'CT and CT image-based texture image analysis in radiological diagnostics of allergic fungal rhinosinusitis'.

BACKGROUND: This prospective study is focused on evaluating radiological properties of AFRS. We analysed specific CT features related to the presence of AFRS, as well as explored the possible usefulness of the texture image analysis (TIA) as an additional diagnostical parameter. METHODS: The CT images of maxillary sinuses of 37 adult patients diagnosed with chronic rhinosinusitis were analysed for homogeneity, high-attenuation areas, density of the soft tissue mass, bony wall thickness and density. TIA included assessment of uniformity, contrast, homogeneity and entropy of sinus content. RESULTS: In the F+ group, soft tissue mass was significantly more non-homogeneous, high-attenuation areas were more prevalent, while soft tissue densities were higher. The sinus wall showed a tendency towards decreased thickness and significantly higher density in the F+ group. Among TIA parameters only homogeneity was significantly lower in the F+ group. CONCLUSIONS: Presence of fungi should be suspected when the sinus is filled with a non-homogenous soft tissue content of a high CT density not necessarily presented as clearly visible hyperattenuation material. Additional criteria in radiological diagnostics of AFRS should encompass assessment of sinus bony wall density. TIA may serve as a tool for quantitative assessment of subjective CT features such as homogeneity of the soft tissue mass for investigative purposes. However, other TIA parameters showed limited potential.

Probiotic NVP-1703 Alleviates Allergic Rhinitis by Inducing IL-10 Expression: A Four-week Clinical Trial.

Although several recent studies reported that probiotics might be beneficial for allergic rhinitis (AR), the effect of probiotics on AR is not consistent and have not been reproduced between studies. We aimed to determine the efficacy and safety of probiotic NVP-1703, a mixture of Bifidobacterium longum and Lactobacillus plantarum, in subjects with perennial AR. Adult subjects with perennial AR received either NVP-1703 (n = 47) or placebo (n = 48) for four weeks. Total nasal symptom scores (TNSS), rhinitis control assessment test (RCAT), blood eosinophil count, allergen-specific IgE, and immunological parameters in serum and urine were compared at baseline and after four weeks. TNSS changes from baseline at weeks 1, 3, and 4 were significant between the NVP-1703 and placebo groups (p = 0.033, 0.031, and 0.029, respectively). RCAT score showed significant differences between the NVP-1703 and placebo groups (p = 0.049) at week 4. Dermatophagoides farinae-specific IgE levels and serum IL-10 levels were significantly different between the NVP-1703 and placebo groups (p = 0.033 and p = 0.047, respectively). IL-10/IL-4 and IL-10/IL-13 ratios were different between the NVP-1703 and placebo groups at week 4 (p = 0.046 and 0.018, respectively). NVP-1703 treatment reduced urinary prostaglandin F2α and leukotriene E4 levels (p > 0.05). Therefore, NVP-1703 can be treatment option for perennial AR.

Study toward resolving the controversy over the definition of allergic fungal rhinosinusitis.

Dysbiosis of the microbiome on the airway mucosa leads to the development of chronic inflammatory and allergic disorders. The aim of this study was to consider the potential diagnostic criteria for allergic fungal rhinosinusitis (AFRS) and nonallergic fungal rhinosinusitis (FRS), and the role of fungal presence in an environment for the development of AFRS. In this study, 136 patients were divided into two groups: patients with positive specific immunoglobulin E (sIgE) and fungal finding (AFRS group), and patients with negative sIgE and positive fungal finding (FRS group). The study design included: anamnesis data, sIgE, eosinophil count and skin-prick test, rhinology and computerized tomography (CT) observation and mycological finding. Our results showed: (i) the prevalence in Serbia is: AFRS 1.3%, FRS 2.8%; (ii) 30.4% patients with sIgE+ had more often severe and recurrent chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) (P = .005) and the presence of polyps (P = .025); (iii) 46.4% patients with sIgE+ had positive fungi on the sinonasal mucosa and were considered as AFRS; (iv) patients with AFRS had more frequent asthma (P = .024) and chronicity of CRS >10 years (P = .000). The persistent fungal presence and prolonged duration of CRS could be a silent threat for the progression of inflammation and development of FRS. Lavage with hypertonic-NaCl should be included in the everyday hygiene routine in an effort to decrease fungal load and antigenic exposure. The presence of allergological parameters and better response to corticosteroid therapy in AFRS patients should be considered as crucial diagnostic criteria for AFRS.

Contralateral sinus involvement of surgically treated unilateral allergic fungal rhinosinusitis.

Recurrence of allergic fungal rhinosinusitis (AFRS) is well recognized. However, there is scarcity in the literature describing involvement of the non-diseased sinuses. We aimed to evaluate the recurrence forms of unilateral AFRS as well as to study the possible predictor factors of developing the disease in the contralateral side. Patients with exclusive unilateral AFRS from (2010 to 2015) were enrolled in multi-institutional case-control study. All patients were evaluated after endoscopic sinus surgery for recurrence. Patient's records were reviewed for demographics, medical treatment, and clinical, radiological, and surgical data. A total of 68 patients were identified. Delayed contralateral involvement after the initial surgery was found in 30.8% with mean duration of recurrence 16.9 months. A significant association was found with the presence of pre-operative contralateral symptoms and signs of inflammation (OR 3.49, 95% CI 1.19-10.22, p value 0.02). Post-operative use of budesonide irrigation was associated with less contralateral involvement (OR 0.11, 95% CI 0.01-0.87, p value 0.01). Association of other variables like: comorbidities, perioperative use of systemic steroid, radiological signs, extent of surgery, additional surgery to the contralateral side, and post-operative use of systemic steroids did not show statistical significance. Involvement of the contralateral sinuses in 30% of unilateral AFRS cases is considered significant. The non-diseased sinuses should be involved in the routine endoscopic examination and post-operative treatment. Further studies are necessary to investigate the possibility of prophylactic surgical intervention of the non-diseased sinuses.

Understanding paediatric allergic fungal sinusitis: Is it more aggressive?

OBJECTIVE: To study and characterize the features of AFRS in children as compared to adults. METHODS: 50 consecutive patients of AFRS attending our outpatient department were included in the study from July 2011 to December 2013. They were divided into two groups (A and B) according to age being ≤14 years and >14 years. Clinical history and examination included anterior rhinoscopy, SNOT 20 scores, CT of Nose and PNS (para nasal sinuses) (Lund Mackay scores), diagnostic nasal endoscopy (Kupferberg's grades), punch biopsy from nasal polyp, serum IgE, absolute eosinophil counts (AEC) and Aspergillus skin hypersensitivity test was done in all patients for conformation of AFRS. Bent and Kuhn's criteria were used for diagnosis. Sweat chloride levels were done in all patients of group A. RESULTS: Group A had 12 patients and group B had 38. Mean duration of symptoms was significantly less in children as compared to adults (p<0.05). All patients of both groups had nasal polyposis at presentation. Unilateral disease and multisinus involvement was more common in children (6/12) as compared to adults. Proptosis (2/12) and telecanthus (4/12) was more common in children (group A) as compared to adults (group B). LM (Lund Mackay) scores and serum IgE were significantly high in children as compared to adults. Follow up CT scans showed early evidence of recurrence in children as compared to adults (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: AFRS was seen to be more aggressive in children with increased fungal load when compared with adults. Typically, AFRS in children was less responsive to treatment with increased recurrence rates.

[Two cases of allergic fungal rhinosinusitis with bone destruction].

We report herein two cases of allergic fungal rhinosinusitis accompanied by bone destruction of the adjacent nasal sinuses. The first case involved a 21-year-old man who presented with left exophthalmos. Computed tomography (CT) showed soft tissue lesions in the left paranasal sinuses and destruction of the left lamina papyraceae, as well as infiltration of the lesion into the orbit. In the second case, a 39-year-old man, CT showed bone destruction of the skull base and medial wall of the left orbit. In both cases, total serum immunoglobulin (Ig)E level was >1000 IU/mL and fungus-specific IgEs were increased. Fungal hyphae were identified within the mucus on histopathological examination in both cases; however, no fungal invasion of the mucosa was apparent. Final diagnosis was allergic fungal rhinosinusitis (AFRS) in both cases. AFRS is a relatively new disease concept that was proposed in the early 1980s, with disease characteristics very similar to eosinophilic rhinosinusitis. Occasionally, AFRS must be differentiated from malignant disease or invasive fungal rhinosinusitis, so an understanding of the clinical features is important.

Medical management of allergic fungal rhinosinusitis following endoscopic sinus surgery: an evidence-based review and recommendations.

BACKGROUND: Allergic fungal rhinosinusitis (AFRS) is a subset of polypoid chronic rhinosinusitis that is characterized by the presence of eosinophilic mucin with fungal hyphae within the sinuses and a Type I hypersensitivity to fungi. The treatment of AFRS usually involves surgery in combination with medical therapies to keep the disease in a dormant state. However, what constitutes an optimal medical regimen is still controversial. Hence, the purpose of this article is to provide an evidence-based approach for the medical management of AFRS. METHODS: A systemic review of the literature on the medical management of AFRS was performed using Medline, EMBASE, and Cochrane Review Databases up to March 15, 2013. The inclusion criteria were as follows: patients >18 years old; AFRS as defined by Bent and Kuhn; post-sinus surgery; studies with a clearly defined end point to evaluate the effectiveness of medical therapy in postoperative AFRS patients. RESULTS: This review identified and assessed 6 medical modalities for AFRS in the literature: oral steroids; topical steroids; oral antifungals; topical antifungals; immunotherapy; and leukotriene modulators. CONCLUSION: Based on available evidence in the literature, postoperative systemic and standard topical nasal steroids are recommended in the medical management of AFRS. Nonstandard topical nasal steroids, oral antifungals, and immunotherapy are options in cases of refractory AFRS. No recommendations can be provided for topical antifungals and leukotriene modulators due to insufficient clinical research reported in the literature.

The effect of topical mometasone furoate nasal spray on carriage of Staphylococcus aureus.

OBJECTIVES: This study aims to examine the effect of topical mometasone furoate nasal spray on nasal Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) colonization in the treatment of allergic rhinitis. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Between January 2012 and February 2013, 53 patients having perennial allergic rhinitis symptoms (37 females, 16 males) and 53 healthy controls (36 females, 17 males) were included in the study. Nasal cultures were obtained and evaluated before and after the treatment in allergic rhinitis patients who were admitted to the ear, nose and throat (ENT) outpatient clinic and receiving a mometasone furoate nasal spray treatment (200 mcg/day) once a day for one-month. In healthy controls, nasal cultures were obtained and evaluated once. RESULTS: In allergic rhinitis patients, five cultures were positive for S. aureus before the treatment while the number of cultures positive for S. aureus was six after the treatment. There was no significant difference in the pre-treatment and post-treatment S. aureus colonization between the patient group and controls (p>0.05). CONCLUSION: Mometasone furoate nasal spray used in the treatment of allergic rhinitis appears to be ineffective for nasal S. aureus colonization.

Pseudotumoral allergic fungal sinusitis with skull base involvement.

Here we report a case of pseudotumoral recurrence of allergic fungal sinusitis with involvement of the skull base that was successfully treated with systemic corticosteroids and itraconazole without surgery. This report discusses the sometimes misleading radiological and clinical features as well as the diagnostic and therapeutic challenges of a condition that should be recognized by ENT specialists, neurosurgeons, ophtalmologists and radiologists.

Expression of protease-activated receptors in allergic fungal rhinosinusitis.

BACKGROUND: The etiology of the intense inflammatory response showed by patients with allergic fungal rhinosinusitis (AFRS) remains a mystery. Potential sources of this inflammation may include fungal proteases. Protease-activated receptors (PARs) are components of the innate immune response that are modulated by proteolytic activity and are involved in potentiating T helper 2 (Th2) responses. The objective of the study was to determine whether there is differential expression of PARs in patients with AFRS compared to controls. METHODS: The study was designed as a comparison of gene expression profiles in patients with AFRS vs diseased and nondiseased controls. Twenty-five patients were enrolled. Patients with AFRS (n = 15) were compared to nondiseased controls (n = 5) undergoing minimally invasive pituitary surgery (MIPS) and patients with chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP, n = 5) undergoing functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS). Ethmoid mucosa RNA was hybridized to 4 × 44 K microarray chips. Four gene probes (PAR1, PAR2, PAR3, and PAR4) were used to assess for differential expression. A linear-mixed model was used to account for some patients having multiple samples. Significance level was determined at p < 0.05. RESULTS: Of the 4 probes, only PAR3 showed statistically significant differential expression between AFRS and nondiseased control samples (p = 0.03) as well as a 2.21-fold change. No additional statistical difference in PAR expression among the comparison groups was noted. CONCLUSION: PARs have been shown to enhance production of inflammatory cytokines and potentiate Th2 responses. In this initial report, patients with AFRS have a significantly increased expression of PAR3 compared to nondiseased controls.

Identification of nasal bacterial flora profile and carriage rates of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in patients with allergic rhinitis.

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of allergic rhinitis (AR) on the nasal flora and colonization rates of resistant microorganisms in comparison to healthy individuals. This colonization may be important in terms of AR-related disorders, the resistant microorganisms' carriage, and its complications and co-morbidities. The study was performed with two groups. The study group was composed of 54 adult patients with AR. The control group was composed of 50 healthy individuals. None of the individuals in both groups have used any antibiotics, local or systemic steroid within the last month. Composition of bacterial nasal flora and carriage rates of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) were evaluated with conventional methods by taking nasal smears with a swab. In the study group, methicillin-sensitive coagulase-negative staphylococci (MRCNS) were detected in 30%; whereas diphtheroids in 25%, methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci in 13%, methicillin-sensitive S. aureus in 9%, methicillin-resistant S. aureus in 3.7%, and extended-spectrum beta lactamases-positive gram-negative bacilli (GR-ESBL+) in 3.7% were detected. In the control group, methicillin-sensitive coagulase-negative staphylococci were detected in 54%; whereas diphtheroids in 21%, methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci in 1.5%, methicillin-sensitive S. aureus in 16%, methicillin-resistant S. aureus in 1.5%, Gr-ESBL(-) in 4%, and viridians streptococci in 3% were detected. It is found that the MRSA and MRCNS colonization is higher in patients with AR. This colonization may be important in terms of AR-related disorders, the resistant microorganisms' carriage, and its complications and co-morbidities in comparison to healthy subjects.

Impact of fungal load on diagnosis and outcome of allergic fungal rhinosinusitis.

Fungal load colonization may modify the classic eosinophilic inflammation in allergic fungal rhinosinusitis (AFRS). We aimed to evaluate the impact of fungal load on diagnosis and outcome of AFRS. In the present cohort study fungal load differences were determined prospectively according to Gomori methenamine silver (GMS) fungal stained (histopathological and cytological examination) with the tenacious mucus, cheesy clay-like materials and sinus mucosa/polyps in 12 AFRS patients. Two groups with different fungal loads, AFRS with (six patients) and without (six patients) high fungal loads (HFL) were evaluated for nasal endoscopic score, paranasal sinuses CT score, histopathological and immunohistochemical changes. Endoscopic outcome scoring differences were evaluated for 1 year after endoscopic sinus surgery and 1 month oral corticosteroids treatment. No differences were observed between both groups (AFRS with/without HFL) concerning the total CT score and opacification features (P > 0.05). Eosinophils and CD3 + CD8 + T cell were dominant in both groups. More edema and less fibrosis were observed in HFL group. Gliotoxin producers Aspergilli were present in all HFL in comparison to 5/6 (83.3%) in cases without HFL. Fewer patients 1/6 (16.6%) and less number of recurrences/year 0.1 ± 0.4 occurred in the AFRS with HFL compared to the AFRS without HFL [5/6 (83.3%) and 1.16 ± 0.7) (P = 0.021 and 0.023, respectively]. In addition to mucus and mucosal tissues, cheesy clay-like materials must be assessed in AFRS cases. Although patients of AFRS with HFL had negligible clinical differences from ordinary AFRS without HFL, they had better outcome after treatment.

[Diagnosis and treatment of unilateral allergic fungal sinusitis].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the clinical and pathological manifestation, prognosis of unilateral allergic fungal sinusitis (AFS), and to analyze the characters and treatment paradigm of unilateral AFS. METHOD: Clinical and pathological information of 10 cases of unilateral AFS were analyzed. Nasal endoscopy, skin prick test, and visual analogue score (VAS) of severity of illness were taken before surgery. Mucosa membrane and inspissated secretion obtained during endoscopic surgery were stained with hematoxylin-eosin and silver hexosamine. Regular clean of sinus and intranasal steroid spray were taken after surgery. RESULT: Endoscopy showed that 5 cases had pale mucous membranes in the ipsilateral nasal cavity. Skin prick test was positive in all patients. Nasal CT scan demonstrated unilateral lesion in all 10 patients. In the involved sinus, all 10 patients had brown or yellow brown viscous secretion, which demonstrated eosinophilic amorphous mass with accumulation of eosinophils, Charcot-Leyden crystallization and fungal hyphae under microscope. The number of eosinophils in lamina propria of sinus mucosa membrane was 72 +/- 11/hpf. After follow-up for 16 to 26 months(mean 22 months), 9 cases were cured and 1 improved. The pre-operative VAS was 8.5 +/- 1.2, and the post-operative VAS was 1.1 +/- 1.0 (P < 0.01). CONCLUSION: The systemic and local allergic reaction may co-exist in unilateral AFS, in which local hypersensitivity may be the dominant reaction. Endoscopic sinus surgery and intranasal steroid spray are effective in the treatment of unilateral AFS.

Allergic fungal sinusitis and eosinophilic mucin rhinosinusitis: diagnostic criteria.

BACKGROUND: Chronic sinusitis is one of the most common otolaryngological diagnoses. Allergic fungal sinusitis and eosinophilic mucin rhinosinusitis can easily be misdiagnosed and treated as chronic sinusitis, causing continuing harm. AIM: To better identify and characterise these two subgroups of patients, who may suffer from a systemic disease requiring multidisciplinary treatment and prolonged follow up. METHODS: A retrospective, longitudinal study of all patients diagnosed with allergic fungal sinusitis or eosinophilic mucin rhinosinusitis within one otolaryngology department over a 15-year period. RESULTS: Thirty-four patients were identified, 26 with eosinophilic mucin rhinosinusitis and 8 with allergic fungal sinusitis. Orbital involvement at diagnosis was commoner in allergic fungal sinusitis patients (50 per cent) than eosinophilic mucin rhinosinusitis patients (7.7 per cent; p < 0.05). Asthma was diagnosed in 73 per cent of eosinophilic mucin rhinosinusitis patients and 37 per cent of allergic fungal sinusitis patients. CONCLUSION: Allergic fungal sinusitis and eosinophilic mucin rhinosinusitis have the same clinical presentation but different clinical courses. The role of fungus and the ability to confirm its presence are still problematic issues, and additional studies are required.

[Allergic rhinosinusitis by Curvularia inaequalis (Shear) Boedijn]. / Rinosinusitis alérgica por Curvularia inaequalis (Shear) Boedijn.

Curvularia inaequalis (Shear) Boedijn is a fungus dematiaceo, saprophyte and plant pathogen found mainly in tropical and subtropical areas, associated with various organic substrates. Rarely been identified in systemic infections, skin and there is only one report of allergic rhinosinusitis described above. A case of allergic fungal rhinosinusitis by Curvularia inaequalis (Shear) Boedijn in which diagnosis was considered the signs and symptoms, sinus CT and cultivation of mucin.The patient was treated with endoscopic surgical toilet, plus use of inhaled steroids and itraconazole systemic. With good clinical response, is asymptomatic at one year.

Effects of intranasal phototherapy on nasal microbial flora in patients with allergic rhinitis.

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of intranasal phototherapy on nasal microbial flora in patients with allergic rhinitis. This prospective, self-comparised, single blind study was performed on patients with a history of at least two years of moderate-to-severe perennial allergic rhinitis that was not controlled by anti-allergic drugs. Thirty-one perennial allergic rhinitis patients were enrolled in this study. Before starting the test population on their intranasal phototherapy, the same trained person took a nasal culture from each subject by applying a sterile cotton swab along each side of the nostril and middle meatus. Each intranasal cavity was irradiated three times a week for two weeks with increasing doses of irradiated. At the end of the intranasal phototherapy, nasal cultures were again obtained from the each nostril. The study found that after intranasal phototherapy, the scores for total nasal symptoms decreased significantly but bacterial proliferation was not significantly different before and after phototherapy. We have shown that intranasal phototherapy does not change the aerobic nasal microbial flora in patients with perennial allergic rhinitis.

Rinosinusitis alérgica por Curvularia inaequalis (Shear) Boedijn / Allergic rhinosinusitis by Curvularia inaequalis (Shear) Boedijn

Curvularia inaequalis (Shear) Boedijn is a fungus dematiaceo, saprophyte and plant pathogen found mainly in tropical and subtropical areas, associated with various organic substrates. Rarely been identified in systemic infections, skin and there is only one report of allergic rhinosinusitis described above. A case of allergic fungal rhinosinusitis by Curvularia inaequalis (Shear) Boedijn in which diagnosis was considered the signs and symptoms, sinus CT and cultivation of mucin.The patient was treated with endoscopic surgical toilet, plus use of inhaled steroids and itraconazole systemic. With good clinical response, is asymptomatic at one year.

Curvularia inaequalis (Shear) Boedijn es un hongo dematiáceo, saprófito y fitopatógeno, presente principalmente en áreas tropicales y subtropicales, asociado a distintos sustratos orgánicos. Se ha identificado escasamente en infecciones sistémicas, cutáneas y sólo existe una comunicación de un caso de rinosinusitis alérgica descrito anteriormente. Presentamos el caso clínico de un paciente con una rinosinusitis alérgica fúngica por Curvularia inaequalis (Shear) Boedijn en cuyo diagnóstico se consideró los síntomas y signos clínicos, la TAC de senos paranasales y el cultivo de la mucina. El paciente fue tratado con un aseo quirúrgico por vía endoscópica, además del uso de corticoesteroides inhalatorios e itra-conazol sistémico. Presentó una buena respuesta clínica, encontrándose asintomático a un año del tratamiento.

Assessment of biofilm by nasal cytology in different forms of rhinitis and its functional correlations.

BACKGROUND: Recently, it has been reported that nasal cytology in light microscopy can identify biofilms, which appear as cyan-stained "Infectious Spots". We assessed by the same method and in the same population, the presence of biofilms in different nasal disorders, and estimated if a correlation with the functional grade of obstruction existed. METHODS: Subjects suffering from different nasal disorders, after a detailed clinical history and ENT examination, underwent nasal fibroendoscopy, skin prick test, rhinomanometry and nasal cytology. The presence of biofilm was linked to the type ofdisease and to the grade of obstruction. RESULTS: Among 1,410 subjects previously studied, the infectious spot was found in 107 patients (7.6%), and this percentage reached 55.4% in subjects with cytologic signs of infectious rhinitis (presence of bacteria/fungi). Biofilms were largely more frequent in patients with adenoid hypertrophy (57.4%), followed by nasal polyposis (24%), chronic rhinosinusitis (9.5%) and non-allergic rhinitis (7.6%). Nasal cytology was normal in the remaining patients, where no infectious spot was detectable. Statistical analysis showed that nasal resistances were significantly higher in presence of biofilms in patients with adenoid hypertrophy (p = 0.003), nasal polyposis (p < 0.001), chronic rhinosinusitis (p = 0.018) and septal deviation (p = 0.001). CONCLUSION: The results demonstrate that biofilm is present not only in infectious rhinitis, but also in inflammatory and/or immune-mediated diseases. The presence of biofilms significantly correlates with the degree of nasal obstruction as assessed by rhinomanometry.