions. However, there is no study on the efficacy and safety of combined ITR and LFQS treatment. OBJECTIVES: To compare the efficacy and safety of combined ITR and LFQS with LFQS monotherapy for facial hyperpigmentation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Patients with symmetrical facial hyperpigmentation were treated with five sessions of once weekly LFQS on the whole face. One side was randomly treated with ITR and the other side received a placebo cream for 12 weeks. Patients were followed for 8 weeks after the last laser treatment. Relative lightness index (RL*I), Facial Hyperpigmentation Severity Score on the malar area (FHSSm ), patient satisfaction, recurrence, and adverse events were recorded. RESULTS: Twenty-four patients completed the study. Both sides demonstrated significant reductions of mean RL*I and mean FHSSm from baseline (P < .01). At the 4th week, the ITR-treated side showed more improvement of mean RL*I than the placebo-treated side (62.5% vs 47.3% improvement, P < .05). The mean FHSSm on the ITR-treated was reduced at a significantly higher percentage than the placebo-treated side (54.4% vs 40.2% reduction, P < .05). Partial recurrence was observed on both sides. No serious side effects were noted. CONCLUSION: Combined ITR and LFQS therapy was more superior than LFQS monotherapy in the treatment of facial hyperpigmentation. ITR may serve as adjuvant for patients with such condition.

A phase 2b, randomized clinical trial of tapinarof cream for the treatment of plaque psoriasis: Secondary efficacy and patient-reported outcomes.

BACKGROUND: Tapinarof cream is a topical therapeutic aryl hydrocarbon receptor modulating agent under investigation for treatment of psoriasis and atopic dermatitis. METHODS: In a phase 2b, double-blind, vehicle-controlled study, adults with plaque psoriasis were randomized to tapinarof cream 0.5% or 1% once or twice daily or vehicle once or twice daily for 12 weeks with 4-week follow-up. Efficacy outcomes included Physician Global Assessment (PGA) scores, change in PGA and total target lesion grading scores, and proportion of patients achieving ≥50%, ≥75%, and ≥90% reductions in the Psoriasis Area and Severity Index scores from baseline (PASI50, PASI75, and PASI90). RESULTS: At week 12, improvements were observed in all tapinarof groups vs vehicle in PGA response, change in PGA and total target lesion grading scores, PASI50 (71%-92% vs 10%-32%), PASI75 (46%-65% vs 5%-16%), and PASI90 (18%-40% vs 0%); all differences were statistically significant with tapinarof 1% once daily. Tapinarof responses were apparent from week 2, with significant efficacy at week 8 maintained through week 16. Most adverse events were mild or moderate. LIMITATIONS: The analyses reported require confirmation in larger prospective studies. CONCLUSIONS: Tapinarof may represent an important advance in the development of topical medicines for treatment of psoriasis.

Efficacy and patient-reported outcomes from a phase 2b, randomized clinical trial of tapinarof cream for the treatment of adolescents and adults with atopic dermatitis.

BACKGROUND: Tapinarof is a topical therapeutic aryl hydrocarbon receptor modulating agent under investigation for atopic dermatitis (AD) and psoriasis treatment. METHODS: A phase 2b, double-blind, vehicle-controlled study randomly assigned adolescents and adults with AD to receive tapinarof cream 0.5%, 1%, or vehicle, once or twice daily, for 12 weeks with a 4-week follow-up. Outcomes included Investigator Global Assessment (IGA), Eczema Area and Severity Index (EASI), body surface area affected, pruritus numeric rating scale scores, patients' impressions of AD and pruritus symptom severity, and Patient-Oriented Eczema Measure (POEM) scores. RESULTS: Overall, 191 of 247 randomized patients completed the study. Week 12 IGA responses were higher in the tapinarof groups versus the vehicle group, reaching statistical significance with tapinarof 1% twice daily, ≥75%/90% improvement in EASI from baseline were significantly higher in the tapinarof groups (except 0.5% once daily and 0.5% twice daily), EASI scores were significantly improved in all tapinarof groups, and body surface area affected was significantly reduced in the tapinarof groups (except 0.5% twice daily). More patients reported AD and pruritus symptom severity as very/moderately improved in tapinarof groups, and POEM improvements were observed in all groups. Most adverse events were mild or moderate. LIMITATIONS: Larger prospective studies are required to confirm the reported analyses. CONCLUSIONS: Tapinarof is a potential important advance in topical medicine development for AD.

Topical Agents Currently in Phase II or Phase III Trials for Atopic Dermatitis.

Mild to moderate atopic dermatitis (AD) occurs frequently in children and adults and is usually managed through the use of pharmacologic treatments, such as topical corticosteroids (TCS) and topical calcineurin inhibitors (TCIs), and good skin care practices. As chronic TCS or TCI can lead to the development of adverse effects, there is a need for safe, alternative treatments for patients with resistant AD. A systemic literature review was performed to examine the safety and efficacy of topical agents currently in phase II and phase III clinical trials for AD. Our team searched the databases, PubMed, Google Scholar, and ClinicalTrials.gov, on March 2020 for studies pertaining to the use of topical agents in AD. Key words included each drug (tapinarof, crisaborole, ARQ-151 cream, ruxolitinib) or "topical agents"; combined with "atopic dermatitis"; Articles published within the last 5 years were included as references. References within retrieved articles were also reviewed to identify potentially missed studies. A total of 24 articles were included in this review. Tapinarof, crisaborole, and ruxolitinib lead to statistically significant improvements in multiple disease severity scores. ARQ-151 cream achieved statistical significance in secondary endpoints, including vIGA-AD and EASI-75, but not in the primary endpoint of the study. All topical agents were well-tolerated by study participants. The findings demonstrate that tapinarof, crisaborole, ARQ-151 cream, and ruxolitinib are safe, effective treatment options for patients with mild to moderate AD. J Drugs Dermatol. 2020;19(10):956-959. doi: 10.36849/JDD.2020.5214.

Read-across can increase confidence in the Next Generation Risk Assessment for skin sensitisation: A case study with resorcinol.

Historically skin sensitisation risk assessment for cosmetic ingredients was based on animal models, however regulatory demands have led to Next Generation Risk Assessment (NGRA), using data from New Approach Methodologies (NAM) and Defined Approaches (DA). This case study was meant to investigate if the use of resorcinol at 0.2% in a face cream was safe and a maximum use concentration could be defined. The NAM data and DA predictions could not provide sufficient confidence to determine a point of departure (POD). Therefore, the application of read-across was explored to increase the level of confidence. Analogue searches in various tools and databases using "mode of action" and "chemical structural features" retrieved 535 analogues. After refinement by excluding analogues without a defined structure, similar reactivity profile and skin sensitisation data, 39 analogues remained. A final selection was made based on three approaches: expert judgment, chemical similarity or Local Lymph Node Assay data (LLNA). All read-across approaches supported a moderate potency. A POD derived from the LLNA EC3 of 3.6% was determined leading to a favourable NGRA conclusion and a maximum use concentration of 0.36%. This was supported by a traditional risk assessment based on the available animal data for resorcinol.

Efficacy and safety of Jessner's solution peel in comparison with salicylic acid 30% peel in the management of patients with acne vulgaris and postacne hyperpigmentation with skin of color: a randomized, double-blinded, split-face, controlled trial.

OBJECTIVE: Antibiotics and retinoids have been used for acne vulgaris for decades. Though effective, each has its own drawbacks. Chemical peels have been used for treatment of acne vulgaris with inadequate clinical evidence. We sought to determine the efficacy and safety of Jessner's solution (JS) in comparison with salicylic acid (SA) 30% in the management of acne vulgaris and postacne hyperpigmentation in patients with colored skin. METHODS: A total of 36 subjects (94.5% Fitzpatick Type IV-V) were recruited in this randomized double-blinded, split-face, controlled trial. Each side of the face was randomly assigned for treatment with either JS or SA. Subjects were treated once fortnightly for a total of three sessions. Lesion counting, Michaelsson acne score (MAS), photographs, and postacne hyperpigmentation index (PAHPI) were used to objectively assess the improvement. Complications were assessed during each visit. Statistical analysis was conducted using SPSS v22.0. Significance was set at P = 0.05. RESULTS: At the end of therapy, significant reduction in inflammatory, noninflammatory lesions, MAS, and PAHPI scores (P < 0.001, respectively) were noted in comparison to baseline. Mixed model analysis revealed no significant outcome difference between the two groups. Patients who reported good and very good outcome were 76.4% (JS) and 85.3% (SA). Burning, stinging sensation, and exfoliation were the common complications reported. Postinflammatory hyperpigmentation was reported only once in the JS arm. CONCLUSION: Both JS and SA were equally effective in the treatment of acne vulgaris and reducing postacne hyperpigmentation in patients with colored skin.