A study of a provincial ear, nose and throat service in a British city prior to the National Health Service: Nottingham and South Nottinghamshire (1886-1947).

BACKGROUND: It was in twentieth-century Britain that the two distinct surgical disciplines, otology and laryngology, became united under the title oto-laryngology. Aural departments were established in general hospitals in the hands of specialists long before throat departments. The development and politics of the specialty occurred in London, while provincial services commenced in the early eighteenth century, with ophthalmologists, setting up a clinic or dispensary, progressing onto a hospital. METHODS: The following resources were used: the Nottinghamshire Archives; Manuscripts and Special Collections at the University of Nottingham Libraries and The Local Studies Library, Nottingham Central Library. RESULTS: The Nottingham and Nottinghamshire Hospital for Diseases of the Throat, Ear and Nose was established in 1886, staffed by part-time general practitioners. The Nottingham Children's Hospital appointed two qualified surgeons in the 1910s and subsequently the General Nottingham Hospital appointed them as honorary assistant surgeons. Both hospitals provided access to beds, not available to the Nottingham and Nottinghamshire Hospital for Diseases of the Throat, Ear and Nose. Following The Education Act of 1907, Nottingham created a School Health Services. By the 1920s, Nottingham had four institutions providing clinical and surgical ENT services. The National Hospitals Survey conducted in 1945 recommended that the Nottingham and Nottinghamshire Hospital for Diseases of the Throat, Ear and Nose be closed and amalgamated with The General Hospital Nottingham. CONCLUSION: The General Hospital Nottingham was slow to create a service for the diagnosis and treatment of ENT diseases and disorders, but established a Departmental Service by 1927. The surgical staffing was common to all four of the ENT services from mid-1930.

[The earthquake of 1746 and its impact on health in the city of Lima]. / El terremoto de 1746 y su impacto en la salud en la ciudad de Lima.

During the 18th century, the city of Lima was affected by a series of natural disasters and epidemics that depleted both the population and agricultural production. Next, we will analyze the case of the earth quake in Lima on October 28, 1746 and its impact on the city's health system, given the magnitude of the destruction of infrastructure and the high number of deaths it marked a milestone in Lima's society at the time.

Durante el siglo XVIII la ciudad de Lima fue afectada por una serie de desastres de origen natural y de epidemias que mermaron tanto la población como la producción agrícola. A continuación, analizaremos el caso del terremoto producido en Lima el 28 de octubre de 1746 y su impacto en el sistema de salud de la ciudad. Dada la magnitud de su destrucción en la infraestructura y el alto número de muertes, marcó un hito en la sociedad limeña de la época.

El terremoto de 1746 y su impacto en la salud en la ciudad de Lima / The earthquake of 1746 and its impact on health in the city of Lima

RESUMEN Durante el siglo XVIII la ciudad de Lima fue afectada por una serie de desastres de origen natural y de epidemias que mermaron tanto la población como la producción agrícola. A continuación, analizaremos el caso del terremoto producido en Lima el 28 de octubre de 1746 y su impacto en el sistema de salud de la ciudad. Dada la magnitud de su destrucción en la infraestructura y el alto número de muertes, marcó un hito en la sociedad limeña de la época.

ABSTRACT During the 18th century, the city of Lima was affected by a series of natural disasters and epidemics that depleted both the population and agricultural production. Next, we will analyze the case of the earth quake in Lima on October 28, 1746 and its impact on the city's health system, given the magnitude of the destruction of infrastructure and the high number of deaths it marked a milestone in Lima's society at the time.

Filantropia médica e assistência aos pobres: a trajetória da Policlínica de Botafogo (1900-1939) / Medical philanthropy and assistance to the poor: the trajectory of the Botafogo Polyclinic (1900-1939)

A presente pesquisa busca reconstituir a trajetória da Policlínica de Botafogo (PB), instituição de assistência fundada em 1900, pelo médico Luiz Pedro Barbosa (1870-1949), evidenciando: (1) o seu modelo de organização inspirada nos dispensários europeus e norte-americanos (2) o seu papel na prestação da assistência à saúde aos pobres urbanos e (3) seu funcionamento como espaço para o desenvolvimento do ensino médico. Desta forma, discutem-se ideias, debates, ações em torno da origem e desenvolvimento da PB, tendo em vista o modelo de policlínica implantada em 1882, a Policlínica Geral do Rio de Janeiro (PGRJ), considerada a primeira instituição de saúde a adotar o modelo dos dispensários implantada na cidade do Rio de Janeiro. Depois, faremos a comparação entre as características entre estas instituições, funcionamento dos serviços médicos e finalizaremos analisando como ocorreu e os mecanismos implicados no seufinanciamento. As fontes levantadas forneceram dados históricos e estatísticos sobre a sua organização, a forma de financiamento, o número de consultas e especialidades médicas, o corpo médico voluntário, dentre outros. Parte dessas fontes foram coletas na Hemeroteca Digital, formando um conjunto de notícias jornalísticas, retiradas dos seguintes jornais e periódicos médicos: A Noite, Annuario Fluminense, Correio da Manhã, Gazeta de Notícias, A Imprensa, A Notícia, Jornal do Brazil, O Fluminense, O Imparcial, O Jornal, O Paiz, Brasil Médico e União Médica. A seleção de matérias dos jornais e dos periódicos médicos obedeceu ao recorte temporal de 1882 a 1935. Outro conjunto de fontes foi formado por trabalhos publicados por Luiz Pedro Barbosa: relatórios, artigos, discursos, pronunciamentos, inaugurações e aulas, entre 1900 a 1939.Com efeito, o estudo da implantação do modelo europeu de dispensário no Rio de Janeiro por meio da PGRJ e sua difusão através da criação e desenvolvimento da PB não apenas trouxeram à luz questões relacionadas com o desenvolvimento da assistência à saúde em meio a transformações sociais, políticas, econômicas e culturais entre o final do século XIX e o início do século XX no Brasil, mas também possibilitou a contribuição ao conhecimento para a historiografia das ciências e da saúde do país.(AU)

[From the history of organization of medical care to population in cities of the north-eastern Caucasus in XIX--early XX centuries].

The article deals with becoming of urban health care in the region of the north-eastern Caucasus in XIX--early XX centuries. The characteristics and stages of development of medical care in cities appeared grew from military fortifications and fortresses in the meddle of XIX century are established. The first curative institutions in cities were military hospitals and infirmaries. Later on appeared clinics of philanthropic societies and even later on hospitals functioning on municipality funds and private curative establishments.

Early neonatal special care units and their scientific achievements.

Treatment of sick neonates originated in maternity and foundling hospitals in the 19th century. Nosocomial infections and difficult logistics of wet-nursing prevented admission of neonates in most children's hospitals well into the 20th century. In this article, 31 hospitals are described, all located in large cities, in which preterm and sick neonates were treated before the Great Depression. Even though mostly initiated by private charity, these institutions performed research right from the start. Topics included warming and feeding preterm infants, collecting and distributing human milk, developing and storing breast milk substitutes, prevention of rickets and nosocomial infections, maternal and public education regarding infection control, pathoanatomic characterisation of diseases and malformations and epidemiologic studies of infant mortality. These pioneering hospitals, their founding dates, researchers and classic publications are presented in a table.

Poverty, philanthropy, and professionalism. The establishment of a district nursing service in Wellington, New Zealand, 1903.

The establishment in 1903 of a professional district nursing service in Wellington, New Zealand's capital city, was a philanthropic response to the need for skilled care for the sickpoor in their own homes, as hospital and charitable aid boards believed chronic patients drained their resources. This paper argues that it was the timely combination of the individual philanthropy of Sarah Ann Rhodes, the organisational philanthropy of the St John Ambulance Association and the new professional standing and availability of registered nurses such as Annie Holgate that ensured its successful foundation. It also argues that district nursing services blurred spatial, social, and public-private boundaries in new ways. Finally, it considers the district nurse's role as the philanthropist 's proxy, the means for realising the philanthropist's desire to help the sick poor.

Patients of the state: an ethnographic account of poor people's waiting.

Drawing on six months of ethnographic fieldwork in the main welfare office of the city of Buenos Aires, this article dissects poor people's lived experiences of waiting. The article examines the welfare office as a site of intense sociability amidst pervasive uncertainty. Poor people's waiting experiences persuade the destitute of the need to be patient, thus conveying the implicit state request to be compliant clients. An analysis of the sociocultural dynamics of waiting helps us understand how (and why) welfare clients become not citizens but patients of the state.

Life and death in Philadelphia's black belt: a tale of an urban tuberculosis campaign, 1900-1930.

The poor health status of black Americans was a widely recognized fact during the first third of the twentieth century. Excess mortality in black communities was frequently linked to the infectious disease tuberculosis, which was particularly menacing in densely populated urban settings. As health authorities in large cities struggled to keep pace with the needs of citizens, private charities worked to launch community-oriented attacks against the deadly disease. In 1914 a novel experiment to address excess mortality among blacks was launched in Philadelphia. The success of the health promotion campaign initiated by the Henry Phipps Institute and the Whittier Centre, two private charitable associations, has been attributed primarily to the presence of black clinicians, in particular public health nurse Elizabeth Tyler. This study suggests that community health efforts also rest on partnerships between like-minded organizations and coalition building.

Addressing disparities in access to care: lessons from the Kercheval Street clinic in the 1960s.

Health disparities for racial and ethnic minorities have been present in the United States and persist today. NMHCs (Nurse-Managed Health Center), which can serve as "Medical Homes," are one mechanism by which nurses can attempt to overcome these disparities within communities. In the mid-1960s, Nancy Milio developed and found funding for a NMHC to address disparities in Detroit, Michigan. History shows that the center was so valued by community members that it remained untouched during the Detroit riot of 1967, despite all buildings surrounding it having been burned down or destroyed. This article uses traditional historic methods to describe the establishment of the center in inner-city Detroit in the 1960s in historical context and analyze factors that led to Milio's success. To address disparities via NMHCs, nurses must be persistent in acquiring funding and should involve a racially and culturally diverse group representative of community members in the development, planning, and ongoing operation of the enterprise.

Breve historia del Hospital de Caridad Santa Isabel de Cárdenas / Brief history of the Charity Hospital Santa Isabel of Cardenas

En el presente trabajo hacemos una breve referencia sobre la historia del Hospital de Caridad Santa Isabel , en la Ciudad de Cárdenas, que fue una de las primeras instituciones públicas en brindar atención médica gratuita a los pobladores de la ciudad y extender sus servicios en la primera década del siglo XX a los poblados de Hato Nuevo, Recreo y Cimarrones, actualmente Martí, Máximo Gómez y Carlos Rojas. El estado ruinoso de la instalación y la construcción de un nuevo hospital son factores que hacen posible su desaparición a casi cien años de su fundación. La información del Dr Antonio María Béguez César y la foto del hospital forman parte del programa ramal Santiago de Cuba-Matanzas y fueron suministradas por la Lic María Antonia Peña Sánchez del Centro de Información de Ciencias Médicas de Santiago de Cuba, institución ejecutora principal del proyecto titulado: estrategia para incrementar la visibilidad del descubrimiento científico del pediatra Dr Antonio Béguez César.

In this work we make a short review on the history of the Charity Hospital Santa Isabel, in the municipality of Cardenas, the unique hospitalary institution giving health service to an extended territory covering not only Cardenas, but also Hato Nuevo, Recreo and Cimarrones, currently Martí, Máximo Gómez, and Carlos Rojas, during the first decade of the XX century. This hospital disappeared in the 50 th. Nowadays, the Red Square of Cardenas arises on its place.

Tower of power: the Drummond Medical Building and the interwar centralization of medical practice.

This paper focuses on Montreal's Drummond Medical Building (1929), designed by the well-known architectural firm of Nobbs & Hyde, as a case study of the new typology that emerged in urban Canada in the 1920s: a modern, purpose-built high-rise for healthcare professionals, with elevators, telephones, indoor parking, and retail shops, located in an upscale commercial district. What role did medical high-rises play in the practice of modern medicine? We speculate that these clinics marked the end of the house-office era across Canada, centralizing the practice of healthcare professionals. This CIHR-funded project illustrates complex social and physical networks among architects and doctors, drawing attention to the importance of studying architecture as a technology in the history of modern medicine.

"Monthly" nurses, "sick" nurses, and midwives in 19th-century Toronto, 1830-1891.

In the decades before formal training, nursing in English Canada was carried out by untrained women and a few men, of varying skill and respectability. Little is known of their lives. Using Toronto as a case study, this paper explores the development of nursing in the 19th-century city as a trade for working-class women. As Toronto grew and industrialized, opportunity grew for working-class women to nurse for pay. This paper considers the range of expertise and respectability of nurses working in city homes and hospitals, explores the fluid nature of nursing roles, and the changing definition of "nurse" over time.