Review on Cassia alata Bioactive Compounds: In silico, in vitro, and in vivo Studies.

Cassia alata Linn is a popular herbal remedy in many countries, and its activities have been studied through many studies, starting from in silico, in vitro, and in vivo. This narrative review will focus more on secondary metabolites that are responsible for certain pharmacological activities that have undergone in vivo, in vitro, and in silico testing to determine the underlying mechanism. Twenty pharmacological activities have been identified, with the flavonoid group (emodin, kaempferol, quercetin) as the most prevalent secondary metabolite found in Cassia alata. There have been numerous studies looking at the role of flavonoids about specific diseases, and flavonoid testing is quite thorough because it covers three different study types. However, there has not been significant progress accomplished in terms of the evaluation of the dosage form so that test results for promising activities like antidiabetic, antifungal, and antiviral can be carried out into further research. Additionally, several disorders lack comprehensive investigation, particularly in silico studies, therefore further study is required to fill any gaps in the knowledge.

Study on Translational toxicology of Senna obtusifolia aqueous extract.

In recent years, the clinical adverse drug reactions (ADR) reports of Senna obtusifolia have been constantly emerging, especially hepatotoxicity. However, it is unclear whether the liver is the only or main toxic target organ. In this study, we conducted a repeated administration experiment with the Senna obtusifolia Aqueous Extract (SE) and PCA analysis was used to determine the primary toxic target organs. The results revealed that the liver was the main toxic target organ and we also verifid the hepatotoxicity in vitro. The mechanism of hepatotoxicity was predicted by network toxicology technology, which was verified by ELISA, qPCR, western blotting and other methods.The results showed that SE could increase the serum levels of TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1ß, the mRNA expression levels of ACT1, TRAF6, NF-κB P65 and the protein expression levels of TRAF6, NF-κB P65, P-P65 in rat livers and HepG2 cells, which indicated that SE induced hepatotoxicity might be related to inflammatory response.

Prevention of Chronic Diabetic Neuropathy and Diabetes-Associated Cognitive Impairment Using Medicinal Herbs (Cassia Angustifolia and Nigella Sativa).

Nodal regions, areas of intensive contact between Schwann cells and axons, may be exceptionally vulnerable to diabetes-induced changes because they are exposed to and impacted by the metabolic implications of diabetes. Insulin receptors, glucose transporters, Na+ and K+ channels, and mitochondria are abundant in nodes, all of which have been linked to the development and progression of Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy (DPN) and Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (T1DM)-associated cognitive impairment. Our study aimed to evaluate if the administration of Nigella sativa (NS) and Cassia angustifolia (CA) prevented diabetes-associated nervous system deficits in hyperglycemic mice. We developed T1DM mice through Streptozotocin (STZ) injections and validated the elevations in blood glucose levels. NS and CA were administered immediately upon the induction of diabetes. Behavioral analysis, histopathological evaluations, and assessment of molecular biomarkers (NR2A, MPZ, NfL) were performed to assess neuropathy and cognitive impairment. Improvements in memory, myelin loss, and the expression of synaptic proteins, even with the retention of hyperglycemia, were evident in the mice who were given a dose of herbal products upon the detection of hyperglycemia. NS was more beneficial in preventing memory impairments, demyelination, and synaptic dysfunction. The findings indicate that including these herbs in the diets of diabetic as well as pre-diabetic patients can reduce complications associated with T1DM, notably diabetic peripheral neuropathy and cognitive deficits associated with T1DM.

The invasive bumblebee Bombus terrestris (Linnaeus, 1758) disrupts the adaptive function of heteranthery by indiscriminately visiting the pollinating and feeding anthers of Senna arnottiana flowers.

Heteranthery, the presence of different types of anthers on the same flower, is a floral adaptation that aims to balance the need for pollinators to collect pollen as a food resource while ensuring sufficient pollen for pollination. We investigate the role of heteranthery in the pollination of Senna arnottiana flowers and how it is affected by the behaviour of visiting bee species, with a particular focus on the impact of the invasive bumblebee Bombus terrestris. In three populations of S. arnottiana we measured the size of three sets of anthers and style, stigma-anther separation, pollen quantity and fruit set, and contrasted it with the body size, behaviour, and pollination effectiveness of all floral visitors. Different bee species visited S. arnottiana flowers, and their foraging behaviour varied. Large-bodied native bees, including Centris cineraria, Caupolicana sp. and Cadeguala occidentalis, preferentially visited short anthers, whereas B. terrestris, an exotic bumblebee, foraged from both short and long anthers without distinction. In addition, B. terrestris contacted the stigma at a lower rate than large-bodied native bees. Instead of concentrating its pollen-gathering efforts on the feeding anthers, as predicted by the "division of labor" hypothesis, B. terrestris indiscriminately visited both types of anthers similarly. This behaviour of B. terrestris may disrupt the adaptive significance of heteranthery by mixing the roles of pollination and feeding anthers of S. arnottiana. Therefore, our results highlight the potential disruption of this relationship by exotic pollinators and the need to consider it in conservation efforts.

Analysis of cassine and spectaline in the Senna spectabilis ethanolic extracts by capillary zone electrophoresis with indirect UV detection.

INTRODUCTION: 2,6-Disubstituted piperidin-3-ols are an important group of piperidine alkaloids found in species such as Senna spectabilis, whose main constituents include cassine and spectaline, compounds with relevant pharmacological activity. The analysis of these compounds is challenging due to the complexity of plant extracts and the absence of chromophores capable of absorbing ultraviolet (UV) radiation. OBJECTIVE: This paper presents a new analytical method to separate and quantify the non-UV-absorbing alkaloids present in ethanol extracts from S. spectabilis flowers using capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) with indirect UV detection. METHODOLOGY: The optimized CZE method employs a background electrolyte containing 60 mM histidine (His), 15 mM α-cyclodextrin, 20% acetonitrile (ACN), and pH-adjusted to 4.7 with acetic acid (AcOH). RESULTS: The limit of detection (LOD) values was 10.2 and 13.9 mg L-1 for cassine and spectaline, respectively. For both analytes, the precision data were better than 2% of relative standard deviation (RSD) for migration times and peak areas. To evaluate the applicability of the developed method, ethanolic extracts from S. spectabilis flowers were prepared and analyzed. CONCLUSIONS: Thereby, the method proved to be efficient and complementary to conventional techniques, offering a cost-effective alternative in the quantification of the non-UV-absorbing piperidine alkaloids present in plant extracts.

Attractant and repellent properties of Senna didymobotrya plant extracts to Amblyomma variegatum and Rhipicephalus appendiculatus.

The growing challenge of acaricide resistance and geographical range expansion of invasive tick species demands other interventions, like plant-based alternatives, for sustainable tick control. Leaves, flowers, seedpods, and twig branch extracts of Senna didymobotrya were analyzed using coupled gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Response of adult Amblyomma variegatum and Rhipicephalus appendiculatus to extracts was evaluated. The most attractive plant extract was fractionated and ticks' responses to its fractions assessed. Potential tick attractants in the attractive plant part extract and its fractions were identified by GC-MS analysis. Non- significant qualitative and quantitative differences were observed in the plant parts' extract composition (R = 0.6178). Flower extracts attracted both species, with a 0.1-fold higher attraction in A. variegatum compared to the standard attraction aggregation attachment pheromone (AAAP). Leaf and seedpod extracts repelled ticks at various concentrations. Bioassays after fractionating flower extracts identified hexane and ethyl acetate fractions as most attractive to A. variegatum (P < 0.001) and R. appendiculatus (P < 0.001), respectively. Chemical analysis of the most attractive extracts and fractions identified compounds, including documented acarine attractants, squalene and linoleic acid. A squalene and linoleic acid blend (1:1) at 1 mg/mL significantly attracted adult A. variegatum (P < 0.01) and R. appendiculatus (P < 0.001). The results of this study broaden comprehension of how ticks respond to plants in nature, and showcase the promising potential for integrating these insights into effective tick management programs.

Cassia angustifolia and tacrolimus interaction in a liver transplant patient, a case report.

Cassia angustifolia is a species of plant from the Senna family that has traditionally been used as a laxative in different herbal products and commercial medicines. Even though there are few documented drug-plant interactions, the use of C. angustifolia with different drugs may have additive effects, such as with other laxatives or potassium-depleting diuretics. Its use also increases peristalsis which, may reduce drug absorption. The combination with digoxin has been associated with an increased risk of digoxin toxicity, probably due to an increase in plasma digoxin concentrations and hypokalaemia. We present a case with supratherapeutic trough concentration of tacrolimus, an immunosuppressive agent, and a herbal product in a liver transplant patient after concomitant intake of tacrolimus and a herbal product based on C. angustifolia, suggesting a possible drug-lant interaction through by P-glycoprotein. We observed an increase in the patient's blood concentration 2.8-fold and the area under the curve at steady state 2.1-fold. This interaction could be of clinical relevance, given the dose-dependent side effects of tacrolimus, such as nephrotoxicity, neurotoxicity, hypertension, hyperglycaemia, or electrolyte alterations.

Simultaneous high-performance liquid chromatography analysis of anthraquinones in sicklepod sprouts with α-glucosidase inhibitory activity.

INTRODUCTION: Sicklepod [Cassia obtusifolia L. syn Senna obtusifolia (L.) H.S. Irwin & Barneby, Fabaceae] sprouts are promising ingredients with health-promoting benefits. Notwithstanding, the pharmacologically active compounds in sicklepod sprouts have not been studied or analysed in detail. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to isolate and structurally identify phytochemicals showing α-glucosidase inhibitory activity in sicklepod sprouts and simultaneously quantify the compounds in the sprouts to determine the optimal cultivation method and germination time to maximise active compounds. METHOD: A simultaneous high-performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet (HPLC-UV) method with high sensitivity and accuracy was developed and used to analyse time-dependent changes in anthraquinone content during sicklepod germination. RESULTS: Thirteen anthraquinones were isolated and identified, of which six-chrysoobtusin, emodin, 1-O-methyl-2-methoxychrysophanol, 7-O-methylobtusin, chrysophanol, and physcion-showed moderate α-glucosidase inhibitory activity. The maximum content of anthraquinones in a sprout was observed on Day 5 under both light and dark conditions. CONCLUSION: The findings of this study revealed that sicklepod sprouts which are promising functional food materials contain a variety of anthraquinones.

Biosynthesis and assessment of antibacterial and antioxidant activities of silver nanoparticles utilizing Cassia occidentalis L. seed.

This research explores the eco-friendly synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using Cassia occidentalis L. seed extract. Various analytical techniques, including UV-visible spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), were employed for comprehensive characterization. The UV-visible spectra revealed a distinct peak at 425 nm, while the seed extract exhibited peaks at 220 and 248 nm, indicating the presence of polyphenols and phytochemicals. High-resolution TEM unveiled spherical and oval-shaped AgNPs with diameters ranging from 6.44 to 28.50 nm. The SEM exhibiting a spherical shape and a polydisperse nature, thus providing insights into the morphology of the AgNPs. EDX analysis confirmed the presence of silver atoms at 10.01% in the sample. XRD results unequivocally confirm the crystalline nature of the AgNPs suspension, thereby providing valuable insights into their structural characteristics and purity. The antioxidant properties of AgNPs, C. occidentalis seed extract, and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) were assessed, revealing IC50 values of 345, 500, and 434 µg/mL, respectively. Antibacterial evaluation against Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli demonstrated heightened sensitivity of bacteria to AgNPs compared to AgNO3. Standard antibiotics, tetracycline, and ciprofloxacin, acting as positive controls, exhibited substantial antibacterial efficacy. The green-synthesized AgNPs displayed potent antibacterial activity, suggesting their potential as a viable alternative to conventional antibiotics for combating pathogenic bacterial infections. Furthermore, potential biomedical applications of AgNPs were thoroughly discussed.

Photostability of sennosides and their aglycones in solution.

INTRODUCTION: Sennosides are the main active constituents of the dried leaves and/or pods of Senna alexandrina Mill. that are used as laxatives. A hypothesis is that aglycones are formed during the degradation of sennosides. However, it is unknown, whether this happens under visible light exposure and how photosensitive sennosides behave in solution. OBJECTIVES: Pure anthraquinone glycosides were tested on their behaviour during sample preparation in the lab under visible light exposure in dependence on the instability of the solvent. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Samples before and after exposure were analysed using UHPLC with UV/Vis and MS detection. RESULTS: Under visible light protection, the solutions were stable for 14 days at room temperature whereas a loss of 20%-60% was measured after 1 day of light exposure. The loss of sennosides due to degradation can be as fast as up to 2%-2.5% per hour, which might have a tremendous impact on phytochemical analysis results during the course of an analysis. The formation of aglycones was not observed in the degradation of sennosides and rhein-8-O-glucoside. CONCLUSION: Aglycones could not be found as a result of the forced degradation. The solutions of sennosides clearly need to be protected from light to obtain reliable analytical results, and light protection is a major point for the stability of liquid preparations.

Cassia Angustifolia Primed ASCs Accelerate Burn Wound Healing by Modulation of Inflammatory Response.

BACKGROUND: Thermal traumas impose a huge burden on healthcare systems. This merits the need for advanced but cost-effective remedies with clinical prospects. In this context, we prepared a regenerative 3D-construct comprising of Cassia angustifolia extract (SM) primed adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) laden amniotic membrane for faster burn wound repair. METHODS: ASCs were preconditioned with SM (30 µg/ml for 24 h), and subsequently exposed to in-vitro thermal injury (51 °C,10 min). In-vivo thermal injury was induced by placing pre-heated copper-disc (2 cm diameter) on dorsum of the Wistar rats. ASCs (2.0 × 105) pre-treated with SM (SM-ASCs), cultured on stromal side of amniotic membrane (AM) were transplanted in rat heat-injury model. Non-transplanted heat-injured rats and non-heat-injured rats were kept as controls. RESULTS: The significantly upregulated expression of IGF1, SDF1A, TGFß1, VEGF, GSS, GSR, IL4, BCL2 genes and downregulation of BAX, IL6, TNFα, and NFkB1 in SM-ASCs in in-vitro and in-vivo settings confirmed its potential in promoting cell-proliferation, migration, angiogenesis, antioxidant, cell-survival, anti-inflammatory, and wound healing activity. Moreover, SM-ASCs induced early wound closure, better architecture, normal epidermal thickness, orderly-arranged collagen fibers, and well-developed skin appendages in healed rat-skin transplanted with AM+SM-ASCs, additionally confirmed by increased expression of structural genes (Krt1, Krt8, Krt19, Desmin, Vimentin, α-Sma) in comparison to untreated-ASCs laden-AM transplanted in heat injured rats. CONCLUSION: SM priming effectively enabled ASCs to counter thermal injury by significantly enhancing cell survival and reducing inflammation upon transplantation. This study provides bases for development of effective combinational therapies (natural scaffold, medicine, and stem cells) with clinical prospects for treating burn wounds.

Large-scale computational screening of Indian medicinal plants reveals Cassia angustifolia to be a potentially anti-diabetic.

Researchers are investigating the medicinal properties of herbal plants throughout the world, which often leads to the discovery of novel plants and their chemicals for prophylactic needs of humans. Natural phytochemicals continue to be sought as alternative treatments for various diseases because of their non-toxic and therapeutic properties. In recent years, computational phytochemistry has enabled large-scale screening of phytochemicals, enabling researchers to pursue a wide range of therapeutic research alternatives to traditional ethnopharmacology. We propose to identify an anti-diabetic plant by computational screening on Indian herbal plants in conjunction with experimental characterization and biological validation. The methodology involves the creation of an in-house Indian herbal plant database. Molecular docking is used to screen against alpha amylase for anti-diabetic prophylaxis. Cassia angustifolia was chosen because its phytochemicals are able to bind to alpha amylase. Plants were experimentally extracted, botanically studied and their biological activity was evaluated. Further, the use of molecular dynamics was then applied to pinpoint the phytochemicals responsible for the affinity of alpha amylase. Results in the phytochemical analysis of the extracts revealed strong presence of alkaloids, flavonoids and cardiac glycosides. Moreover, alpha amylase biological activity with C. angustifolia extracts of chloroform, hexane and ethyl acetate demonstrated activity of 3.26, 8.01 and 30.33 µg/ml validating computational predictions. In conclusion, this study developed, validated computational predictions of identifying potential anti-diabetic plants 'Cassia angustifolia' from house herbal databases. Hope this study shall inspire explore plant therapeutic repurposing using computational methods of drug discovery.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.

In-house database phytochemicals preparation using Indian medicinal plants for repurposing plant therapeutics screening.Virtual screening of in-house database against alpha amylase for anti-diabetic therapeutics.The highest affinity plants Cassia angustifolia were identified, collected, processed four solvent extracts, along with qualitative and quantitative estimations.All plant extracts are subjected to botanical and biological experimental perspective.Advanced molecular dynamics simulations are used to understand the non-bonding interactions of phytochemicals with alpha amylase.

Antimalarial Efficacy and Safety of Senna occidentalis (L.) Link Root Extract in Plasmodium berghei-Infected BALB/c Mice.

Background: Emergence of Plasmodium resistance to antimalarial drugs presents a major drawback in efforts to control malaria. To address this problem, there is an urgent and continuous need for the development of new and effective antimalarial agents. Senna occidentalis (L.) link extract has exhibited in vitro antiplasmodial activity in many pharmacological studies. To our knowledge, data on its in vivo antimalarial efficacy is still very limited. A recent study demonstrated that polar extracts from the plant roots inhibit Plasmodium berghei proliferation in a mouse model. This study further describes the efficacy and safety of a methanolic root extract of the plant as an antimalarial agent by demonstrating its effect on hematological, biochemical, and histological parameters of Plasmodium berghei-infected BALB/c mice. Methods: Rane's test, a curative approach, was used to evaluate the antimalarial efficacy of Senna occidentalis methanolic root extract in Plasmodium berghei-infected BALB/c mice. The effect of the extract on both hematological and biochemical parameters was evaluated using automated analyzers. Kidney, liver, lung, spleen, and brain tissues were harvested from euthanized mice and examined for changes in organ architecture. Results: This study demonstrates that methanolic root extract of Senna occidentalis significantly inhibited Plasmodium berghei parasitemia in BALB/c mice (p < 0.01). Infected mice that were treated with the extract depicted a significantly low level of total leucocytes (p < 0.01), red blood cell distribution width (p < 0.01), and a significantly high hemoglobin concentration (p < 0.001) compared to the infected animals that were administered with the vehicle only. The infected animals that were treated with the extract exhibited a significantly low level of urea, creatinine, bilirubin, and alkaline phosphatase (p < 0.05), compared to the infected animals that were given the vehicle only. The level of sodium, potassium and chloride ions, lymphocytes, granulocytes, hematocrit (HCT), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, total protein, albumin, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), total platelets, mean platelet volume (MPV), and platelet distribution width of the infected animals treated with the extract was not significantly different from those of the infected animals that were given the vehicle only (p > 0.05). The extract alleviated organ pathological changes in the infected mice. The extract did not induce any remarkable adverse effect on the growth, hematological, and biochemical parameters of uninfected animals (p > 0.05). In addition, administration of the extract did not alter the gross appearance and histological architecture of the organs, implying that the extract was well tolerated in mice. Conclusions: Senna occidentalis methanolic root extract exhibited good antimalarial activity against Plasmodium berghei and may be safe in mice.

Phytochemical Investigation, In silico/In vivo Analgesic, and Anti-inflammatory Assessment of the Egyptian Cassia occidentalis L.

Cassia occidentalis L., from Fabaceae family phytochemical screening, revealed several biologically active principles mainly flavonoids and anthraquinones. GLC analysis of the lipoidal matter afforded 12 hydrocarbons: 9-dodecyl-tetradecahydro-anthracene (48.97 %), 9-dodecyl-tetradecahydro-phenanthrene (14.43 %), and 6 sterols/triterpenes: isojaspisterol (11.99%) and fatty acids were palmitic acid (50 %), and Linoleic acid (16.06%). Column chromatography led to the isolation of fifteen compounds (1-15), elucidated using spectroscopic evidence. First report of undecanoic acid (4) from the family Fabaceae, while p-dimethyl amino-benzaldehyde (15) was first time isolated from a natural origin. Eight compounds isolated for the first time from C. occidentalis L.; ß-amyrin (1), ß-sitosterol (2), stigmasterol (3), camphor (5), lupeol (6), chrysin (7), pectolinargenin (8), and 1, 2, 5-trihydroxy anthraquinone (14) besides five known compounds previously isolated; apigenin (9), kaempferol (10), chrysophanol (11), physcion (12), and aloe-emodin (13). In-vivo evaluation of anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects of C. occidentalis L. extracts where the n-butanol and total extracts showed the highest activities. The percentage of the inhibitory effect of the n-butanol extract was 29.7 at a dose of 400 mg/Kg. Furthermore, identified phytoconstituents were docked into the active sites of enzymes nAChRs, COX-1, and COX-2 to evaluate binding affinity. Phyto-compounds Physcion, aloe-emodin, and chrysophanol were found to have a good affinity for targeted receptors compared to co-crystalized inhibitors, validating the analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of the phytochemicals.

New Data on Anti-Inflammatory and Wound Healing Potential of Transgenic Senna obtusifolia Hairy Roots: In Vitro Studies.

Asthma is an inflammatory disease whose etiology remains unclear. Its characteristics encompass a wide range of clinical symptoms, inflammatory processes, and reactions to standard therapies. Plants produce a range of constitutive products and secondary metabolites that may have therapeutic abilities. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of Senna obtusifolia transgenic hairy root extracts on virus-induced airway remodeling conditions. Three cell lines were incubated with extracts from transformed (SOA4) and transgenic (SOPSS2, with overexpression of the gene encoding squalene synthase 1) hairy roots of Senna obtusifolia in cell lines undergoing human rhinovirus-16 (HRV-16) infection. The effects of the extracts on the inflammatory process were determined based on the expression of inflammatory cytokines (IL-8, TNF-α, IL-1α and IFN-γ) and total thiol content. The transgenic Senna obtusifolia root extract reduced virus-induced expression of TNF, IL-8 and IL-1 in WI-38 and NHBE cells. The SOPSS2 extract reduced IL-1 expression only in lung epithelial cells. Both tested extracts significantly increased the concentration of thiol groups in epithelial lung cells. In addition, the SOPPS2 hairy root extract yielded a positive result in the scratch test. SOA4 and SOPPS2 Senna obtusifolia hairy root extracts demonstrated anti-inflammatory effects or wound healing activity. The SOPSS2 extract had stronger biological properties, which may result from a higher content of bioactive secondary metabolites.

Senna occidentalis (L.) Link root extract inhibits Plasmodium growth in vitro and in mice.

BACKGROUND: Senna occidentalis (L.) Link has been used worldwide in traditional treatment of many diseases and conditions including snakebite. In Kenya, a decoction from the plant roots taken orally, is used as a cure for malaria. Several studies have demonstrated that extracts from the plant possess antiplasmodial activity, in vitro. However, the safety and curative potency of the plant root against established malaria infection is yet to be scientifically validated, in vivo. On the other hand, there are reports on variation in bioactivity of extracts obtained from this plant species, depending on the plant part used and place of origin among other factors. In this study, we demonstrated the antiplasmodial activity of Senna occidentalis roots extract in vitro, and in mice. METHODS: Methanol, ethyl acetate, chloroform, hexane and water extracts of S. occidentalis root were tested for in vitro antiplasmodial activity against Plasmodium falciparum, strain 3D7. Cytotoxicity of the most active solvent extracts was determined using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay and the curative potency in Plasmodium berghei infected mice evaluated by Rane's test. RESULTS: All of the solvent extracts tested in this study inhibited the propagation of P. falciparum, strain 3D7, in vitro, with polar extracts being more active than non-polar ones. Methanolic extracts had the highest activity (IC50 = 1.76) while hexane extract displayed the lowest activity (IC50 = 18.47). At the tested concentrations, methanolic and aqueous extracts exhibited high selectivity index against P. falciparum strain 3D7 (SI > 10) in the cytotoxicity assay. Further, the extracts significantly suppressed the propagation of P. berghei parasites (P < 0.05) in vivo and increased the survival time of the infected mice (P < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: Senna occidentalis (L.) Link root extract inhibits the propagation of malaria parasites in vitro and in BALB/c mice.

Cassiae Semen: A comprehensive review of botany, traditional use, phytochemistry, pharmacology, toxicity, and quality control.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Cassiae Semen, belonging to the family Leguminosae, is derived from the dry mature seeds of Cassia obtusifolia L. or Cassia tora L. and has long been used as a laxative, hepatoprotective, improve eyesight, and antidiabetic complications medicine or functional food in Asia. AIMS OF THE REVIEW: This review summarizes the integrated research progress of botany, traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology, toxicity, and quality control of Cassiae Semen. Additionally, the emerging challenges and possible developing directions are discussed as well. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The information on Cassiae Semen was collected from published scientific materials, including ancient books of traditional Chinese Medicine; Ph.D. and M. Sc. dissertations; monographs on medicinal plants; pharmacopoeia of various countries and electronic databases, such as PubMed, Web of Science, ACS, Science Direct, J-STAGE, Springer link, Taylor, CNKI and Google Scholar, etc. RESULTS: First, the traditional uses and plant origins of Cassiae Semen are outlined. Secondly, approximately 137 compounds, including anthraquinones, naphthopyranones, naphthalenes, flavones, polysaccharides and other compounds, have been isolated and identified from Cassia obtusifolia L. and Cassia tora L. Third, the pharmacological activities and mechanisms of crude extract of Cassiae Semen and its main bioactive compounds are summarized. Moreover, the processing, toxicity, and quality control are introduced briefly. CONCLUSIONS: Cassiae Semen is a frequently used Chinese Materia Medica with pharmacological effects that mainly affect the digestive system, cardiovascular systems and nervous system. This review summarized its botany, traditional uses, phytochemistry, and pharmacology, it also exhibited recent scientific research advances and gaps, which provide a deeper insight into the understanding and application of Cassiae Semen. In future research on Cassiae Semen, more attention should be given to the pharmacological activities of naphthopyranones and polysaccharides and the mechanism of action for improving eye diseases. Meanwhile, it is essential to focus on strengthening the study on the pharmacokinetics research and the safety evaluation of related health products research.

Isolation and biological evaluation of demethylcassiarin B from Senna siamea Lam.

In search of potential natural products for the amelioration of obesity, phytochemical investigation of leaves of Senna siamea Lam. was carried out. It led to the isolation of demethycassiarin B (1), 6,8-dihydroxy-3-methyl-1H isochromenone (2), and 6-hydroxymellein (3). The structures were elucidated by a detailed analysis of spectral data. Compound 1 was found to possess a similar structural skeleton as that of cassiarin B except for a methoxyl substitution. Detailed HPLC and HPTLC analysis of methanolic extract for the presence of compound 1 and cassiarin B were performed. Cassiarin B was not detected in extract. Compounds 2 and 3 have been reported for the first time from the genus Senna. The isolated compounds were evaluated for their antiadipogenic activity in murine 3T3L1 cells.

Determination of Total Sennosides and Sennosides A, B, and A1 in Senna Leaflets, Pods, and Tablets by Two-Dimensional qNMR.

In the present work, a two-dimensional qNMR method for the determination of sennosides was established. Using band-selective HSQC and the cross correlations of the characteristic 10-10' bonds, we quantified the total amount of the value-determining dianthranoids in five minutes, thus, rendering the method not only fast, but also specific and stability indicating. The validation of the method revealed excellent accuracy (recovery rates of 98.5 to 103%), precision (RSD values of 3.1%), and repeatability (2.2%) and demonstrated the potential of 2D qNMR in the quality control of medicinal plants. In a second method, the use of 2D qNMR for the single analysis of sennosides A, B, and A1 was evaluated with acceptable measurement times (31 min), accuracy (93.8%), and repeatability (5.4% and 5.6%) for the two major purgatives sennoside A and B. However, the precision for sennoside B and A1 was not satisfactory, mainly due to the low resolution of the HSQC signals of the two compounds.