Eremane, viscidane and isozizaene diterpenoids from the leaves of Eremophila rigida and their absolute configurations.

Previously undescribed eremane, viscidane, and isozizaene diterpenoids, eremorigidanes A-F, along with six known O-methylated flavonoids and three known triterpenoids were isolated and identified from the leaves of Eremophila rigida Chinnock by combined use of high-resolution PTP1B inhibition profiling, semipreparative- and analytical-scale HPLC separations, HPLC-PDA-HRMS analysis, and NMR spectroscopy. The absolute configuration of the unreported diterpenoids were determined by comparison of their experimental and calculated ECD spectra as well as by biosynthetic arguments. All isolates were evaluated for their PTP1B inhibitory activities, which revealed the flavonoid penduletin (3) to show inhibition with an IC50 value of 18.3 µM, and the triterpenoids 3,4-seco-olean-12-ene-3,28-dioic acid (15), oleanolic acid (16), and 3-oxo-oleanolic acid (17) to show inhibition with IC50 values of 55.7, 9.9, and 6.3 µM, respectively. The preliminary structure-activity relationship (SAR) of isolated flavonoids and triterpenoids is discussed. Plausible biosynthetic steps involved in eremane and isozizaene metabolism are presented and discussed.

Orthogonal Reversed-Phase C18 and Pentafluorophenyl HPLC Separation for Phytochemical Profiling of Serrulatanes in Eremophila denticulata.

Serrulatanes constitute a class of unique diterpenoids derived from all-Z nerylneryl diphosphate rather than the conventional all-E diterpenoid precursor geranylgeranyl diphosphate and thus provide an intriguing expansion of the chemical space of plant specialized metabolites. Plants of the Australian Eremophila genus are rich sources of structurally diverse serrulatanes. Here, we report the identification of 15 hitherto undescribed serrulatanes (eremoculatanes A-N), together with 16 previously reported compounds, from the EtOAc extract of Eremophila denticulata leaves. Isolation was performed by a combined use of systematic HPLC-PDA-HRMS-based phytochemical profiling and orthogonal reversed-phase C18 and pentafluorophenyl separations. Among the new compounds isolated, eremoculatane A contains a C12 backbone, for which the configuration was established by comparison of experimentally measured and theoretically calculated ECD spectra. The antihyperglycemic and antibacterial activities of the E. denticulata extract were investigated by high-resolution inhibition profiling, and they indicated that major constituents, mainly serrulatanes and flavonoids, contributed to the observed activity of the extract. One flavonoid, eupafolin (4), displayed moderate α-glucosidase inhibitory activity with an IC50 value of 41.3 µM, and four serrulatanes (8, 9, 19g, and 19j) showed more than 50% PTP1B inhibition at 200 µM.

Characterization of Serrulatane Diterpenoids in Eremophila phyllopoda subsp. phyllopoda by Triple High-Resolution α-Glucosidase/PTP1B/Radical Scavenging Profiling, NMR Spectroscopy, DFT-GIAO NMR, and Electronic Circular Dichroism Calculations.

Extracts of Eremophila phyllopoda subsp. phyllopoda showed α-glucosidase and PTP1B inhibitory activity with IC50 values of 19.6 and 13.6 µg/mL, respectively. High-resolution α-glucosidase/PTP1B/radical scavenging profiling was performed to establish a triple high-resolution inhibition profile that allowed direct pinpointing of the constituents responsible for one or more of the observed bioactivities. Subsequent targeted isolation and purification by analytical-scale HPLC led to the identification of 21 previously undescribed serrulatane diterpenoids, eremophyllanes A-U, as well as two known serrulatane diterpenoids, 1ß-trihydroxyserrulatane (8) and 1α-trihydroxyserrulatane (10d), and five known furofuran lignans, (+)-piperitol (6), horsfieldin (7e), (-)-sesamin (9), (+)-sesamin (10h), and asarinin (10i). Their structures were elucidated by extensive analysis of HRMS and 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopic data. The relative configurations of the previously undescribed compounds were established by analysis of ROESY spectra as well as by DFT-GIAO NMR calculations followed by DP4+ probability analysis. The absolute configurations were determined by comparison of experimental and calculated ECD spectra. Serrulatane diterpenoids 7b and 14 exhibited α-glucosidase inhibitory activity with IC50 values of 28.4 and 64.2 µM, respectively, while 11, 12, 14, and 15 exhibited PTP1B inhibitory activity with IC50 values ranging from 16.6 to 104.6 µM. Hypothetical routes for formation of all identified serrulatane diterpenoids are proposed.

Serrulatane diterpenoids with unusual side chain modifications from root bark of Eremophila longifolia.

The plant genus Eremophila is endemic to Australia and widespread in arid regions. Root bark extract of Eremophila longifolia (R.Br.) F.Muell. (Scrophulariaceae) was investigated by LC-PDA-HRMS, and dereplication suggested the presence of a series of diterpenoids. Using a combination of preparative- and analytical-scale HPLC separation as well as extensive 1D and 2D NMR analysis, the structures of 12 hitherto unreported serrulatane diterpenoids, eremolongine A-L, were established. These structures included serrulatanes with unusual side chain modifications to form hitherto unseen skeletons with, e.g., cyclopentane, oxepane, and bicyclic hexahydro-1H-cyclopenta[c]furan moieties. Serrulatane diterpenoids in Eremophila have recently been shown to originate from a common biosynthetic precursor with conserved stereochemical configuration, and this was used for tentative assignment of the relative and absolute configuration of the isolated compounds. Triple high-resolution α-glucosidase/α-amylase/PTP1B inhibition profiling demonstrated that several of the eremolongines had weak inhibitory activity towards targets important for management of type 2 diabetes.

Serrulatane diterpenoids from the leaves of Eremophila glabra and their potential as antihyperglycemic drug leads.

Eremophila (Scrophulariaceae) is a genus of Australian desert plants, which have been used by Australian Aboriginal people for various medicinal purposes. Crude extracts of the leaf resin of Eremophila glabra (R.Br.) Ostenf. showed α-glucosidase and protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) inhibitory activity with IC50 values of 19.3 ± 1.2 µg/mL and 11.8 ± 2.1 µg/mL, respectively. Dual α-glucosidase/PTP1B high-resolution inhibition profiling combined with HPLC-PDA-HRMS and NMR were used to isolate and identify the compounds providing these activities. This resulted in isolation of seven undescribed serrulatane diterpenoids, eremoglabrane A-G, together with nine previously identified serrulatane diterpenoids and flavonoids. Three of the serrulatane diterpenoids showed PTP1B inhibitory activities with IC50 values from 63.8 ± 5.8 µM to 104.5 ± 25.9 µM.

Phytochemical Analysis and Anti-Inflammatory and Anti-Osteoarthritic Bioactive Potential of Verbascum thapsus L. (Scrophulariaceae) Leaf Extract Evaluated in Two In Vitro Models of Inflammation and Osteoarthritis.

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a complex disease, source of pain and disability that affects millions of people worldwide. OA etiology is complex, multifactorial and joint-specific, with genetic, biological and biomechanical components. Recently, several studies have suggested a potential adjuvant role for natural extracts on OA progression, in terms of moderating chondrocyte inflammation and following cartilage injury, thus resulting in an overall improvement of joint pain. In this study, we first analyzed the phenylethanoid glycosides profile and the total amount of polyphenols present in a leaf aqueous extract of Verbascum thapsus L. We then investigated the anti-inflammatory and anti-osteoarthritic bioactive potential of the extract in murine monocyte/macrophage-like cells (RAW 264.7) and in human chondrocyte cells (HC), by gene expression analysis of specifics inflammatory cytokines, pro-inflammatory enzymes and metalloproteases. Six phenylethanoid glycosides were identified and the total phenolic content was 124.0 ± 0.7 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g of extract. The biological investigation showed that the extract is able to significantly decrease most of the cellular inflammatory markers, compared to both control cells and cells treated with Harpagophytum procumbens (Burch.) DC. ex Meisn, used as a positive control. Verbascum thapsus leaf aqueous extract has the potential to moderate the inflammatory response, representing an innovative possible approach for the inflammatory joint disease treatment.

A review on the structure and pharmacological activity of phenylethanoid glycosides.

Phenylethanoid glycosides (PhGs) are compounds made of phenylethyl alcohol, caffeic acid and glycosyl moieties. The first published references about phenylethanoid glycosides concerned the isolation of echinacoside from Echinaceu ungustifolia (Asteraceae) in 1950 and verbascoside from Verbascum sinuatum (Scrophulariaceae) in 1963. Over the past 60 years, many compounds with these structural characteristics have been isolated from natural sources, and most of these compounds possess significant bioactivities, including antibacterial, antitumor, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, neuro-protective, antioxidant, hepatoprotective, and immunomodulatory activities, among others. In this review, we will summarize the phenylethanoid glycosides described in recent papers and list all the compounds that have been isolated over the past few decades. We will also attempt to present and assess recent studies about the separation, extraction, determination, and pharmacological activity of the excellent natural components, phenylethanoid glycosides.

Computer-assisted discovery of compounds with insecticidal activity against Musca domestica and Mythimna separata.

Pesticides are used to control and combat insects and pests in the agricultural sector, households, and public health programs. The frequent and disorderly use of these pesticides may lead to variety of undesired effects. Therefore, natural products have many advantages over to synthetic compounds to be used as insecticides. The goal of this study was to find natural products with insecticidal potential against Musca domestica and Mythimna separata. To achieve this goal, we developed predictive QSAR models using MuDRA, PLS, and RF approaches and performed virtual screening of 117 natural products. As a result of QSAR modeling, we formulated the recommendations regarding physico-chemical characteristics for promising compounds active against Musca domestica and Mythimna separata. Homology models were successfully built for both species and molecular docking of QSAR hits vs known insecticides allowed us to prioritize twenty-two compounds against Musca domestica and six against Mythimna separata. Our results suggest that pimarane diterpenes, abietanes diterpenes, dimeric diterpenes and scopadulane diterpenes obtained from aerial parts of species of the genus Calceolaria (Calceolariaceae: Scrophulariaceae) can be considered as potential insecticidal.

PTP1B-Inhibiting Branched-Chain Fatty Acid Dimers from Eremophila oppositifolia subsp. angustifolia Identified by High-Resolution PTP1B Inhibition Profiling and HPLC-PDA-HRMS-SPE-NMR Analysis.

Ten new branched-chain fatty acid (BCFA) dimers with a substituted cyclohexene structure, five new monomers, and two known monomers, (2E,4Z,6E)-5-(acetoxymethyl)tetradeca-2,4,6-trienoic acid and its 5-hydroxymethyl analogue, were identified in the leaf extract of Eremophila oppositifolia subsp. angustifolia using a combination of HPLC-PDA-HRMS-SPE-NMR analysis and semipreparative-scale HPLC. The dimers could be classified as three types of Diels-Alder reaction products formed between monomers at two different sites of unsaturation of the dienophile. Two of the monomers represent potential biosynthetic intermediates of branched-chain fatty acids. Several compounds were found by high-resolution bioactivity profiling to inhibit PTP1B and were purified subsequently by semipreparative-scale HPLC. The dimers were generally more potent than the monomers with IC50 values ranging from 2 to 66 µM, compared to 38-484 µM for the monomers. The ten fatty acid dimers represent both a novel class of compounds and a novel class of PTP1B inhibitors.

Furofuranone Lignans from Leucophyllum ambiguum.

Eight furofuranone lignans with an endo,endo relationship between the oxygen atoms, an exo,exo relationship between the aryl groups, and a chair,chair conformation (1-4 and 6-9), in addition to the α-amino acid (3S)-hydroxy-3',4'-dimethoxy-L-phenylalanine (5), veratric acid (10), and ß-sitosterol (11), were isolated from the powdered and defatted air-dried aerial parts of Leucophyllum ambiguum. Four of these lignans, ciquitins A-D, 1-4, were isolated for the first time as natural products. The structures of these compounds were established based on their spectrometric/spectroscopic data. Additionally, single-crystal X-ray crystallography confirmed the structure of ciquitin A (1), and derivatization with (9S)-naproxen and X-ray diffraction crystallography data established its absolute configuration. Ciquitins A (1) and B (2) possess a 9-hydroxy group; this chemical characteristic grants these species conformational isomerism not seen in the other six lignans. The conformers of 1 and 2 are distinguishable via their 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopic data. This is the first report of this phenomenon, and hence, a complete assignment of the signals in both spectra of each conformer for each compound is presented. Compounds 1-9 were found to exhibit potent inhibitory activity in the 1.0 × 10-3 to 2.2 µM range against acetylcholinesterase, an enzyme directly involved in the etiology of Alzheimer's disease and senile dementia. Thus, these natural products are promising agents that are potentially useful for the treatment of neurological degeneration.

Bioactive constituents of Lindernia crustacea and its anti-EBV effect via Rta expression inhibition in the viral lytic cycle.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Lindernia crustacea (L.) F.Muell. (Scrophulariaceae) was selected for phytochemical investigation owing to its traditional use against human herpes virus infection and its anti-Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) effect. AIMS OF THE STUDY: The present study focused on the phytochemical investigation of L. crustacea including the isolation and structure determination of its biologically active compounds. Compounds with anti-EBV effects were also investigated. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The EtOH extract of L. crustacea was subsequently partitioned using different solvents. The EtOAc fraction was subjected to several chromatographic methods to obtain pure compounds. The structures of all isolates were established by spectroscopic analysis and compared with previously reported physical data. The anti-EBV effect was evaluated in an EBV-containing Burkitt's lymphoma cell line (P3HR1) to study the expression of EBV lytic proteins. RESULTS: Thirty-three compounds, including one diterpene (1), four anthraquinones (2-5), two ionones (6 and 7), fourteen phenylpropanoid glycosides (8-21), five flavonoids (22-26), one lignan glycoside (27), one phenethyl alcohol glycoside (28), one phenylpropene glycoside (29), one glucosyl glycerol derivative (30), one furanone (31), and two cinnamic acid derivatives (32 and 33), were isolated from the ethanolic extract of the plant. All isolated compounds were obtained for the first time from Lindernia sp. The evaluation of the anti-EBV activity of L. crustacea crude extract, partitioned fractions, and constituents was performed for the first time. Phytol (1), aloe-emodin (2), byzantionoside B (7), a mixture of trans-martynoside (8) and cis-martynoside (9), a mixture of trans-isomartynoside (10) and cis-isomartynoside (11), luteolin-7-O-ß-D-glucopyranoside (24), and apigenin-7-O-[ß-D-apiofuranosyl (1→6)-ß-D-glucopyranoside] (25) exhibited significant inhibitory effects on the EBV lytic cycle at 20 µg/mL in the immunoblot analysis. On the other hand, (6R,7E,9R)-3-oxo-α-ionol-ß-D-glucopyranoside (6) and a mixture of trans-dolichandroside A (12) and cis-dolichandroside A (13) showed moderate anti-EBV activity at 20 µg/mL. CONCLUSIONS: L. crustacea and its active isolates could be developed as potential candidates against EBV. Our findings provide scientific evidence for the traditional use of L. crustacea for its antiviral effects.

2(5H)-Furanone sesquiterpenes from Eremophila bignoniiflora: High-resolution inhibition profiling and PTP1B inhibitory activity.

Eremophila bignoniiflora is a shrub distributed throughout inland northern and eastern Australia, and it has been used in several medicinal applications by some Australian Aboriginal people. In our continued search for anti-diabetic constituents from natural resources, the crude ethyl acetate extract of E. bignoniiflora was found to have protein-tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) inhibitory activity with an IC50 value of 23.9 ±â€¯1.9 µg/mL. High-resolution PTP1B inhibition profiling combined with HRMS and NMR were subsequently used to investigate the individual compounds responsible for the observed bioactivity of the crude extract. This led to identification of five undescribed 2(5H)-furanone sesquiterpenes, together with 13 flavonoids and phenolic compounds. Dose-response curves of the isolated compounds revealed that two 2(5H)-furanone sesquiterpene cinnamates and three flavonoids exhibited moderate PTP1B inhibitory activity with IC50 values from 41.4 ±â€¯1.4 to 154.5 ±â€¯8.9 µM.

Stemarane Diterpenes and Diterpenoids.

: In this article the scientific activity carried out on stemarane diterpenes and diterpenoids, isolated over the world from various natural sources, was reviewed. The structure elucidation of stemarane diterpenes and diterpenoids was reported, in addition to their biogenesis and biosynthesis. Stemarane diterpenes and diterpenoids biotransformations and biological activity was also taken into account. Finally the work leading to the synthesis and enantiosynthesis of stemarane diterpenes and diterpenoids was described.

Chemical constituents from the whole herb of Hemiphragma heterophyllum.

Phytochemical investigation on Hemiphragma heterophyllum led to the isolation of two new compounds, heterophyllumin A (1) and heterophylliol (3), along with nine known compounds, (‒)-sibiricumin A (2), iridolactone (4), jatamanin A (5), dihydrocatalpolgenin (6), 25-hydroperoxycycloart-23-en-3ß-ol (7), 24-methylenecycloartanol (8), (+)-pinoresinol (9), hexadec-(4Z)-enoic acid (10), and 9,12, 15-octadecatrienoic acid (11). Their structures were elucidated on the basis of detailed spectroscopic analyses and by comparison with literature data. Further, the structure of compound 3 was unambiguously confirmed by single-crystal X-ray analysis. Some of those compounds showed moderate activity in the α-glucosidase inhibition assay.

Iridoid glucosides in the genus Sutera (Scrophulariaceae) as chemotaxonomic markers in tribe Limoselleae.

From two species of Sutera (S. foetida and S. cordata) (Scrophulariaceae tribe Limoselleae) were isolated three known secoiridoid glucosides (12-14) as well as four iridoid congeners (8-11), all biosynthetically derived from iridodial glucoside (and/or deoxyloganic acid). In addition, two previously unknown compounds were found, namely a terpenoid glucoside lactone (suterolide, 21) and the phenylethanoid glycoside 2''''-O-acetyl-angoroside A (19) as well as verbascoside, echinacoside and tubuloside A(15-17, respectively). Two other species, Jamesbrittenia dissecta and Lyperia antirrhinoides, previously considered to belong to the same genus (Sutera) were shown to be members of two different genera, respectively. Significantly, these two species contained iridoids derived from 8-epi-iridodial (and 8-epideoxyloganic acid), namely aucubin (2), melittoside (3) and acetylharpagide (4). In addition we investigated Melanospermum transvaalense, Lyperia tristis and Microdon dubius likewise from Limoselleae and all of these contained iridoid glucosides from the 8-epi-pathway. Thus, secoiridoid distribution confirms the DNA-based circumscription of Sutera and its sister-group relationship with Manulea. In addition, the results show that the clade including these two genera has a biosynthetic pathway to iridoids fundamentally different from the rest of the tribe and from the whole family Scrophulariaceae.

Revision of the Phytochemistry of Eremophila sturtii and E. mitchellii.

Eremophila sturtii and E. mitchellii are found in the arid and temperate regions of Australia and, because of their similar appearances, are often confused. Previous phytochemical investigations have described mitchellene sesquiterpenes (1-5) reported from E. mitchellii but are here demonstrated to be from E. sturtii. A previous study that described serrulatic acids (16 and 17) from a species reported as E. sturtii actually used E. mitchellii. In addition, two new C-15 modified analogues, mitchellenes F (14) and G (15), were isolated from E. sturtii. The absolute configuration of 14 was determined with the first X-ray structure of a compound with the mitchellene skeleton.

Anti-inflammatory effect of stem bark of Paulownia tomentosa Steud. in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages and LPS-induced murine model of acute lung injury.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: The leaves, bark, and flowers of Paulownia tomentosa Steud. have been widely used as a traditional medicine in East Asia to treat inflammatory and infectious diseases. AIM OF THE STUDY: We investigated the protective effect of the methanol stem bark extract of P. tomentosa using an animal model of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced acute lung injury (ALI). MATERIALS AND METHODS: The UPLC Q-TOF-MS profiles for the methanol extract of P. tomentosa stem bark showed that verbascoside and isoverbascoside were the predominant compounds. Raw 264.7 cells were used for inhibitory effects of cytokine production in vitro. C57BL/6N mice were administered intranasally with LPS (10µg/per mouse) to induce ALI. H&E staining was used to evaluate histological changes in the lung. RESULTS: Treatment with P. tomentosa stem bark extract (PTBE) suppressed the production of IL-6 and TNF-α in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages, and the recruitment of neutrophils and macrophages in the BALF of mice with LPS-induced ALI. PTBE also decreased the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and pro-inflammatory cytokines in the BALF. PTBE reduced the levels of nitric oxide (NO) in the serum and of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in the lung of ALI mice. PTBE also attenuated the infiltration of inflammatory cells and the expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) in the lung. In addition, PTBE suppressed the activation of NF-κB and the reduced expression of superoxide dismutase 3 (SOD3) in the lung. CONCLUSION: The results suggest that PTBE has a protective effect on LPS-induced ALI.

Four New Acylated Iridoid Glycosides from the Aerial Part of Veronicastrum sibiricum and Their Antioxidant Response Element-Inducing Activity.

Four new (1 - 4) and one known (5) acylated iridoid glycosides were isolated from the aerial parts of Veronicastrum sibiricum (L.) Pennell. The chemical structures of the isolated compounds were determined to be 3″,4″-dicinnamoyl-6-O-rhamnopyranosyl-10-O-bergaptol-5,7-bisdeoxycynanchoside (1), 3″,4″-dicinnamoyl-6-O-rhamnopyranosylpaulownioside (2), 2″,4″-dicinnamoyl-6-O-rhamnopyranosylcatalpol (3), 3″,4″-dicinnamoyl-6-O-rhamnopyranosylaucubin (4), and 3″,4″-dicinnamoyl-6-O-rhamnopyranosylcatalpol (5) using spectroscopic techniques. Among these compounds, compound 5 increased antioxidant response element (ARE) luciferase activity.

Antibacterial compounds from the Australian native plant Eremophila glabra.

Recent reports of Eremophila glabra (R.Br.) Ostenf. (Scrophulariaceae) displaying antibacterial activity has led us to investigate the bioactive secondary metabolites responsible for this activity. Bioassay-directed fractionation of solvent extracts prepared from the leaves of E. glabra led to the isolation of seven serrulatane diterpenes, three flavonoids and the caffeoyl ester disaccharide verbascoside. Among these, four serrulatanes, namely 18-acetoxy-8, 20-dihydroxyserrulat-14-en-19-oic acid (14), 18,20-diacetoxy-8-hydroxyserrulat-14-en-19-oic acid (16), 8,18,20-triacetoxyserrulat-14-en-19-oic acid (17) and 18-acetoxy-8-hydroxyserrulat-14-en-19-oic acid (18) are described for the first time, while 8,20-diacetoxyserrulat-14-en-19-oic acid (3), 8,18,20-trihydroxyserrulat-14-en-19-oic acid (5) and 20-acetoxy-8-hydroxyserrulat-14-en-19-oic acid (19) were previously reported. All three flavonoids hispidulin (12), jaceosidin (13) and cirsimaritin (15) are known but reported for the first time in E. glabra. All compounds were tested in an agar diffusion antimicrobial assay against Staphylococcus aureus (NCTC 10442) and Staphylococcus epidermidis (ATCC 14990). Compounds 12, 13, 17, 18 and 19 exhibited moderate activity, with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) ranging from 32 to 512µg/mL. Compound 19 demonstrated the highest activity against S. epidermidis ATCC 14990 with MIC of 32µg/mL, while 13 demonstrated the highest activity against S. aureus NCTC 10442 with MIC of 128µg/mL.

The caffeoyl phenylethanoid glycosides from Lindernia ruellioides and their anti-HBV effects.

Five caffeoyl phenylethanoid glycosides, including two new ones linderruelliosides A (1) and B (2), were isolated from the leaves and stems of Lindernia ruellioides. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic methods, including extensive NMR and MS spectra. In addition, all these compounds were tested for their anti-HBV activity. Compounds 1, 3, and 4 showed anti-HBV activities, with IC50 values of 54.87, 30.74, and 69.02 µM for HBsAg and 26.70, 5.17, and 7.08 µM for HBeAg, respectively.