RESUMO
OBJECTIVE: Interleukin-17A (IL-17A) signals through the IL-17 receptor (IL-17R) A/C heterodimer. IL-17RA serves as a common receptor subunit for several IL-17 cytokine family members. Lack of IL-17RA signaling may therefore have additional effects beyond those of lack of IL-17A alone. The present study was undertaken to determine the role of IL-17RA signaling in autoimmune arthritis. METHODS: Disease incidence and severity were scored in type II collagen-treated wild-type, IL-17RA-deficient, and IL-23p19-deficient mice. T helper cell profiles and humoral immune responses were analyzed at several time points. Pathogenicity of T cells and total splenocytes was determined by in vitro functional assay. IL-17RA signaling was blocked in vivo in mice with antigen-induced arthritis (AIA). RESULTS: Comparable to the findings in IL-23p19-deficient mice, IL-17RA-deficient mice were completely protected against the development of collagen-induced arthritis (CIA). However, IL-17RA-deficient mice exhibited an increased number of IL-4-producing CD4+ T cells, distinct from IL-17A+CD4+ T cells. This was associated with fewer plasma cells, lower production of pathogenic IgG2c antibody, and increased production of IgG1 antibody. Both isolated CD4+ T cells and total splenocytes from IL-17RA-deficient mice had a reduced ability to induce IL-6 production by synovial fibroblasts in the setting of CIA, in a functional in vitro assay. Furthermore, blocking of IL-17RA signaling in AIA reduced synovial inflammation. CONCLUSION: These results demonstrate that absence of IL-17RA leads to a Th2-like phenotype characterized by IL-4 production and suggest that IL-17RA signaling plays a critical role in the regulation of IL-4 in CIA and the development of autoimmune inflammation of the joint.
Assuntos
Artrite Experimental/patologia , Doenças Autoimunes/prevenção & controle , Inflamação/prevenção & controle , Articulações/patologia , Fenótipo , Receptores de Interleucina-17/deficiência , Transdução de Sinais/fisiologia , Células Th2/patologia , Animais , Artrite Experimental/fisiopatologia , Doenças Autoimunes/fisiopatologia , Linfócitos T CD4-Positivos/metabolismo , Linfócitos T CD4-Positivos/patologia , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Inflamação/fisiopatologia , Interleucina-17/metabolismo , Subunidade p19 da Interleucina-23/deficiência , Subunidade p19 da Interleucina-23/genética , Subunidade p19 da Interleucina-23/fisiologia , Interleucina-4/metabolismo , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Camundongos Knockout , Plasmócitos/patologia , Receptores de Interleucina-17/genética , Receptores de Interleucina-17/fisiologia , Índice de Gravidade de DoençaRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory skin disorder determined by the activation of several immune cells and resident tissue cells. Various cytokines mediate inflammatory signals, including IL-23, which is an important factor involved in the differentiation of T helper (Th17) cells. AREAS COVERED: Increasing evidence suggests that IL-23 is a central cytokine to the pathogenesis of psoriasis. An overview on both experimental and human data will be reported in order to support the hypothesis of a key pathogenic role of IL-23/Th17 axis. EXPERT OPINION: Targeting IL-23 might be a more selective, valid and effective therapeutic approach, which, potentially, may show important advantages in terms of long-term efficacy and safety in the treatment of psoriasis.
Assuntos
Anticorpos Monoclonais/uso terapêutico , Interleucina-23/fisiologia , Terapia de Alvo Molecular , Psoríase/fisiopatologia , Animais , Células Apresentadoras de Antígenos/metabolismo , Infecções Bacterianas/imunologia , Diferenciação Celular , Ensaios Clínicos como Assunto , Citocinas/fisiologia , Avaliação Pré-Clínica de Medicamentos , Predisposição Genética para Doença , Humanos , Subunidade p40 da Interleucina-12/antagonistas & inibidores , Subunidade p40 da Interleucina-12/genética , Interleucina-23/antagonistas & inibidores , Interleucina-23/genética , Subunidade p19 da Interleucina-23/antagonistas & inibidores , Subunidade p19 da Interleucina-23/genética , Subunidade p19 da Interleucina-23/fisiologia , Queratinócitos/metabolismo , Camundongos , Camundongos Knockout , Psoríase/genética , Psoríase/imunologia , Receptores de Interleucina/antagonistas & inibidores , Receptores de Interleucina/fisiologia , Transdução de Sinais , Subpopulações de Linfócitos T/imunologia , Células Th17/imunologiaRESUMO
Disturbance of T-cell homeostasis could lead to intestinal inflammation. Naive CD4 T cells undergoing spontaneous proliferation, a robust proliferative response that occurs under severe lymphopenic conditions, differentiate into effector cells producing Th1- and/or Th17-type cytokines and induce a chronic inflammation in the intestine that resembles human inflammatory bowel disease. In this study, we investigated the key properties of CD4 T cells necessary to induce experimental colitis. α4ß7 upregulation was primarily induced by mesenteric lymph node (mLN) resident CD11b(+) dendritic cell subsets via transforming growth factor beta (TGFß)/retinoic acid-dependent mechanism. Interestingly, α4ß7 expression was essential but not sufficient to induce inflammation. In addition to gut-homing specificity, expression of gut Ag specificity was also crucial. T-cell acquisition of the specificity was dramatically enhanced by the presence of γδ T cells, a population previously shown to exacerbate T-cell-mediated colitis. Importantly, interleukin (IL)-23-mediated γδ T cell stimulation was necessary to enhance colitogenicity but not gut antigen reactivity of proliferating CD4 T cells. These findings demonstrate that T-cell colitogenicity is achieved through multiple processes, offering a therapeutic rationale by intervening these pathways.
Assuntos
Linfócitos T CD4-Positivos/imunologia , Colite/imunologia , Trato Gastrointestinal/imunologia , Integrinas/metabolismo , Receptores de Antígenos de Linfócitos T gama-delta/metabolismo , Células Th17/imunologia , Animais , Antineoplásicos/farmacologia , Linfócitos T CD4-Positivos/citologia , Linfócitos T CD4-Positivos/metabolismo , Colite/metabolismo , Colite/patologia , Células Dendríticas/citologia , Células Dendríticas/imunologia , Células Dendríticas/metabolismo , Trato Gastrointestinal/metabolismo , Trato Gastrointestinal/patologia , Genes Codificadores da Cadeia beta de Receptores de Linfócitos T/fisiologia , Proteínas de Homeodomínio/fisiologia , Humanos , Inflamação/imunologia , Inflamação/metabolismo , Inflamação/patologia , Interleucina-16/fisiologia , Subunidade p19 da Interleucina-23/fisiologia , Linfonodos/imunologia , Linfonodos/metabolismo , Linfonodos/patologia , Veias Mesentéricas/imunologia , Veias Mesentéricas/metabolismo , Veias Mesentéricas/patologia , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Camundongos Knockout , RNA Mensageiro/genética , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase em Tempo Real , Receptores de Antígenos de Linfócitos T gama-delta/genética , Receptores de Antígenos de Linfócitos T gama-delta/imunologia , Linfócitos T Reguladores/imunologia , Linfócitos T Reguladores/metabolismo , Linfócitos T Reguladores/patologia , Células Th17/citologia , Células Th17/metabolismo , Fator de Crescimento Transformador beta/genética , Fator de Crescimento Transformador beta/metabolismo , Tretinoína/farmacologiaRESUMO
T helper (Th) 17 cells are a kind of Th cell subset, and are distinct from the Th1 and Th2 cells and produce interleukin-17A (IL-17A, IL-17). Th17 cells have a mechanism of independent differentiation and developmental regulation. The differentiation and cytokine secretion of Th17 cells are regulated by TGF-ß, IL-6, IL-23 and orphan nuclear receptor (RORγt). IL-17A induces pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, mediating neutrophil recruitment. Increasing evidence implicated involvement of Th17 cells in anti-glomerular basement membrane disease, lupus nephritis and pauciimmune glomerulonephritis. In this review, we discussed the discovery of Th17 subset, its properties, its relationship with other Th subsets and involvement of Th17 cells in glomerulonephritis.
Assuntos
Glomerulonefrite/imunologia , Interleucina-17/metabolismo , Células Th17/imunologia , Animais , Humanos , Interleucina-17/fisiologia , Subunidade p19 da Interleucina-23/fisiologia , Interleucina-6/fisiologia , Membro 3 do Grupo F da Subfamília 1 de Receptores Nucleares/fisiologia , Células Th17/metabolismo , Fator de Crescimento Transformador beta/fisiologiaRESUMO
Choroidal neovascularization (CNV) is a characteristic of age-related macular degeneration. Genome-wide association studies have provided evidence that the immune system is involved in the pathogenesis of age-related macular degeneration; however, the role of inflammatory cytokines in CNV has not been established. In this study, we demonstrated that IL-17 had a strong potential for promoting neovascularization in a vascular endothelial growth factor-independent manner in laser-induced experimental CNV in mice. Infiltrated γδT cells and Thy-1(+) innate lymphoid cells, but not Th17 cells, were the main sources of IL-17 in injured eyes. IL-23 was dispensable for IL-17 induction in the eye. Instead, we found that IL-1ß and high-mobility group box 1 strongly promoted IL-17 expression by γδT cells. Suppression of IL-1ß and high-mobility group box 1, as well as depletion of γδT cells, reduced IL-17 levels and ameliorated experimental CNV. Our findings suggest the existence of a novel inflammatory cytokine network that promotes neovascularization in the eye.
Assuntos
Neovascularização de Coroide/imunologia , Interleucina-17/biossíntese , Subunidade p19 da Interleucina-23/fisiologia , Linfócitos/imunologia , Animais , Neovascularização de Coroide/genética , Neovascularização de Coroide/patologia , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Imunidade Inata/genética , Interleucina-17/antagonistas & inibidores , Interleucina-17/fisiologia , Subunidade p19 da Interleucina-23/deficiência , Subunidade p19 da Interleucina-23/genética , Lasers/efeitos adversos , Linfócitos/metabolismo , Linfócitos/patologia , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Camundongos Knockout , RNA Mensageiro/biossíntese , RNA Mensageiro/genética , Receptores de Antígenos de Linfócitos T gama-delta/biossíntese , Receptores de Antígenos de Linfócitos T gama-delta/genética , Fator A de Crescimento do Endotélio Vascular/genéticaRESUMO
We reported previously that the production of IL-23 is impaired in DCs from mice that lack expression of the chemokines CCL19 and CCL21, which share the receptor CCR7, suggesting that these chemokines are required for IL-23 expression. However, the molecular mechanism of CCR7-mediated IL-23 production in DCs is unknown. We found that CCL19 and CCL21 stimulated DCs through CCR7 and induced transcription of IL-23p19 mRNA and IL-23 production in splenic and BMDC. Stimulation of DCs with CCR7 ligands induced phosphorylation of MAPK family members and of Akt, but only a specific PI3K inhibitor, LY294002, not inhibitors of ERK, JNK, or p38, decreased IL-23p19 transcription and IL-23 production. In DCs stimulated with CCL19 or CCL21, I κ B α was degraded, and NF-κ B was translocated into the nucleus. Prevention of NF-κ B activation blocked chemokine-mediated IL-23p19 transcription. A PI3K inhibitor abolished NF-κ B activation and IL-23 production. Based on these findings, we concluded that PI3K and NF-κ B signaling pathways play a critical role in CCR7-mediated IL-23 production in murine DCs. As IL-23 contributes to Th17 cell generation, and Th17 cells are pathogenic in autoimmune diseases, precise elucidation of these mechanisms would contribute to the development of strategies to control autoimmune diseases.
Assuntos
Células Dendríticas/metabolismo , Subunidade p19 da Interleucina-23/biossíntese , NF-kappa B/fisiologia , Fosfatidilinositol 3-Quinases/fisiologia , Receptores CCR7/fisiologia , Transdução de Sinais/imunologia , Animais , Células Cultivadas , Células Dendríticas/imunologia , Feminino , Subunidade p19 da Interleucina-23/genética , Subunidade p19 da Interleucina-23/fisiologia , Ligantes , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Camundongos Mutantes , RNA Mensageiro/biossíntese , RNA Mensageiro/genética , Receptores CCR7/genética , Transdução de Sinais/genética , Regulação para CimaRESUMO
TLRs are a family of receptors that mediate immune system pathogen recognition. In the respiratory system, TLR activation has both beneficial and deleterious effects in asthma. For example, clinical data indicate that TLR6 activation exerts protective effects in asthma. Here, we explored the mechanism or mechanisms through which TLR6 mediates this effect using mouse models of Aspergillus fumigatus-induced and house dust mite antigen-induced (HDM antigen-induced) chronic asthma. Tlr6-/- mice with fungal- or HDM antigen-induced asthma exhibited substantially increased airway hyperresponsiveness, inflammation, and remodeling compared with WT asthmatic groups. Surprisingly, whole-lung levels of IL-23 and IL-17 were markedly lower in Tlr6-/- versus WT asthmatic mice. Tlr6-/- DCs generated less IL-23 upon activation with lipopolysaccharide, zymosan, or curdlan. Impaired IL-23 generation in Tlr6-/- mice also corresponded with lower levels of expression of the pathogen-recognition receptor dectin-1 and expansion of Th17 cells both in vivo and in vitro. Exogenous IL-23 treatment of asthmatic Tlr6-/- mice restored IL-17A production and substantially reduced airway hyperresponsiveness, inflammation, and lung fungal burden compared with that in untreated asthmatic Tlr6-/- mice. Together, our data demonstrate that TLR6 activation is critical for IL-23 production and Th17 responses, which both regulate the allergic inflammatory response in chronic fungal-induced asthma. Thus, therapeutics targeting TLR6 activity might prove efficacious in the treatment of clinical asthma.
Assuntos
Asma/imunologia , Interleucina-17/fisiologia , Subunidade p19 da Interleucina-23/fisiologia , Receptor 6 Toll-Like/fisiologia , Resistência das Vias Respiratórias/imunologia , Animais , Aspergillus fumigatus/patogenicidade , Asma/etiologia , Asma/patologia , Asma/prevenção & controle , Células Dendríticas/imunologia , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Feminino , Humanos , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Camundongos Knockout , Modelos Imunológicos , Pyroglyphidae/patogenicidade , Receptores de Reconhecimento de Padrão/fisiologia , Receptor 6 Toll-Like/deficiência , Receptor 6 Toll-Like/genéticaRESUMO
The role of IL-23 in the development of arthritis and bone metabolism was studied using systemic IL-23 exposure in adult mice via hydrodynamic delivery of IL-23 minicircle DNA in vivo and in mice genetically deficient in IL-23. Systemic IL-23 exposure induced chronic arthritis, severe bone loss, and myelopoiesis in the bone marrow and spleen, which resulted in increased osteoclast differentiation and systemic bone loss. The effect of IL-23 was partly dependent on CD4(+) T cells, IL-17A, and TNF, but could not be reproduced by overexpression of IL-17A in vivo. A key role in the IL-23-induced arthritis was made by the expansion and activity of myeloid cells. Bone marrow macrophages derived from IL-23p19(-/-) mice showed a slower maturation into osteoclasts with reduced tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase-positive cells and dentine resorption capacity in in vitro osteoclastogenesis assays. This correlated with fewer multinucleated osteoclast-like cells and more trabecular bone volume and number in 26-wk-old male IL-23p19(-/-) mice compared with control animals. Collectively, our data suggest that systemic IL-23 exposure induces the expansion of a myeloid lineage osteoclast precursor, and targeting IL-23 pathway may combat inflammation-driven bone destruction as observed in rheumatoid arthritis and other autoimmune arthritides.
Assuntos
Artrite Experimental/imunologia , Artrite Experimental/patologia , Reabsorção Óssea/imunologia , Diferenciação Celular/imunologia , Subunidade p19 da Interleucina-23/fisiologia , Osteoclastos/imunologia , Osteoclastos/patologia , Animais , Artrite Experimental/genética , Reabsorção Óssea/genética , Reabsorção Óssea/patologia , Células CHO , Diferenciação Celular/genética , Doença Crônica , Cricetinae , Cricetulus , DNA de Cinetoplasto/biossíntese , DNA de Cinetoplasto/genética , Células HEK293 , Humanos , Subunidade p19 da Interleucina-23/deficiência , Subunidade p19 da Interleucina-23/isolamento & purificação , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos da Linhagem 129 , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Camundongos Knockout , Camundongos Transgênicos , Índice de Gravidade de Doença , Baço/imunologia , Baço/metabolismo , Baço/patologiaRESUMO
IL-23 regulation is a central event in the pathogenesis of the inflammatory bowel diseases. We demonstrate that IFN-gamma has anti-inflammatory properties in the initiation phase of IL-23-mediated experimental colitis. IFN-gamma attenuates LPS-mediated IL-23 expression in murine macrophages. Mechanistically, IFN-gamma inhibits Il23a promoter activation through altering NF-kappaB binding and histone modification. Moreover, intestinal inflammation is inhibited by IFN-gamma signaling through attenuation of Il23a gene expression. In germ-free wild-type mice colonized with enteric microbiota, inhibition of colonic Il23a temporally correlates with induction of IFN-gamma. IFN-gammaR1/IL-10 double-deficient mice demonstrate markedly increased colonic inflammation and IL23a expression compared with those of IL-10(-/-) mice. Colonic CD11b(+) cells are the primary source of IL-23 and a target for IFN-gamma. This study describes an important anti-inflammatory role for IFN-gamma through inhibition of IL-23. Converging genetic and functional findings suggest that IL-23 and IFN-gamma are important pathogenic molecules in human inflammatory bowel disease.
Assuntos
Colite/imunologia , Regulação para Baixo/imunologia , Interferon gama/fisiologia , Subunidade p19 da Interleucina-23/antagonistas & inibidores , Macrófagos/imunologia , Macrófagos/metabolismo , Animais , Células da Medula Óssea/imunologia , Células da Medula Óssea/metabolismo , Colite/metabolismo , Colite/patologia , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Regulação da Expressão Gênica/imunologia , Mediadores da Inflamação/antagonistas & inibidores , Mediadores da Inflamação/fisiologia , Subunidade p19 da Interleucina-23/biossíntese , Subunidade p19 da Interleucina-23/fisiologia , Lipopolissacarídeos/farmacologia , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Camundongos Knockout , Regiões Promotoras Genéticas/imunologiaRESUMO
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a potent natural adjuvant, commonly used to amplify Th1 responses. Here, we report that systemic immunization using LPS generates large numbers of specific Th17 cells in murine small intestinal lamina propria. The priming of these Th17 cells required IL-23p19 production by bone marrow-derived cells. In contrast, IL-23 had no impact on Th1 differentiation or overall numbers of Ag-specific regulatory T cells. Experiments using T-cell adoptive transfers revealed a previously unappreciated mechanism for how Th17 responses are amplified in vivo: stimulation through LPS expanded precommitted Th17 cells rather than causing Th17 differentiation. Second, LPS drove Th17 cell expansion independently of IL-23, demonstrating that this cytokine is not necessary for expansion and possibly functions at an earlier stage in Th17 priming. Our data provide an impetus for using LPS-based peripheral vaccination to augment specific T-cell-mediated immunity in the gut mucosa.
Assuntos
Interleucina-17/fisiologia , Mucosa Intestinal/imunologia , Lipopolissacarídeos/farmacologia , Linfócitos T Auxiliares-Indutores/imunologia , Transferência Adotiva , Animais , Movimento Celular , Enterotoxinas/imunologia , Imunização , Subunidade p19 da Interleucina-23/fisiologia , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Especificidade de Órgãos , Superantígenos/imunologiaRESUMO
IL-23 plays an important role in autoimmune tissue inflammation and induces the generation of not fully characterized effector cells that mediate protection against pathogens. In this paper, we established the essential role of IL-23R in the host response against intracellular pathogens. IL-23 was critical for the expansion or maintenance of gammadelta and double negative (DN) alphabeta T cells. These cells were rapidly recruited to the site of infection and produced large amounts of IL-17, IFN-gamma, and TNF-alpha. Notably, DN T cells transferred into L. monocytogenes-infected RAG2(-/-) mice prevented bacterial growth, confirming their protective role against intracellular pathogens. Our results show that IL-23 regulates the function of IL-17-producing gammadelta and DN T cells, two essential components of the early protective immune response directed against intracellular pathogens.
Assuntos
Interleucina-17/biossíntese , Subunidade p19 da Interleucina-23/fisiologia , Listeriose/imunologia , Receptores de Interleucina/fisiologia , Subpopulações de Linfócitos T/imunologia , Subpopulações de Linfócitos T/microbiologia , Animais , Antígenos CD4/metabolismo , Antígenos CD8/metabolismo , Movimento Celular/imunologia , Células Cultivadas , Técnicas de Cocultura , Imunofenotipagem , Interferon gama/biossíntese , Interleucina-17/genética , Listeriose/genética , Listeriose/patologia , Camundongos , Camundongos Knockout , Camundongos Nus , Camundongos Transgênicos , Peritônio/citologia , Peritônio/imunologia , Peritônio/metabolismo , Receptores de Antígenos de Linfócitos T alfa-beta , Receptores de Antígenos de Linfócitos T gama-delta/biossíntese , Receptores de Interleucina/deficiência , Receptores de Interleucina/genética , Subpopulações de Linfócitos T/metabolismo , Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa/biossínteseRESUMO
Listeria monocytogenes (LM) is a Gram-positive, intracellular bacterium that can induce spontaneous abortion, septicemia, and meningitis. Although it is known that neutrophils are required for elimination of the bacteria and for survival of the host, the mechanisms governing the recruitment of neutrophils to LM-infected tissues are not fully understood. We demonstrate here that IL-23 and the IL-17 receptor A (IL-17RA), which mediates both IL-17A and IL-17F signaling, are necessary for resistance against systemic LM infection. LM-infected IL-23p19 knockout (KO) mice have decreased production of IL-17A and IL-17F, while IFN-gamma production is not altered by the lack of IL-23. LM induces the production of IL-17A from gammadelta T cells, but not CD4, CD8, or NK cells. Furthermore, a lack of efficient neutrophil recruitment to the liver is evident in both IL-23p19 KO and IL-17RA KO mice during LM infection. Immunocytochemical analysis of infected livers revealed that neutrophils were able to localize with LM in IL-23p19 KO and IL-17RA KO mice, indicating that IL-23 and IL-17RA do not regulate the precise localization of neutrophils with LM. The importance of IL-23-induced IL-17A was demonstrated by injecting IL-23p19 KO mice with recombinant IL-17A. These mice had reduced LM bacterial burdens compared with IL-23p19 KO mice that did not receive IL-17A. These results indicate that during LM infection, IL-23 regulates the production of IL-17A and IL-17F from gammadelta T cells, resulting in optimal liver neutrophil recruitment and enhanced bacterial clearance.
Assuntos
Interleucina-23/fisiologia , Listeriose/imunologia , Listeriose/prevenção & controle , Animais , Interleucina-17/deficiência , Interleucina-17/genética , Interleucina-17/fisiologia , Interleucina-23/genética , Subunidade p19 da Interleucina-23/deficiência , Subunidade p19 da Interleucina-23/genética , Subunidade p19 da Interleucina-23/fisiologia , Listeria monocytogenes/imunologia , Listeriose/microbiologia , Fígado/imunologia , Fígado/microbiologia , Fígado/patologia , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Camundongos Knockout , Infiltração de Neutrófilos/genética , Infiltração de Neutrófilos/imunologia , Receptores de Antígenos de Linfócitos T gama-delta/biossíntese , Receptores de Interleucina-17/deficiência , Receptores de Interleucina-17/genética , Receptores de Interleucina-17/fisiologia , Transdução de Sinais/genética , Transdução de Sinais/imunologia , Subpopulações de Linfócitos T/imunologia , Subpopulações de Linfócitos T/metabolismoRESUMO
CCL19 and CCL21 are thought to be critical for experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) induction, but their precise role is unknown. We examined the role of these chemokines in inducing EAE. C57BL/6 mice lacking expression of these chemokines (plt/plt mice) or their receptor CCR7 were resistant to EAE induced with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein peptide 35-55 (MOG(35-55)) and pertussis toxin. However, passive transfer of pathogenic T cells from wild-type mice induced EAE in plt/plt mice, suggesting a defect independent of the role of CCR7 ligands in the migration of immune cells. Examination of draining lymph node (DLN) cells from MOG(35-55)-immunized plt/plt mice found decreased IL-23 and IL-12 production by plt/plt dendritic cells (DCs) and a concomitant defect in Th17 cell and Th1 cell generation. In contrast, production of the Th17 lineage commitment factors IL-6 and TGF-beta were unaffected by loss of CCR7 ligands. The adoptive transfer of in vitro-generated Th17 cells from DLN cells of MOG(35-55)-immunized plt/plt mice developed EAE in wild-type recipient mice, whereas that of Th1 cells did not. Pathogenic Th17 cell generation was restored in plt/plt DLNs with the addition of exogenous IL-23 or CCL19/CCL21 and could be reversed by inclusion of anti-IL-23 mAb in cultures. Exogenous CCL19/CCL21 induced IL-23p19 expression and IL-23 production by plt/plt or wild-type DCs. Therefore, CCR7 ligands have a novel function in stimulating DCs to produce IL-23 and are important in the IL-23-dependent generation of pathogenic Th17 cells in EAE induction.
Assuntos
Quimiocina CCL19/metabolismo , Quimiocina CCL21/metabolismo , Encefalomielite Autoimune Experimental/imunologia , Interleucina-17/fisiologia , Subunidade p19 da Interleucina-23/fisiologia , Receptores CCR7/metabolismo , Linfócitos T Auxiliares-Indutores/imunologia , Linfócitos T Auxiliares-Indutores/metabolismo , Animais , Quimiocina CCL19/deficiência , Quimiocina CCL19/fisiologia , Quimiocina CCL21/deficiência , Quimiocina CCL21/fisiologia , Células Dendríticas/imunologia , Células Dendríticas/metabolismo , Encefalomielite Autoimune Experimental/genética , Encefalomielite Autoimune Experimental/metabolismo , Interleucina-17/biossíntese , Interleucina-17/deficiência , Subunidade p19 da Interleucina-23/biossíntese , Ligantes , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Camundongos Knockout , Receptores CCR7/deficiência , Receptores CCR7/genética , Linfócitos T Auxiliares-Indutores/transplanteRESUMO
In infection with the trematode helminth Schistosoma mansoni, the severity of CD4 T cell-mediated hepatic granulomatous and fibrosing inflammation against parasite eggs varies considerably in humans and among mouse strains. In mice, either the natural high pathology, or high pathology induced by concomitant immunization with schistosome egg Ags (SEA) in CFA (SEA/CFA), results from a failure to contain a net proinflammatory cytokine environment. We previously demonstrated that the induction of severe immunopathology was dependent on the IL-12/IL-23 common p40 subunit, and correlated with an increase in IL-17, thus implying IL-23 in the pathogenesis. We now show that mice lacking the IL-23-specific subunit p19 are impaired in developing severe immunopathology following immunization with SEA/CFA, which is associated with a marked drop of IL-17 in the granulomas, but not in the draining mesenteric lymph nodes, and with a markedly suppressed SEA-specific IFN-gamma response regulated by a striking increase in IL-10. The granulomas are characterized by a significant reduction in Gr-1(+) cell recruitment and by alternative macrophage activation. Taken together, these results demonstrate that IL-23 per se is not necessary for the generation of IL-17-producing T cells, but is essential for the development of severe schistosome egg-induced immunopathology, and its absence cannot be overcome with other possible compensatory mechanisms.
Assuntos
Interleucina-17/biossíntese , Interleucina-17/genética , Subunidade p19 da Interleucina-23/fisiologia , Óvulo/imunologia , Schistosoma mansoni/imunologia , Esquistossomose mansoni/imunologia , Esquistossomose mansoni/patologia , Animais , Antígenos de Helmintos/administração & dosagem , Antígenos de Helmintos/imunologia , Células Cultivadas , Regulação da Expressão Gênica/imunologia , Interleucina-17/antagonistas & inibidores , Subunidade p19 da Interleucina-23/deficiência , Subunidade p19 da Interleucina-23/genética , Hepatopatias Parasitárias/imunologia , Hepatopatias Parasitárias/metabolismo , Hepatopatias Parasitárias/patologia , Linfonodos/imunologia , Linfonodos/parasitologia , Linfonodos/patologia , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Camundongos Knockout , Esquistossomose mansoni/genética , Esquistossomose mansoni/mortalidade , Índice de Gravidade de Doença , Subpopulações de Linfócitos T/imunologia , Subpopulações de Linfócitos T/parasitologia , Subpopulações de Linfócitos T/patologiaRESUMO
Interleukin-23 (IL-23), a member of the IL-12 family, is a heterodimeric cytokine that is composed of the p40 subunit of IL-12 plus a unique p19 subunit. IL-23 is critical for autoimmune inflammation, in part due to its stimulation of the proinflammatory cytokine IL-17A. It is less clear, however, if IL-23 is required during the immune response to pathogens. We examined the role of IL-23 during Mycobacterium bovis BCG infection. We found that IL-23 reduces the bacterial burden and promotes granuloma formation when IL-12 is absent. However, IL-23 does not contribute substantially to host resistance when IL-12 is present, as the ability to control bacterial growth and form granulomata is not affected in IL-23p19-deficient mice and mice treated with a specific anti-IL-23p19 antibody. IL-23p19-deficient mice are also able to mount an effective memory response to secondary infection with BCG. While IL-23p19-deficient mice do not produce IL-17A, this cytokine is not necessary for effective control of infection, and antibody blocking of IL-17A in both wild-type and IL-12-deficient mice also has little effect on the bacterial burden. These data suggest that IL-23 by itself does not play an essential role in the protective immune response to BCG infection; however, the presence of IL-23 can partially compensate for the absence of IL-12. Furthermore, neutralization of IL-23 or IL-17A does not increase susceptibility to mycobacterial BCG infection.