RESUMO
Significant postharvest losses and food safety issues persist in many developing nations, primarily due to fungal activities, including mycotoxin production. In this study, green synthesised zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) were prepared from leaf extracts of Syzygium cordatum (ZnO 1), Lippia javanica (ZnO 2), Bidens pilosa (ZnO 3), and Ximenia caffra (ZnO 4). Physicochemical characteristics of the ZnO-NPs were determined using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transmission Infrared spectroscopy and ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The XRD analysis confirmed the presence of a wurtzite crystal structure in the hexagonal shape of the ZnO nanoparticles (NPs), with an average size ranging between 25 and 43 nm. The microscopic examination of the morphology revealed the presence of spherical particles with sizes ranging from 37 to 47 nm in diameter. The antifungal efficacy of the ZnO-NPs was assessed against pathogenic plant fungi, including Botrytis sp. (STEU 7866), Penicillium sp. (STEU 7865), and Pilidiella granati (STEU 7864), using the poisoned food technique. Further antifungal evaluation of the ZnOPs was performed using the broth microdilution assay. A significant interaction between the type of ZnO-NPs and fungal species was observed, with the highest susceptibility in Mucor sp. to ZnO 2, achieving over 50% inhibition. Penicillium sp. also showed high susceptibility to all ZnO-NPs. Molecular docking results confirmed the strong H-bonding interactions of ZnO-NPs with fungal receptors in Mucor sp. and Penicillium sp., Botrytis sp. and P. granati exhibited the least susceptibility. Further tests revealed that ZnO 2 exhibited the highest inhibitory effect on Botrytis sp., with a low minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 25 µg/mL, attributed to its larger positive zeta potential. This study indicates that ZnO NPs, particularly those mediated using Lippia javanica (ZnO 2), have promising potential as effective antifungal agents, which could play a significant role in reducing postharvest decay and losses.
Assuntos
Antifúngicos , Simulação de Acoplamento Molecular , Extratos Vegetais , Plantas Medicinais , Óxido de Zinco , Óxido de Zinco/química , Óxido de Zinco/farmacologia , Extratos Vegetais/química , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Antifúngicos/farmacologia , Antifúngicos/química , Plantas Medicinais/química , Nanopartículas Metálicas/química , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Folhas de Planta/química , Fungos/efeitos dos fármacos , Difração de Raios X , Syzygium/química , Lippia/químicaRESUMO
Four new compounds, racemic chalcone-monoterpene hybrids (1-3) and a chalcone (9), along with nine known compounds (4-8, 10-13), have been isolated from the buds of Cleistocalyx operculatus. The chemical structures of the isolated compounds were identified through NMR data analysis and confirmed by computational methods, including electronic circular dichroism (ECD) calculations, and further synthetic approaches. Compounds 1-5 were synthesized via a Diels-Alder reaction, a process informed by biomimetic condensation studies that combined chalcones and monoterpenes. These synthetic approaches also yielded various unnatural chalcone-monoterpene derivatives (14-23). The inhibitory effects on protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) of both naturally isolated and synthetically obtained compounds were evaluated. Compounds 4, 9, 13, and 16b exhibited potent PTP1B inhibitory activity, with IC50 values ranging from 0.9 ± 0.2 to 3.9 ± 0.7 µM. The enantiomers (+)-4 and (-)-16b showed enhanced activity compared to their respective enantiomers. Kinetic studies indicate that all active compounds inhibit PTP1B through mixed mechanisms, and molecular docking simulations agree with the experimental assays on PTP1B. Our results suggest that chalcone-meroterpene adducts from the buds of C. operculatus exhibit potential as antidiabetic agents, partly due to their PTP1B enzyme inhibition.
Assuntos
Monoterpenos , Proteína Tirosina Fosfatase não Receptora Tipo 1 , Proteína Tirosina Fosfatase não Receptora Tipo 1/antagonistas & inibidores , Estrutura Molecular , Monoterpenos/farmacologia , Monoterpenos/química , Monoterpenos/isolamento & purificação , Chalconas/farmacologia , Chalconas/química , Chalconas/isolamento & purificação , Chalcona/farmacologia , Chalcona/química , Inibidores Enzimáticos/farmacologia , Inibidores Enzimáticos/química , Humanos , Syzygium/químicaRESUMO
The study focused on Syzygium cumini Leaf Extract (SCLE) loaded into Carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) film via Solution casting. Phytochemical screening revealed carbohydrates, and HPLC analysis identified quercetin, known for promoting wound healing. FT-IR spectroscopy confirmed various functional groups. X-Ray diffraction (XRD) determined the crystallite size to be 14.58 nm. Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM) showed the dispersion of extracts, and Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis detailed the weight percentages of components. Antibacterial activity tests revealed zones of inhibition for S. aureus (15 mm) and E. coli (11 mm). The film exhibited 63.11 % antioxidant activity at 517 nm with DPPH at a 750 µl sample concentration. Drug release kinetics were also studied. In-vitro wound healing using the L929 cell line showed 83 % healing at a 100 µl concentration. Over 14 days, the treatment group's wounds healed completely within 7 days, unlike the control groups which showed no recovery after 14 days. These findings indicate that the SCLE-CMC film is highly effective in promoting wound healing.
Assuntos
Antibacterianos , Antioxidantes , Carboximetilcelulose Sódica , Extratos Vegetais , Folhas de Planta , Syzygium , Cicatrização , Cicatrização/efeitos dos fármacos , Syzygium/química , Carboximetilcelulose Sódica/química , Carboximetilcelulose Sódica/farmacologia , Animais , Folhas de Planta/química , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Extratos Vegetais/química , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Antibacterianos/química , Camundongos , Antioxidantes/farmacologia , Antioxidantes/química , Linhagem Celular , Escherichia coli/efeitos dos fármacos , Ratos , Liberação Controlada de Fármacos , Staphylococcus aureus/efeitos dos fármacos , MasculinoRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: This study investigated the anti-cryptococcal potential of certain essential oils (EOs)/compounds alone and in combination with fluconazole. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We investigated the antifungal activity of oils of Cinnamomum verum, Cymbopogon citratus, Cymbopogon martini, and Syzygium aromaticum, and their major active ingredients cinnamaldehyde, citral, eugenol, and geraniol against clinical and standard strains of Cryptococcus neoformans (CN). Disc diffusion, broth microdilution, checkerboard methods, and transmission electron microscopy were employed to determine growth inhibition, synergistic interaction, and mechanism of action of test compounds. RESULTS: EOs/compounds showed pronounced antifungal efficacy against azole-resistant CN in the order of cinnamaldehyde > eugenol > S. aromaticum > C. verum > citral > C. citratus > geraniol ≥ C. martini, each exhibiting zone of inhibition >15 mm. These oils/compounds were highly cidal compared to fluconazole. Eugenol and cinnamaldehyde showed the strongest synergy with fluconazole against CN by lowering their MICs up to 32-fold. Transmission electron microscopy indicated damage of the fungal cell wall, cell membrane, and other endomembranous organelles. CONCLUSION: Test oils and their active compounds exhibited potential anti-cryptococcus activity against the azole-resistant strains of CN. Moreover, eugenol and cinnamaldehyde significantly potentiated the anti-cryptococcal activity of fluconazole. It is suggested that multiple sites of action from oils/compounds could turn static fluconazole into a cidal drug combination in combating cryptococcosis.
RésuméObjectifs: Cette étude a étudié le potentiel anti-cryptocoque de certaines huiles essentielles (HE)/composés seuls et en combinaison avec fluconazole. Matériels et méthodes: Nous avons étudié l'activité antifongique des huiles de Cinnamomum verum, Cymbopogon citratus, Cymbopogon martini et Syzygium spiceum , et leurs principaux ingrédients actifs, le cinnamaldéhyde, le citral, l'eugénol et le géraniol, contre les normes cliniques et standards. souches de Cryptococcus neoformans (CN). Diffusion sur disque, microdilution en bouillon, méthodes en damier et microscopie électronique à transmission ont été utilisés pour déterminer l'inhibition de la croissance, l'interaction synergique et le mécanisme d'action des composés testés. Résultats: HE/composés a montré une efficacité antifongique prononcée contre les CN résistantes aux azoles dans l'ordre suivant: cinnamaldéhyde > eugénol > S. spiceum > C. verum > citral > C. citratus > géraniol ≥ C. martini , chacun présentant une zone d'inhibition > 15 mm. Ces huiles/composés étaient hautement cides par rapport au fluconazole. L'eugénol et le cinnamaldéhyde ont montré la synergie la plus forte avec le fluconazole contre le CN en abaissant leurs CMI jusqu'à 32 fois. La microscopie électronique à transmission a indiqué des dommages à la paroi cellulaire fongique, à la membrane cellulaire et à d'autres organites endomembranaires. Conclusion: Les huiles testées et leurs composés actifs ont montré une activité anti-cryptocoque potentielle contre les souches de CN résistantes aux azoles. De plus, l'eugénol et le cinnamaldéhyde ont significativement potentialisé l'activité anticryptococcique du fluconazole. Il est suggéré que plusieurs Les sites d'action des huiles/composés pourraient transformer le fluconazole statique en une combinaison médicamenteuse cide pour lutter contre la cryptococcose.
Assuntos
Acroleína , Antifúngicos , Cryptococcus neoformans , Cymbopogon , Farmacorresistência Fúngica , Sinergismo Farmacológico , Eugenol , Fluconazol , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Óleos Voláteis , Cryptococcus neoformans/efeitos dos fármacos , Cryptococcus neoformans/ultraestrutura , Fluconazol/farmacologia , Antifúngicos/farmacologia , Óleos Voláteis/farmacologia , Cymbopogon/química , Farmacorresistência Fúngica/efeitos dos fármacos , Acroleína/análogos & derivados , Acroleína/farmacologia , Eugenol/farmacologia , Humanos , Monoterpenos Acíclicos/farmacologia , Syzygium/química , Cinnamomum zeylanicum/química , Terpenos/farmacologia , Monoterpenos/farmacologia , Microscopia Eletrônica de Transmissão , Óleos de Plantas/farmacologia , Criptococose/tratamento farmacológico , Criptococose/microbiologiaRESUMO
Syzygium polyanthum is known for its capacity to regulate blood glucose levels in individuals with diabetes, while Muntingia calabura leaves have a traditional history as an alternative therapy due to their antidiabetic compounds. The combination of these two plants is expected to yield more optimized antidiabetic agents. This study aims to assess the antidiabetic activity of the combined ethanolic extract of S. polyanthum and M. calabura leaves by measuring the in vitro inhibition of the α-glucosidase enzyme and the blood glucose level in streptozotocin-induced rats and to determine the phytochemical contents of total phenolics, total flavonoids, and quercetine as marker compounds. Acute oral toxicity test was also evaluated. Both plants were extracted by maceration using 96% ethanol. Various combinations of S. polyanthum and M. calabura leaves extracts (1 : 1, 2 : 1, 3 : 1, 1 : 3, and 1 : 2) were prepared. The in vitro test, along with the total phenolic and total flavonoid content, were measured by using UV-Vis spectrophotometry, while quercetine levels were quantified through high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The in vivo and acute toxicity tests were performed on rats as an animal model. The findings demonstrated that the 1 : 1 combination of S. polyanthum and M. calabura leaves ethanolic extract displayed the highest enzyme inhibitory activity with IC50 value of 36.43 µg/mL. Moreover, the combination index (CI) was found <1 that indicates the synergism effect. This combination also decreases the blood glucose level in rats after 28 days of treatments without significant difference with positive control glibenclamide (p > 0.005), and it had medium lethal doses (LD50) higher than 2000 mg/kg BW. Phytochemical analysis showed that the levels of total phenolics, total flavonoids, and quercetine were 30.81% w/w, 1.37% w/w, and 3.25 mg/g, respectively. These findings suggest the potential of combined ethanolic extracts of S. polyanthum and M. calabura leaves (1 : 1) as raw materials for herbal antidiabetic medication.
Assuntos
Diabetes Mellitus Experimental , Etanol , Hipoglicemiantes , Compostos Fitoquímicos , Extratos Vegetais , Folhas de Planta , Syzygium , Animais , Extratos Vegetais/química , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Extratos Vegetais/toxicidade , Hipoglicemiantes/química , Hipoglicemiantes/farmacologia , Hipoglicemiantes/toxicidade , Folhas de Planta/química , Ratos , Syzygium/química , Compostos Fitoquímicos/química , Compostos Fitoquímicos/análise , Compostos Fitoquímicos/toxicidade , Etanol/química , Diabetes Mellitus Experimental/tratamento farmacológico , Masculino , Glicemia/efeitos dos fármacos , Flavonoides/análise , Testes de Toxicidade Aguda , Ratos WistarRESUMO
Echinochloa crus-galli is a serious weed species in rice paddies. To obtain a new potential bioherbicide, we evaluated the inhibitory activities of 13 essential oils and their active substances against E. crus-galli. Essential oil from Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. & L. M. Perry (SAEO) exhibited the highest herbicidal activity (EC50 = 3.87 mg mL-1) among the 13 essential oils evaluated. The SAEO was isolated at six different temperatures by vacuum fractional distillation, including 164°C, 165°C (SAEO-165), 169°C, 170°C 175°C and 180°C. The SAEO-165 had the highest inhibitory rate against E. crus-galli. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and high phase liquid chromatography identified eugenol (EC50 = 4.07 mg mL-1), α-caryophyllene (EC50 = 17.34 mg mL-1) and ß-caryophyllene (EC50 = 96.66 mg mL-1) as the three compounds in SAEO. Results from a safety bioassay showed that the tolerance of rice seedling (~ 20% inhibition) was higher than that of E. crus-galli (~ 70% inhibition) under SAEO stress. SAEO induced excessive generation of reactive oxygen species leading to oxidative stress and ultimately tissue damage in E. crus-galli. Our results indicate that SAEO has a potential for development into a new selective bio-herbicide. They also provide an example of a sustainable management strategy for E. crus-galli in rice paddies.
Assuntos
Echinochloa , Herbicidas , Óleos Voláteis , Syzygium , Óleos Voláteis/farmacologia , Óleos Voláteis/química , Echinochloa/efeitos dos fármacos , Syzygium/química , Herbicidas/farmacologia , Herbicidas/química , Cromatografia Gasosa-Espectrometria de MassasRESUMO
Syzigium aromaticum essential oil (EO), eugenol, and ß-caryophyllene were evaluated regarding antifungal, antibiofilm, and in vitro toxicity. Additionally, in vivo toxicity of EO was observed. Anti-Candida activity was assessed through broth microdilution assay for all compounds. Time-kill assay (0, 1, 10, 30 min, 1, 2, and 4 h) was used to determine the influence of EO and eugenol on Candida Growth kinetics. Thereafter, both compounds were evaluated regarding their capacity to act on a biofilm formation and on mature biofilm, based on CFU/ml/g of dry weight. Cell Titer Blue Viability Assay was used for in vitro cytotoxicity, using oral epithelial cells (TR146) and human monocytes (THP-1). Lastly, Galleria mellonella model defined the EO in vivo acute toxicity. All compounds, except ß-cariofilene (MIC > 8000 µg/ml), presented antifungal activity against Candida strains (MIC 500-1000 µg/ml). The growth kinetics of Candida was affected by the EO (5xMIC 30 min onward; 10xMIC 10 min onward) and eugenol (5xMIC 10 min onward; 10xMIC 1 min onward). Fungal viability was also affected by 5xMIC and 10xMIC of both compounds during biofilm formation and upon mature biofilms. LD50 was defined for TR146 and THP1 cells at, respectively, 59.37 and 79.54 µg/ml for the EO and 55.35 and 84.16 µg/ml for eugenol. No sign of toxicity was seen in vivo up to 10mg/ml (20 x MIC) for the EO. S. aromaticum and eugenol presented antifungal and antibiofilm activity, with action on cell growth kinetics. In vivo acute toxicity showed a safe parameter for the EO up to 10 mg/ml.
Assuntos
Antifúngicos , Biofilmes , Candida , Eugenol , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Óleos Voláteis , Syzygium , Óleos Voláteis/farmacologia , Óleos Voláteis/toxicidade , Humanos , Biofilmes/efeitos dos fármacos , Biofilmes/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Candida/efeitos dos fármacos , Candida/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Syzygium/química , Antifúngicos/farmacologia , Antifúngicos/toxicidade , Animais , Eugenol/farmacologia , Eugenol/toxicidade , Linhagem CelularRESUMO
Clove essential oil (CEO) exhibited potent antibacterial efficacy and are obtained from Eugenia caryophyllata tree flower buds. Herein, CEO nanoemulsions were prepared using various concentrations of casein protein treated with ultrasound for different time interval. The study demonstrated that CEO nanoemulsions with 5% casein protein subjected to ultrasound for 10 min displayed the most minimal particle size. The pullulansodium alginate film incorporated with nanoemulsions treated with ultrasound exhibited enhanced physico-mechanical characteristics. Based on the structural analysis, the application of ultrasonic treatment improved intermolecular compatibility and organized molecular structure by strengthening hydrogen bonds. Furthermore, the composite film displayed remarkable efficacy against E. coli and S. aureus as well as longer retention of essential oils. The use of the developed films to protect cherry fruits and mushrooms produced promising results, emphasizing their potential in food packaging applications.
Assuntos
Alginatos , Óleo de Cravo , Emulsões , Embalagem de Alimentos , Conservação de Alimentos , Glucanos , Óleos Voláteis , Syzygium , Glucanos/química , Glucanos/farmacologia , Alginatos/química , Alginatos/farmacologia , Óleo de Cravo/química , Óleo de Cravo/farmacologia , Emulsões/química , Óleos Voláteis/química , Óleos Voláteis/farmacologia , Embalagem de Alimentos/instrumentação , Conservação de Alimentos/métodos , Conservação de Alimentos/instrumentação , Syzygium/química , Agaricales/química , Escherichia coli/efeitos dos fármacos , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Antibacterianos/química , Staphylococcus aureus/efeitos dos fármacos , Frutas/químicaRESUMO
A plant used in an Indonesian traditional herbal medicine as a diabetes treatment and known locally as "Jampu Salo" was collected on Sulawesi Island, Indonesia. It was identified as Syzygium oblanceolatum (C. B. Rob.) Merr. (Myrtaceae) and found for the first time in Sulawesi; it was previously reported only in the eastern Philippines and Borneo. A phytochemical study of S. oblanceolatum led to the isolation of three unprecedented meroterpenoids, syzygioblanes A-C (1-3, respectively). These compounds might be biosynthesized through [4+2] cycloaddition of various germacrane-based cyclic sesquiterpenoids with the flavone desmethoxymatteucinol to form a spiro skeleton. The unique and complex structures were elucidated by microcrystal electron diffraction analysis in addition to general analytical techniques such as high-resolution mass spectrometry, various nuclear magnetic resonance methods, and infrared spectroscopy. Synchrotron X-ray diffraction and calculations of electronic circular dichroism spectra helped to determine the absolute configurations. The newly isolated compounds exhibited collateral sensitivity to more strongly inhibit the growth of a multidrug resistant tumor cell line compared to a chemosensitive tumor cell line.
Assuntos
Sesquiterpenos , Syzygium , Sesquiterpenos/química , Sesquiterpenos/farmacologia , Sesquiterpenos/isolamento & purificação , Syzygium/química , Estrutura Molecular , Indonésia , Humanos , Flavanonas/química , Flavanonas/farmacologia , Flavanonas/isolamento & purificação , Medicina Tradicional , Antineoplásicos Fitogênicos/farmacologia , Antineoplásicos Fitogênicos/química , Antineoplásicos Fitogênicos/isolamento & purificação , Ensaios de Seleção de Medicamentos Antitumorais , Linhagem Celular TumoralRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The aqueous extract of the dried buds of Syzygium aromaticum (SAAE) have the potential to alleviate Helicobacter pylori infection, but the specific molecular mechanism has not been fully elucidated. PURPOSE: This study aimed to investigate the underlying mechanisms of SAAE on H. pylori pathogenicity. METHODS: The inhibitory kinetics and anti-H. pylori adhesive capacity assays were conducted to examine the effects of SAAE on the growth and adhesive capability of H. pylori. The H. pylori outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) were purified from the culture supernatant through high-speed centrifugation, filtration, and two rounds of ultracentrifugation. Their characteristics and protein composition were then identified using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA), and qualitative proteomics study. Subsequently, the effect of SAAE on the pathogenicity of H. pylori OMVs was investigated using the Griess reagent assay, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), quantitative proteomics study, TEM, and western blotting assay. RESULTS: SAAE exhibited inhibitory effects on H. pylori growth and adhesion. The isolated H. pylori OMVs showed particle size of 27-242 nm and Zeta potential of -9.67 ± 0.53 mV. A total of 599 proteins were identified in the OMVs. Proteomics study indicated that the differential expressed proteins induced by OMVs with or without SAAE commonly enriched in P53 and autophagy pathways. Besides, SAAE counteracted the increased production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and attenuated the induction of cell autophagy caused by H. pylori OMVs. Furthermore, SAAE normalized the abnormal regulation of downstream targets (AIFM2 and IGFBP3) in the P53 signaling pathway caused by H. pylori OMVs. CONCLUSION: SAAE can inhibit the growth and adhesion of H. pylori, reduce the inflammation and autophagy induced by H. pylori OMVs, and combated the abnormal regulation of P53 signaling pathway caused by H. pylori OMVs. These findings may help elucidate the mechanisms through which SAAE reduces the pathogenicity of H. pylori.
Assuntos
Helicobacter pylori , Extratos Vegetais , Syzygium , Helicobacter pylori/efeitos dos fármacos , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Extratos Vegetais/química , Syzygium/química , Humanos , Aderência Bacteriana/efeitos dos fármacos , Infecções por Helicobacter/tratamento farmacológico , Infecções por Helicobacter/microbiologia , Proteômica , Proteína Supressora de Tumor p53/metabolismo , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Autofagia/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
Hydrotalcite-silver (HT-Ag) nanoparticles have been involved in various daily crucial applications, such as antibacterial, photocatalytic, adsorption, etc. There are many approaches to synthesizing silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) decorated on hydrotalcite (HT) surface and the most used approach is using a strong reducing agent. Thus, affordable but effective "green" reducing agents - Syzygium nervosum leaf extract, are taken into account in this work to solve several issues related to chemical reducing agents. This work aimed to assess the effect of Syzygium nervosum leaf extract as a reducing agent for green synthesis of AgNPs on HT through an optimizing process using response surface methodology (RSM) and the Box-Benken model. The optimal conditions for the synthesis of AgNPs on HT include a reaction time of 6.15â hours, a reaction temperature of 50 °C, and the ratio of diluted Syzygium nervosum leaf extract to reduce AgNO3 of 50.37â mL/mg. Under the optimal conditions, the yield of the reduction reaction reached 77.54 %, close to the theoretical value of 76.97 %. The optimization model was suitable for the experiment data. Besides, the morphology, density, and characteristics of AgNPs on the surface of HT layers have been determined by using Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM), selected area diffraction, X-ray diffraction, Dynamic light scattering (DLS), Infrared (IR) spectroscopy, Fluorescence emission spectroscopy (FE), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) methods. The spherical AgNPs were synthesized successfully on the surface of HT with the average particle size of 13.0±1.1â nm. Interestingly, HT-Ag hybrid materials can inhibit strongly the growth of E. coli, S. aureus as well as two antibiotic resistance bacterial strains, P. stutzeri B27, and antibiotic resistance E. coli. Especially, the antibacterial activity quantification and durability of the HT-Ag hybrid materials were also tested. Overall, the HT-Ag hybrid materials are very promising for application in material science and biomedicine fields.
Assuntos
Hidróxido de Alumínio , Química Verde , Hidróxido de Magnésio , Nanopartículas Metálicas , Extratos Vegetais , Prata , Syzygium , Prata/química , Nanopartículas Metálicas/química , Syzygium/química , Hidróxido de Magnésio/química , Extratos Vegetais/química , Hidróxido de Alumínio/química , Substâncias Redutoras/química , Folhas de Planta/química , Antibacterianos/química , Antibacterianos/síntese química , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Tamanho da Partícula , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Staphylococcus aureus/efeitos dos fármacos , Escherichia coli/efeitos dos fármacos , Propriedades de SuperfícieRESUMO
Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways strongly associated with interleukin-4 (IL-4), a cytokine that mediates and regulates various immune responses, including allergic reactions. This study aimed to evaluate the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects of an Aqueous Extract of Clove (AEC) Syzygium aromaticum on the lungs and erythrocytes of an experimental asthma model in Wistar rats. For this purpose, four groups of male rats were examined: control, sensitized with ovalbumin (OVA), treated with AEC, and treated with a combination of OVA/AEC. After treatment, the antioxidant effect was determined by measuring the malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione (GSH), and catalase (CAT) levels. The anti-inflammatory effect was determined by measuring IL-4 levels by performing enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using serum, lung, and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) samples. A significant reduction (p ≤ 0.05) in the MDA levels and a significant increase (p ≤ 0.05) in the levels of GPx and CAT were observed in the lungs of rats treated with cloves. However, no statistically significant variation was observed in GSH levels. In erythrocytes, no statistically significant differences were observed between the experimental batches. Regarding the anti-inflammatory effect, the administration of S. aromaticum extract to sensitized rats resulted in a recovery in the levels of total proteins and IL-4 and a decrease in the three compartments studied (lungs, serum, and bronchoalveolar liquid). These results were confirmed by microscopic examination of lung histological sections. Overall, these findings confirmed that the AEC has anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects.
Assuntos
Anti-Inflamatórios , Antioxidantes , Asma , Líquido da Lavagem Broncoalveolar , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Glutationa Peroxidase , Glutationa , Interleucina-4 , Pulmão , Malondialdeído , Extratos Vegetais , Ratos Wistar , Syzygium , Animais , Antioxidantes/farmacologia , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Extratos Vegetais/uso terapêutico , Anti-Inflamatórios/farmacologia , Anti-Inflamatórios/uso terapêutico , Syzygium/química , Masculino , Asma/tratamento farmacológico , Asma/induzido quimicamente , Asma/metabolismo , Asma/patologia , Líquido da Lavagem Broncoalveolar/química , Pulmão/efeitos dos fármacos , Pulmão/patologia , Pulmão/metabolismo , Glutationa Peroxidase/metabolismo , Glutationa/metabolismo , Interleucina-4/metabolismo , Interleucina-4/sangue , Malondialdeído/metabolismo , Ovalbumina , Catalase/metabolismo , Ratos , Eritrócitos/efeitos dos fármacos , Eritrócitos/metabolismo , Água/químicaRESUMO
We screened the contact activity of 32 commercial essential oils (EOs) and their synergistic effect with ß-cypermethrin against Blattella germanica. Results showed that the most effective EOs against B. germanica were from Illicium verum, Syzygium aromaticum, and Cinnamomum camphora, with LD50 values of less than 500 µg/insect. The most potent synergistic effects of ß-cypermethrin on B. germanica were from Dysphania ambrosioides and Mentha canadensis. Both oils have a co-toxic factor of 133.33. The results of the major compound testing of the EOs showed that trans-anisaldehyde and thymol have the best insecticidal activity against B. germanica, with LD50 values of 141.30 and 138.61 µg/insect, respectively. The compounds with the best synergistic effect on ß-cypermethrin were γ-terpinene and linalool at a concentration of 0.5%. The co-toxic factors for γ-terpinene and linalool were 150 and 133.33, respectively, which were similar to the synergistic effect observed with 2% piperonyl butoxide.
Assuntos
Sinergismo Farmacológico , Inseticidas , Óleos Voláteis , Piretrinas , Inseticidas/farmacologia , Inseticidas/química , Piretrinas/farmacologia , Óleos Voláteis/farmacologia , Óleos Voláteis/química , Animais , Blattellidae/efeitos dos fármacos , Óleos de Plantas/farmacologia , Óleos de Plantas/química , Syzygium/químicaRESUMO
This work aimed to investigate the effectiveness of Lippia sidoides and Syzygium aromaticum essential oils (EOs) encapsulated in nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) as SARS-CoV-2 inhibitors through virucidal activity assessment. We developed anionic and cationic NLCs loaded with the EOs and assessed their physicochemical properties and SARS-CoV-2 virucidal activity, focusing on the effects of EO type and the NLCs composition. The NLCs exhibited particle sizes of 141.30 to 160.53 nm for anionic and 109.30 to 138.60 nm for cationic types, with PDIs between 0.16 and 0.25. High zeta potentials (>29.0 in modulus) indicated stable formulations. The NLCs effectively encapsulated the EOs, achieving encapsulation efficiencies between 84.6 to 100% w/w of marker compound. The EOs-loaded NLCs reduced the SARS-CoV-2 virion count, exceeding 2 logs over the control. NLCs loaded with Lippia sidoides and Syzygium aromaticum EOs represent an innovative strategy for combating SARS-CoV-2.
Assuntos
Antivirais , Portadores de Fármacos , Lipídeos , Nanoestruturas , Óleos Voláteis , SARS-CoV-2 , Óleos Voláteis/química , Óleos Voláteis/farmacologia , Óleos Voláteis/administração & dosagem , SARS-CoV-2/efeitos dos fármacos , Antivirais/farmacologia , Antivirais/administração & dosagem , Antivirais/química , Lipídeos/química , Portadores de Fármacos/química , Nanoestruturas/química , Humanos , Lippia/química , Syzygium/química , Tratamento Farmacológico da COVID-19 , Tamanho da Partícula , Chlorocebus aethiops , Células Vero , Animais , COVID-19RESUMO
Syzygium heyneanum is a valuable source of flavonoids and phenols, known for their antioxidant and neuroprotective properties. This research aimed to explore the potential of Syzygium heyneanum ethanol extract (SHE) in countering Parkinson's disease. The presence of phenols and flavonoids results in SHE displaying an IC50 value of 42.13 when assessed in the DPPH scavenging assay. Rats' vital organs (lungs, heart, spleen, liver, and kidney) histopathology reveals little or almost no harmful effect. The study hypothesized that SHE possesses antioxidants that could mitigate Parkinson's symptoms by influencing α-synuclein, acetylcholinesterase (AChE), TNF-α, and IL-1ß. Both in silico and in vivo investigations were conducted. The Parkinson's rat model was established using paraquat (1 mg/kg, i.p.), with rats divided into control, disease control, standard, and SHE-treated groups (150, 300, and 600 mg/kg) for 21 days. According to the ELISA statistics, the SHE treated group had lowers levels of IL-6 and TNF-α than the disease control group, which is a sign of neuroprotection. Behavioral and biochemical assessments were performed, alongside mRNA expression analyses using RT-PCR to assess SHE's impact on α-synuclein, AChE, TNF-α, and interleukins in brain homogenates. Behavioral observations demonstrated dose-dependent improvements in rats treated with SHE (600 > 300 > 150 mg/kg). Antioxidant enzyme levels (catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione) were significantly restored, particularly at a high dose, with notable reduction in malondialdehyde. The high dose of SHE notably lowered acetylcholinesterase levels. qRT-PCR results indicated reduced mRNA expression of IL-1ß, α-synuclein, TNF-α, and AChE in SHE-treated groups compared to disease controls, suggesting neuroprotection. In conclusion, this study highlights Syzygium heyneanum potential to alleviate Parkinson's disease symptoms through its antioxidant and modulatory effects on relevant biomarkers.
Assuntos
Doença de Parkinson , Syzygium , Humanos , Ratos , Animais , Antioxidantes/farmacologia , Antioxidantes/uso terapêutico , Antioxidantes/metabolismo , Paraquat/toxicidade , Doença de Parkinson/tratamento farmacológico , alfa-Sinucleína/genética , alfa-Sinucleína/metabolismo , Syzygium/química , Acetilcolinesterase/metabolismo , China , Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa/metabolismo , Roedores , Etnicidade , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Extratos Vegetais/uso terapêutico , Extratos Vegetais/química , Fenóis/farmacologia , Flavonoides/farmacologia , RNA Mensageiro/metabolismo , Estresse OxidativoRESUMO
The current study describes the chemical composition, antifungal, antibiofilm, antibacterial and molecular docking studies of Syzygium dyerianum growing in Malaysia. The essential oil was obtained through hydrodistillation and characterized using gas chromatography (GC-FID) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The antifungal and antibacterial activities were developed using the broth microdilution assay, whereas the effect on the microbial biofilms was determined using a semi-quantitative static biofilm assay. A total of 31 components were identified, which represent 99.5â¯% of the essential oil. The results revealed that the essential oil consisted mainly of ß-pinene (15.6â¯%), α-terpineol (13.3â¯%), α-pinene (11.1â¯%), caryophyllene oxide (8.8â¯%), limonene (8.1â¯%), borneol (6.0â¯%) and viridiflorol (5.1â¯%). The results of the microdilution method showed that essential oil exhibited activity against Candida albicans and Streptococcus mutans with minimal inhibitory concentration values of 125 and 250⯵g/mL, respectively. Furthermore, essential oil decreased the biofilm of C. albicans and S. mutans by 20.11 ± 0.27â¯% and 32.10 ± 4.81â¯% when treated with 250⯵g/mL. The best docking energy was observed with viridiflorol (-29.7â¯kJ/mol). This study highlights that essential oil can potentially be a natural antifungal, antibacterial, and antibiofilm agent that could be applied in the pharmaceutical and food industries.
Assuntos
Antifúngicos , Biofilmes , Candida albicans , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Simulação de Acoplamento Molecular , Óleos Voláteis , Syzygium , Biofilmes/efeitos dos fármacos , Biofilmes/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Óleos Voláteis/química , Óleos Voláteis/farmacologia , Antifúngicos/farmacologia , Antifúngicos/química , Candida albicans/efeitos dos fármacos , Candida albicans/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Syzygium/química , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Antibacterianos/química , Streptococcus mutans/efeitos dos fármacos , Streptococcus mutans/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Cromatografia Gasosa-Espectrometria de MassasRESUMO
This study evaluated the physicochemical and antioxidant properties of clove essential oil (0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1.0 % v/v) nanoemulsion (CEON) loaded chitosan-based films. With the increasing concentrations of the CEON, the thickness, b* and ΔE values of the films increased significantly (P < 0.05), while L* and light transmission dropped noticeably (P < 0.05). The hydrogen bonds formed between the CEON and chitosan could be demonstrated through Fourier-transform infrared spectra, indicating their good compatibility and intermolecular interactions. Furthermore, the added CEON considerably reduced the crystallinity and resulted in a porous structure of the films, as observed through X-ray diffraction plots and scanning electron microscopy images, respectively. This eventually led to a drop in both tensile strength and moisture content of the films. Moreover, the antioxidant properties were significantly enhanced (P < 0.05) with the increase in the amount of clove essential oil (CEO) due to the encapsulation of CEO by the nanoemulsion. Films containing 0.6 % CEO had higher elongation at break, higher water contact angle, lower water solubility, lower water vapor permeability, and lower oxygen permeability than the other films; therefore, such films are promising for application in meat preservation.
Assuntos
Quitosana , Óleos Voláteis , Syzygium , Quitosana/química , Óleos Voláteis/farmacologia , Óleo de Cravo/farmacologia , Antioxidantes/farmacologia , Antioxidantes/química , Syzygium/química , Espectroscopia de Infravermelho com Transformada de Fourier , Permeabilidade , Embalagem de Alimentos/métodos , VaporRESUMO
Two undescribed triterpenes, syzyfolium A (1) and syzyfolium B (2), together with twelve known compounds, terminolic acid (3), actinidic acid (4), piscidinol A (5), threo-dihydroxydehydrodiconiferyl alcohol (6), lariciresinol-4-O-ß-D-glucoside (7), icariol A2 (8), 14ß,15ß-dihydroxyklaineanone (9), garcimangosone D (10), (+)-catechin (11), myricetin-3-O-α-L-rhamnopyranoside (12), quercitrin (13), and 3, 4, 5-trimethoxyphenyl-(6'-O-galloyl)-O-ß-D-glucopyranoside (14) were isolated from the leaves of Syzygium myrsinifolium. Their chemical structures were determined by IR, HR-ESI-MS, 1D and 2D NMR spectra. Compounds 3 and 4 inhibited significantly α-glucosidase with IC50 values of 23.99 and 36.84, respectively, and compounds 1 and 2 inhibited significantly α-amylase with IC50 values of 35.48 and 43.65â µM, respectively.
Assuntos
Syzygium , Triterpenos , Syzygium/química , alfa-Glucosidases , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Triterpenos/farmacologia , alfa-Amilases , Inibidores de Glicosídeo Hidrolases/farmacologia , Inibidores de Glicosídeo Hidrolases/químicaRESUMO
Guided by 1H NMR spectroscopic experiments using the characteristic enol proton signals as probes, three pairs of new tautomeric cinnamoylphloroglucinol-monoterpene adducts (1-3) were isolated from the buds of Cleistocalyx operculatus. Their structures with absolute configurations were established by spectroscopic analysis, modified Mosher's method, and quantum chemical electronic circular dichroism calculation. Compounds 1-3 represent a novel class of cinnamoylphloroglucinol-monoterpene adducts featuring an unusual C-4-C-1' linkage between 2,2,4-trimethyl-cinnamyl-ß-triketone and modified linear monoterpenoid motifs. Notably, compounds 1-3 exhibited significant in vitro antiviral activity against respiratory syncytial virus (RSV).
Assuntos
Syzygium , Syzygium/química , Monoterpenos/química , Espectroscopia de Ressonância Magnética , Antivirais/química , Estrutura MolecularRESUMO
Tyrosinase is a key enzyme in enzymatic browning, causing quality losses in food through the oxidation process. Thus, the discovery of an effective and natural tyrosinase inhibitor via green technology is of great interest to the global food market due to food security and climate change issues. In this study, Syzygium aqueum (S. aqueum) leaves, which are known to be rich in phenolic compounds (PC), were chosen as a natural source of tyrosinase inhibitor, and the effect of the sustainable, supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) process was evaluated. Response surface methodology-assisted supercritical fluid extraction (RSM-assisted SFE) was utilized to optimize the PCs extracted from S. aqueum. The highest amount of PC was obtained at the optimum conditions (55 °C, 3350 psi, and 70 min). The IC50 (661.815 µg/mL) of the optimized extract was evaluated, and its antioxidant activity (96.8 %) was determined. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) results reveal that 2',6'-dihydroxy-4'-methoxychalcone (2,6-D4MC) (82.65 %) was the major PC in S. aqueum. Chemometric analysis indicated that 2,6-D4MC has similar chemical properties to the tyrosinase inhibitor control (kaempferol). The toxicity and physiochemical properties of the novel 2,6-D4MC from S. aqueum revealed that the 2,6-D4MC is safer than kaempferol as predicted via absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) evaluation. Enzyme kinetic analysis shows that the type of inhibition of the optimized extract is non-competitive inhibition with Km = 1.55 mM and Vmax = 0.017 µM/s. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis shows the effectiveness of S. aqueum as a tyrosinase inhibitor. The mechanistic insight of the tyrosinase inhibition using 2,6-D4MC was successfully calculated using density functional theory (DFT) and molecular docking approaches. The findings could have a significant impact on food security development by devising a sustainable and effective tyrosinase inhibitor from waste by-products that is aligned with the United Nation's SDG 2, zero hunger.