Self- and informant-reported personality traits and vaccination against COVID-19.

As COVID-19 vaccines' accessibility has grown, so has the role of personal choice in vaccination, and not everybody is willing to vaccinate. Exploring personality traits' associations with vaccination could highlight some person-level drivers of, and barriers to, vaccination. We used self- and informant-ratings of the Five-Factor Model domains and their subtraits (a) measured approximately at the time of vaccination with the 100 Nuances of Personality (100NP) item pool (N = 56,575) and (b) measured on average ten years before the pandemic with the NEO Personality Inventory-3 (NEO-PI-3; N = 3,168). We tested individual domains' and either items' (in the 100NP sample) or facets' (in the NEO-PI-3 sample) associations with vaccination, as well as their collective ability to predict vaccination using elastic net models trained and tested in independent sample partitions. Although the NEO-PI-3 domains and facets did not predict vaccination ten years later, the domains correlated with vaccination in the 100NP sample, with vaccinated people scoring slightly higher on neuroticism and agreeableness and lower on openness, controlling for age, sex, and education. Collectively, the five domains predicted vaccination with an accuracy of r = .08. Associations were stronger at the item level. Vaccinated people were, on average, more science-minded, politically liberal, respectful of rules and authority, and anxious but less spiritual, religious, and self-assured. The 100NP items collectively predicted vaccination with r = .31 accuracy. We conclude that unvaccinated people may be a psychologically heterogeneous group and highlight some potential areas for action in vaccination campaigns.

Evaluating a Brief Big Five Personality Test in a Diverse Chinese Sample: The Role of Midpoint Designs and Reversely-Worded Items.

Response styles present a threat to the validity of data from Likert scales. This study evaluates a brief personality test administered by interviewers to a diverse Chinese sample, focusing on two factors with direct impacts on response styles, the midpoint designs and the inclusion of reversely-worded items. We randomly assign respondents into three midpoint designs: masked midpoint, explicit midpoint and removed midpoint. Cronbach's alpha tends to be low and is not drastically affected by midpoint designs. Score reliability estimates from the removed and explicit midpoint designs are above or close to .60 along the whole score range for openness, but not the other subscales. The masked midpoint design presents some advantages in criterion relationship validity evidence based on correlations with demographic, behavioral, subjective and cognitive variables. Dropping reversely-worded items increases the estimates of Cronbach's alpha, but shows no positive effects on the criterion relationship validity. In conclusion, for interviewer-administered brief personality scales applied to Chinese respondents, masked midpoint design that aims to reduce a possible overuse of midpoint presents some advantages in the overall psychometric properties, but the inclusion of reversely-worded items shows mixed effects.

The relationship between explicit and implicit personality: Evidence from the Big Five and trait emotional intelligence.

The main aim of this study is to introduce an implicit personality assessment method (e.g., implicit association test) to Kuwait. We adapted an existing personality-related implicit association test (IAT; Big Five IAT), while also constructed the first trait EI IAT based on Petrides' four-factor model. We investigated the psychometric properties of the implicit association test through assessing the reliability of scores and also their relationship with their corresponding explicit measures. The measures were administered to 1458 university students in Kuwait. The zero-order correlations showed that the explicit and implicit measurement approaches led to non-converging constructs in the case of both trait EI and the Big Five. Lastly, we believe that we were successfully able to introduce the concept of personality-related implicit association tests to the Kuwaiti sample. Subsequently, the IATs presented in our study will allow researchers to study a relatively new personality field, that is the implicit personality.

Openness to Experience is associated with neural and performance measures of memory in older adults.

Age-related decline in episodic memory performance is a well-replicated finding across numerous studies. Recent studies focusing on aging and individual differences found that the Big Five personality trait Openness to Experience (hereafter: Openness) is associated with better episodic memory performance in older adults, but the associated neural mechanisms are largely unclear. Here, we investigated the relationship between Openness and memory network function in a sample of 352 participants (143 older adults, 50-80 years; 209 young adults, 18-35 years). Participants underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) during a visual memory encoding task. Functional memory brain-network integrity was assessed using the similarity of activations during memory encoding (SAME) scores, which reflect the similarity of a participant's memory network activity compared to prototypical fMRI activity patterns of young adults. Openness was assessed using the NEO Five-Factor Inventory. Older vs young adults showed lower memory performance and higher deviation of fMRI activity patterns (i.e. lower SAME scores). Specifically in older adults, high Openness was associated with better memory performance, and mediation analysis showed that this relationship was partially mediated by higher SAME scores. Our results suggest that trait Openness may constitute a protective factor in cognitive aging by better preservation of the brain's memory network.

Social incentives foster cooperation through guilt aversion: An effect that diminishes with primary psychopathic traits.

The association between primary psychopathic traits and non-cooperative behaviors is well-identified. There is a lack of studies on how to motivate cooperative behaviors in individuals with primary psychopathic traits. This study investigated the effects of monetary incentives and social incentives on promoting cooperation in healthy adults with varying primary psychopathic traits. Participants played a one-shot public goods game (PGG) with other anonymous players in three different contexts: a social incentives context where participants' decisions would be judged by others, a monetary incentives context where participants' decisions would result in winning or losing money depending on their contributions, and a control condition where no additional incentives were implemented. We found that, compared to the control condition, both monetary and social incentives significantly improved participants' contributions to the public project-an indicator of cooperative behavior. However, the association between higher primary psychopathic traits and less cooperation was only observed in the context of social incentives. Computational modeling further revealed that this effect can be explained by the diminishing guilt aversion when participants deliberately violated their inferred expectations of themselves from others' perspectives. This study found that social incentives can encourage cooperative behaviors in non-clinical psychopathy, and identified the mental processes navigating this effect.

Relationship between psychopathy, personality and human values in a prison sample / Relação entre psicopatia, personalidade e valores humanos em uma amostra carcerária / Relación entre psicopatía, personalidad y valores humanos en una muestra carcelaria

Our aim was to understand to what extent the characteristics of psychopathy are correlated with personality traits and human values in a sample of imprisoned inmates. To this end, a total of 56 prisoners were evaluated, predominantly female (80.4%) with a mean age of 33.44 (SD=7.15). The following instruments were employed: (1) Hare scale, (2) Human Values Questionnaire (BVQ), (3) Big Five Personality Traits Inventory (BFI-S) and (4) Demographic Questionnaire. Descriptive statistics and Spearman's rank correlation coefficient were applied. The results indicated a positive correlation between a socially deviant/antisocial lifestyle (Factor 2) and the dimensions of neuroticism (r s =0.44; p<0.001), openness to experience in the BFI-S (r s =0.26; p<0.05) and experimentation in the BVQ (r s =0.36; p<0.001). It was concluded that the present study contributes to an understanding of personality traits and values related to psychopathy, expanding the nomological network of this construct. (AU)

Objetivou-se conhecer em que medida o traço de psicopatia correlaciona-se com os traços de personalidade e os valores humanos em uma amostra carcerária. Para tanto, avaliou-se 56 detentos, a maioria mulheres (80,4%), com média de idade de 33,44 (DP=7,15). Foram utilizados os seguintes instrumentos: (1) Escala Hare, (2) Questionário de Valores Humanos (QVB), (3) Inventário dos Cinco Grandes Fatores de Personalidade (IGFP - 5) e (4) Questionário Demográfico. Foram aplicadas estatísticas descritivas e correlação rho de Spearman. Os resultados indicaram uma relação positiva entre o estilo de vida socialmente desviante/antissocial (Fator 2) e as dimensões de neuroticismo (r s =0,44; p<0,001), abertura a mudança do IGFP-5 (r s =0,26; p<0,05) e experimentação do QVB (r s =0,36; p<0,001). Conclui-se que o presente estudo contribui para o conhecimento dos traços de personalidade e valores relacionados a psicopatia, ampliando a rede nomológica deste construto. (AU)

El objetivo de la presente investigación fue conocer en qué medida el rasgo de la psicopatía se correlaciona con los rasgos de personalidad y valores humanos en una muestra penitenciaria. Para ello, fueron evaluados 56 detenidos, en su mayoría mujeres (80,4%), con una media de edad de 33,44 años (DS=7,15). Se utilizaron los siguientes instrumentos: (1) Escala Hare, (2) Cuestionario de valores humanos (QVB), (3) Inventario de los Cinco Grandes Factores de Personalidad (IGFP-5) y (4) Cuestionario demográfico. Se aplicaron estadísticas descriptivas y la correlación rho de Spearman. Los resultados indicaron una relación positiva entre conducta socialmente desviada/antisocial (Factor 2) y las dimensiones de neuroticismo (r s =0,44; p<0,001), apertura al cambio en el IGFP-5 (r s =0,26; p<0,05) y experimentación de QVB (r s =0,36; p<0,001). Se concluye que el presente estudio contribuye al conocimiento de los rasgos y valores de personalidad relacionados con la psicopatía, ampliando la red nomológica de este constructo. (AU)

Preliminary validity for the Big Five Inventory-2 in brazilian adults / Evidências preliminares de validade do Big Five Inventory-2 em adultos brasileiros / Evidencias preliminares de validez del Big Five Inventory-2 en adultos brasileños

The Big Five Inventory-2 (BFI-2) assesses personality through the big five factor model model (FFM). This study aimed to verify whether the internal structure of the BFI-2 is corroborated in a Brazilian sample. Participants were 908 cisgender adults, aged between 17 and 93 years, 532 of whom were women. Confirmatory factor analysis and Exploratory structural equation modeling were performed with the BFI-2. The 15 facets of personality resulted in adequate fit and reliability, mainly for the respondents under 60 years of age. We conclude that the BFI-2 presents evidence of preliminary validity based on its internal structure, although further validity studies are required with the instrument, to testify its psychometric quality. (AU)

O Big Five Inventory-2 (BFI-2) avalia a personalidade no modelo dos Cinco Grandes Fatores (CGF). O presente estudo objetivou verificar se a estrutura interna do BFI-2 é corroborada em uma amostra brasileira. Participaram 908 adultos cisgênero, com idades entre 17 e 93 anos, sendo 532 mulheres. Análise fatorial confirmatória e modelagem de equações estruturais exploratórias foram conduzidas no BFI-2. As 15 facetas de personalidade do BFI-2 resultaram em índices de ajuste adequados, principalmente para os respondentes com idade até 60 anos. Conclui-se que o BFI-2 apresenta evidência inicial de validade baseada em sua estrutura interna, apesar de que novos estudos de validade devem ser conduzidos com o instrumento, com o objetivo de atestar sua qualidade psicométrica. (AU)

El Big Five Inventory-2 (BFI-2) evalúa la personalidad según el modelo de los Cinco Grandes Factores (CGF). El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo verificar si la estructura interna del BFI-2 se corrobora en una muestra brasileña. Participaron 908 adultos cisgénero, de entre 17 y 93 años, de los cuales 532 eran mujeres. Se realizó un Análisis Factorial Confirmatorio y un Modelo de Ecuaciones Estructurales Exploratorio sobre el BFI-2. Las 15 facetas de personalidad del BFI-2 dieron lugar a índices de ajuste adecuados, especialmente para los encuestados de hasta 60 años. Se concluye que el BFI-2 presenta evidencias iniciales de validez basadas en su estructura interna, aunque se deben ejecutar más estudios de validez con el instrumento para atestiguar su calidad psicométrica. (AU)

Sistema de avaliação de testes psicológicos: histórias contadas e não contadas / Psychological test evaluation system: stories told and untold / Sistema de evaluación de tests psicológicos: historias contadas y no contadas

O Sistema de Avaliação de Testes Psicológicos (SATEPSI) recebeu notoriedade entre brasileiros e estrangeiros por oferecer um complexo sistema de qualificação dos testes psicológicos, pouco visto em âmbito mundial. Sua elaboração dependeu de uma autarquia, que o financiou, normatizou e o mantém, mas também de pesquisadores docentes de avaliação psicológica, que trouxeram a expertise da área para que houvesse o pleno estabelecimento de seus parâmetros. Passadas duas décadas de seu lançamento, o SATEPSI foi tema de artigos, capítulos, lives e diálogos digitais, nos quais foram destaque, de modo geral, as Resoluções do Conselho Federal de Psicologia, que o normatiza, e seus impactos para a área de avaliação psicológica - como, por exemplo, o aumento do número de pesquisas e de testes brasileiros qualificados. O que se pretende neste artigo é mencionar sua construção, à luz dos autores que vivenciaram o SATEPSI em funções e tempos distintos. Atenção especial será dada aos Métodos Projetivos, cuja história ainda é pouco revelada.(AU)

The system to evaluate psychological tests (Satepsi) received notoriety among Brazilians and foreigners for offering a complex system of qualification of psychological tests, which is rarely seen worldwide. Its development depended on an autarchy (which financed, standardized, and maintains it) and on researchers teaching psychological assessment, who brought their expertise to the area so its parameters could be fully established. After two decades of its launch, Satepsi was the subject of articles, chapters, lives, and digital dialogues, which usually highlighted the Resolutions of the Federal Council of Psychology that normatize psychological evaluation and their impacts, such as the increase in the number of qualified Brazilian tests. This study aims to mention its construction in the light of the authors who experienced Satepsi in different functions and times, giving special attention to Projective Methods, whose history remains to be shown.(AU)

El Sistema de Evaluación de Tests Psicológicos (SATEPSI) ganó notoriedad entre los brasileños y los extranjeros por ofrecer un complejo sistema de calificación de los tests psicológicos, poco frecuente a nivel mundial. Su elaboración dependió de una autarquía, que lo financió, lo estandarizó y lo mantiene, pero también de investigadores docentes de evaluación psicológica, que trajeron la experiencia del área para que hubiera el pleno establecimiento de sus parámetros. Tras dos décadas de su lanzamiento, SATEPSI fue tema de artículos, capítulos, en directo y diálogos digitales, en los cuales destacaron, de modo general, las Resoluciones del Consejo Federal de Psicología que lo normatiza y sus impactos para el área de evaluación psicológica, como el aumento del número de investigaciones y de pruebas brasileñas calificadas. Lo que se pretende en este artículo es mencionar su construcción, a la luz de los autores que vivieron el SATEPSI en funciones y tiempos distintos. Se prestará especial atención a los métodos proyectivos cuya historia aún no se ha revelado.(AU)

Atualidades e perspectivas futuras da comissão consultiva em avaliação psicológica / Current affairs and future perspectives of the consultative commission on psychological assessment (CCAP) / Actualidades y perspectivas de futuro de la comisión consultiva en evaluación psicológica

A Comissão Consultiva em Avaliação Psicológica (CCAP), atrelada ao Sistema de Avaliação de Testes Psicológicos (SATEPSI) do Conselho Federal de Psicologia (CFP), tem como objetivos emitir pareceres acerca de solicitações advindas da avaliação psicológica(AP), elaborar e propor atualizações de documentos técnicos e normativos do CFP relativos à AP, elaborar e propor diretrizes para o ensino e formação continuada em AP, conduzir o processo de avaliação dos instrumentos submetidos ao SATEPSI e discutir temas e propor ações no âmbito da AP. Nos últimos 20 anos, a CCAP vem buscando atender a esses objetivos, indicando novos caminhos para a área. Nesse sentido, este artigo tem como objetivo apresentar as principais atualidades e movimentos da CCAP, indicando caminhos possíveis e perspectivas futuras para a área de AP. São discutidas as ações atuais que vêm sendo desenvolvidas pela CCAP, bem como as ações futuras delineadas que buscam promover uma AP cada vez mais democrática. Concluímos que a AP é uma prática do(a) psicólogo(a) que deve ser operacionalizada com compromisso ético, atrelada aos direitos humanos e à justiça, com embasamento científico e alinhada às mudanças sociais.(AU)

The Consultative Commission on Psychological Assessment (CCAP), affiliated with the Psychological Test Evaluation System under the Federal Council of Psychology (CFP), has the following objectives: to provide expert opinions on requests stemming from psychological assessments (PA), to draft and propose updates to the CFP technical and normative documents pertaining to PA, to formulate and recommend guidelines for education and ongoing professional development in PA, to oversee the evaluation process of instruments submitted to SATEPSI, and to engage in discussions and propose initiatives within the PA. Over the past two decades, CCAP has diligently worked to achieve these goals, charting new avenues in the field. In this context, this study aims to describe the most current developments and initiatives of CCAP and outline prospective directions and future outlooks for the PA. This study delves into the current initiatives undertaken by CCAP and the prospective actions delineated to foster a progressively more inclusive PA. Thus, we claim that PA is a practice inherent to psychologists that demands ethical commitment, alignment with human rights and justice, a solid scientific foundation, and adaptation to evolving social dynamics.(AU)

La Comisión Consultiva en Evaluación Psicológica (CCAP), vinculada al Sistema de Evaluación de Pruebas Psicológicas (SATEPSI) del Consejo Federal de Psicología (CFP), tiene como objetivo emitir opinión técnica sobre solicitudes derivadas de la evaluación psicológica (EP), elaborar y proponer actualizaciones de documentos técnicos y normativos del CFP relacionados con EP, desarrollar y proponer lineamientos para la enseñanza y la formación continua en EP, conducir el proceso de evaluación de los instrumentos presentados al SATEPSI y discutir temas y proponer acciones en el ámbito de EP. Durante los últimos veinte años, la CCAP ha buscado alcanzar estos objetivos indicando nuevos caminos para el área. En este sentido, este artículo tiene como objetivo presentar las principales actualidades y movimientos de la CCAP indicando posibles caminos y perspectivas de futuro para el área de EP. Se discuten las acciones actuales que ha desarrollado la CCAP, así como las acciones futuras perfiladas que buscan promover una EP cada vez más democrática. Se concluye que la EP es una práctica del psicólogo que debe ponerse en práctica con compromiso ético, vinculada a los derechos humanos y la justicia, con base científica y alineada con los cambios sociales.(AU)

Escala de satisfação com escolha do curso: adaptação e evidências de validade / Academic major satisfaction scale: adaptation and validity evidences / Escala de satisfacción con elección del curso: adaptación y evidencias de validez

Escala de Satisfação com a Escolha do Curso (ESEC) para uso no contexto brasileiro. Participaram deste estudo 674 estudantes universitários, com idade variando entre 18 e 62 anos (M= 23,18, DP= 5,81). Seis modelos fatoriais unidimensionais foram testados com o objetivo de identificar a solução mais parcimoniosa para o instrumento. Sugere-se uma solução final com quatro itens, ao invés de seis. Análises de TRI foram realizadas e observou-se alta fidedignidade da escala para mensuração de baixos níveis do traço latente. A ESEC esteve significativamente correlacionada com os cinco fatores de personalidade, adaptabilidade de carreira e satisfação com a vida. Indica-se que a ESEC apresenta evidências de validade favoráveis ao seu uso no contexto brasileiro, mas o instrumento identifica melhor indivíduos insatisfeitos com a escolha do curso do que os satisfeitos. (AU)

This study aimed to adapt and obtain validity evidence for the Academic Major Satisfaction Scale (AMSS) in the Brazilian context. The instrument was tested in 674 college students, with ages ranging from 18 to 62 (M = 23.18, SD = 5.81). Six unidimensional models were tested in order to find the parsimonious solution to the instrument. A four-item final solution is suggested, instead of the original 6-item solution. IRT was applied and it was identified that the AMSS had high reliability in individuals with low levels of latent trait. AMSS was significantly correlated with the big-five personality factors, career adapt-ability and life satisfaction. AMSS presents favorable evidences of validity to the Brazilian context, although the scale is more efficient in identifying students who are unsatisfied rather than satisfied with their college major. (AU)

Este estudio buscó adaptar y obtener evidencia de la validez de la Escala de Satisfacción de Elección de Curso (ESEC) para su uso en el contexto brasileño. Participaron un total de 674 estudiantes universitarios, con edades comprendidas entre los 18 y los 62 años (M = 23,18, DT = 5,81). Se probaron seis modelos factoriales unidimensionales con el fin de identificar la solución más parsimoniosa para el instrumento. Se sugiere una solución final con cuatro elementos en lugar de seis. El modelo de respuesta graduada se aplicó a los ítems que funcionaron bien a niveles bajos del constructo. La ESEC se correlacionó significativamente con los cinco factores de personalidad, adaptabilidad profesional y satisfacción con la vida. Se indica que la ESEC presenta evidencia de validez favorable a su uso en el contexto brasileño, pero el instrumento identifica mejor a los insatisfechos con la elección del curso que a los satisfechos. (AU)

Personalidade, ansiedade social e adaptação às medidas de distanciamento durante a pandemia / Personality, social anxiety and adaptation to distancing measures during the pandemic / Personalidad, ansiedad social y adaptación a medidas de distanciamiento durante la pandemia

O impacto da pandemia de COVID-19 está mudando drasticamente a vida das pessoas. O distanciamento social representa evitar o contato durante o surto de uma doença para minimizar a exposição. Essa condição também pode contribuir para o agravamento de determinados transtornos mentais. O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar em que medida características de personalidade e ansiedade social podem contribuir para uma maior dificuldade em lidar com o distanciamento social. Foram avaliados 1.120 indivíduos por meio da Escala de Ansiedade Social de Liebowitz (LSAS), marcadores da personalidade. A análise de regressão logística mostrou que neuroticismo, ansiedade social e as horas adicionais em casa revelaram-se preditores significativos de uma maior dificuldade. Conclui-se que o transtorno de ansiedade social apresenta especificidades em sua manifestação durante a pandemia. (AU)

The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic has drastically changed people's lives. Social distancing means avoiding close contact with others during a contagious disease outbreak to minimize exposure. Such constraints may also contribute to the worsening of certain mental health disorders. The present study aimed to evaluate the extent to which personality features and social anxiety may contribute to greater difficulties in coping with social distancing practices. A total of 1120 individuals were assessed using the Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale (LSAS) and personality mini-markers to assess personality traits. Logistic regression analysis revealed that neuroticism, social anxiety, and the number of additional hours one spends at home represent significant predictors of greater difficulty. Thus, results showed that social anxiety disorder had specific presentations during the course of the COVID-19 pandemic. (AU)

El impacto de la pandemia de COVID-19 está cambiando drásticamente la vida de las personas. El distanciamiento social significa evitar el contacto cercano con otras personas durante el brote de una enfermedad contagiosa para minimizar la exposición. Esta condición también puede contribuir al empeoramiento de algunos trastornos mentales. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar en qué medida las características de personalidad y la ansiedad social pueden contribuir a una mayor dificultad para soportar el distanciamiento social. Se evaluó un total de 1120 individuos mediante la Escala de Ansiedad Social de Liebowitz (LSAS) y marcadores reducidos para evaluar la personalidad. El análisis de regresión logística mostró que el neuroticismo, la ansiedad social y el número de horas adicionales en el hogar fueron predictores significativos de mayor dificultad. Se concluye que el trastorno de ansiedad social presenta manifestaciones específicas durante la pandemia. (AU)

Factors associated with condom use behaviour among young university students / Fatores associados ao uso de camisinha entre jovens universitários / Factores asociados con el uso del condom entre jóvenes universitarios

As the rates of sexually transmitted infections among Brazilian youth rise, college students present with low rates of condom use. Understanding which factors affect preventive behaviours may assist in promoting them. This study aimed to test the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) as a model of condom use behaviour among young university students. Data on sexual behaviour, TPB, and personality variables were collected online with 343 sexually active students aged between 18 and 29. Seventy participants also provided follow-up data after 30 days. Structural equation models and ordinal regressions were used to analyse the effects of TPB variables on condom use behaviour. Attitude was the main predictor of behavioural intention in the cross-sectional and longitudinal models. Being in a relationship and lower age at sexual debut were also associated with less frequent condom use behaviour in the cross-sectional analysis. Behavioural intention and perceived control were associated with condom use behaviour. (AU)

Enquanto a incidência de infecções sexualmente transmissíveis cresce entre jovens brasileiros, universitários apresentam pouco uso de preservativos. Compreender quais fatores afetam a adoção de comportamentos preventivos pode auxiliar na sua promoção. Esse estudo testou a Teoria do Comportamento Planejado (TCP) como modelo de uso de camisinha entre jovens universitários. Foram coletados dados sobre comportamento sexual, TCP, e personalidade em questionário online com 343 estudantes sexualmente ativos entre 18 e 29 anos de idade. Setenta participantes também responderam ao follow-up após 30 dias. Modelos de equações estruturais e regressões ordinais foram usados para analisar os efeitos das variáveis da TCP no uso de preservativo. Atitude foi o principal preditor da intenção comportamental nos modelos transversal e longitudinal. Estar em um relacionamento e menor idade na primeira relação sexual também foram associados a uso menos frequente de preservativo na análise transversal. Intenção comportamental e controle percebido foram associados com uso de preservativo. (AU)

Mientras la incidencia de infecciones de transmisión sexual aumenta entre los jóvenes brasileños, los estudiantes universitarios reportan poco uso de preservativos. Comprender qué factores inciden en la adopción de conductas preventivas puede ayudar en su promoción. Este estudio probó la Teoría del Comportamiento Planeado (TCP) como modelo de uso de preservativos entre jóvenes universitarios. Los datos sobre comportamiento sexual, TCP y personalidad fueron recopilados en un cuestionario en línea con 343 estudiantes sexualmente activos entre 18 y 29 años. Setenta participantes también respondieron al seguimiento después de 30 días. Se utilizaron modelos de ecuaciones estructurales y regresiones ordinales para analizar los efectos de las variables de TCP sobre la utilización del condón. La actitud fue el principal predictor de la intención en los modelos transversal y longitudinal. Estar en una relación y una edad más temprana en la primera relación sexual se asociaron con el uso menos frecuente de preservativo en el análisis transversal. La intención conductual y el control percibido se asociaron con el uso de condones. (AU)

Child sexual violence: interpersonal relationship and self-image evaluated by Zulliger R-Optimized Application / Violência sexual infantil: relacionamento interpessoal e autoimagem avaliados pelo Zulliger Aplicação R-Otimizada / Violencia sexual infantil: relaciones interpersonales y autoimagen evaluadas por Zulliger Aplicación R-Optimizada

This study aimed to verify the validity of Zulliger criteria in the evaluation of interpersonal relationships and self-image of children victims of sexual violence. Population: 42 children between 7 and 13 years old participated, divided into three groups: 19 Victims of sexual violence (G1); 10 Cancer patients (G2); 13 Control group (G3). Instruments: Zulliger in the Comprehensive System (ZSC) R-Optimized application; Personality Scale for Children (ETPC, EPQ-J); Social Skills Inventory for Children (SSRS); Intelligence Test (CPM-Raven). G1, when compared to other groups, showed more tendency to problematic or less adaptive understanding of interpersonal interactions [p < 0.05 in PHR, GHR and p (ZSC); Psychosis (ETPC, EPQ-J); EG and F2 (SSRS)], more self-critical and negative self-image [p < 0.05 in MOR (ZSC)] and increased traumatic content [p < 0.05 in Bl (ZSC)]. The ZSC demonstrated preliminary evidence of validity in the evaluation of Interpersonal Relationship and Self-image of victims of child sexual violence. (AU)

Esse estudo objetivou verificar evidências de validade do Zulliger na avaliação de relacionamento interpessoal e autoimagem de crianças vítimas de violência sexual. Participaram 42 crianças entre 7 e 13 anos, divididas em três grupos: 19 vítimas de violência sexual (G1); 10 pacientes com câncer (G2); 13 grupo-controle (G3). Foram utilizados como instrumentos o Zulliger no Sistema Compreensivo (ZSC) aplicação R-Otimizada, Escala de Personalidade para Crianças (ETPC, EPQ-J), Inventário de Habilidades Sociais para Crianças (SSRS), Teste de Inteligência (CPM-Raven). O G1, quando comparado aos outros grupos, mostrou-se com mais tendência a compreensão problemática ou menos adaptativa das interações interpessoais [p < 0,05 em PHR, GHR e p (ZSC); Psicotismo (ETPC, EPQ-J); EG e F2 (SSRS)], mais autocríticas e autoimagem negativas [p < 0,05 em MOR (ZSC)] e aumento de conteúdos traumáticos [p < 0,05 em Bl (ZSC)]. O ZSC demonstrou evidências preliminares de validade na avaliação de Relacionamento Interpessoal e Autoimagem de vítimas de violência sexual infantil. (AU)

Este estudio tuvo como objetivo verificar evidencias de validez de Zulliger en la evaluación de las relaciones interpersonales y la autoimagen de los niños víctimas de violencia sexual. Participaron 42 niños entre 7 y 13 años: 19 Víctimas de violencia sexual (G1); 10 pacientes con cáncer (G2); 13 Grupo de control (G3). Los instrumentos utilizados: Zulliger en el Sistema Comprensivo (ZSC) aplicación R-Optimizada; Escala de personalidad para niños (ETPC, EPQ-J); Inventario de Habilidades Sociales para Niños (SSRS); Test de Inteligencia (CPM-Raven). En comparación con otros grupos, G1 tuvo más probabilidades de una comprensión problemática o menos adaptativa de las interacciones interpersonales [p<0,05 en PHR, GHR y p (ZSC); Psicotismo (ETPC, EPQ-J); EG y F2 (SSRS)], más autocrítica y autoimagen negativa [p<0.05 en MOR (ZSC)] y mayor contenido traumático [p<0.05 en Bl (ZSC)]. El ZSC demostró evidencias preliminares de validez en la evaluación de la Relación Interpersonal y la Autoimagen de las víctimas de violencia sexual infantil. (AU)

Reliability and validity of bifactor models of dimensional psychopathology in youth.

Bifactor models are a promising strategy to parse general from specific aspects of psychopathology in youth. Currently, there are multiple configurations of bifactor models originating from different theoretical and empirical perspectives. We aimed to test the reliability, validity, measurement invariance, and the correlation of different bifactor models of psychopathology using the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL). We used data from the Reproducible Brain Charts (RBC) initiative (N = 7,011, ages 5 to 22 years, 40.2% females). Factor models were tested using the baseline data. To address our aim, we (a) searched for the published item-level bifactor models using the CBCL; (b) tested their global model fit; (c) calculated model-based reliability indices; (d) tested associations with symptoms' impact in everyday life; (e) tested measurement invariance across many characteristics, and (f) analyzed the observed factor correlation across the models. We found 11 bifactor models ranging from 39 to 116 items. Their global model fit was broadly similar. Factor determinacy and H index were acceptable for the p-factors, internalizing, externalizing, and somatic specific factors in most models. However, only the p- and attention factors predicted daily life symptoms' impact in all models. Models were broadly invariant across different characteristics. P-factors were highly correlated across models (r = .88 to .99) and homotypic specific factors were highly correlated. These results suggest that regardless of item selection and strategy to compose CBCL bifactor models, they assess very similar constructs. Taken together, our results support the robustness of the p-factor across distinct bifactor models and studies of distinct characteristics. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

Disentangling the heterogeneity of emotional dysregulation in referred youth using the Child Behavior Checklist attending to age and sex effects.

PURPOSE: To assess the utility of the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) to identify meaningful subtypes of emotional dysregulation in an outpatient pediatric psychiatry clinic. METHODS: The sample consisted of 417 newly referred youth 6-18 years of age. Parents completed the CBCL and rating scales measuring executive function deficits, social functioning, and quality of life. Patients were stratified into subtypes of emotional dysregulation and compared on clinical correlates based on the A-A-A profile consisting of the CBCL Anxious/Depressed, Aggressive Behavior, and Attention Problems (A-A-A) scales. RESULTS: 67% of youth had emotional dysregulation (CBCL A-A-A T-score ≥ 180) and of these, 39% had a positive CBCL-Bipolar (BP) profile (A-A-A T-score ≥ 210), 24% had depression without the BP profile (CBCL Anxious/Depressed and/or Withdrawn/Depressed T-scores ≥70 and A-A-A T-score ≥ 180 and ã€ˆ210), and 37% had emotional impulsivity (A-A-A T-score ≥ 180 and <210) with normal CBCL Anxious/Depressed and Withdrawn/Depressed T-scores. Patients with the CBCL-BP profile were significantly more impaired on all measures of social and executive functioning compared to the other two groups. LIMITATIONS: Since our findings relied on the CBCL, other instruments may have led to different results. Because we included youth from a single clinic, largely Caucasian and referred, our findings may not generalize to other ethnic groups or settings. CONCLUSIONS: The CBCL can aid in the identification of subtypes of emotional dysregulation affecting youth seeking mental health services.

On the Information Obtainable from Comparative Judgments.

Personality tests employing comparative judgments have been proposed as an alternative to Likert-type rating scales. One of the main advantages of a comparative format is that it can reduce faking of responses in high-stakes situations. However, previous research has shown that it is highly difficult to obtain trait score estimates that are both faking resistant and sufficiently accurate for individual-level diagnostic decisions. With the goal of contributing to a solution, I study the information obtainable from comparative judgments analyzed by means of Thurstonian IRT models. First, I extend the mathematical theory of ordinal comparative judgments and corresponding models. Second, I provide optimal test designs for Thurstonian IRT models that maximize the accuracy of people's trait score estimates from both frequentist and Bayesian statistical perspectives. Third, I derive analytic upper bounds for the accuracy of these trait estimates achievable through ordinal Thurstonian IRT models. Fourth, I perform numerical experiments that complement results obtained in earlier simulation studies. The combined analytical and numerical results suggest that it is indeed possible to design personality tests using comparative judgments that yield trait scores estimates sufficiently accurate for individual-level diagnostic decisions, while reducing faking in high-stakes situations. Recommendations for the practical application of comparative judgments for the measurement of personality, specifically in high-stakes situations, are given.

Test-retest reliability of the HEXACO-100-And the value of multiple measurements for assessing reliability.

Despite the widespread use of the HEXACO model as a descriptive taxonomy of personality traits, there remains limited information on the test-retest reliability of its commonly-used inventories. Studies typically report internal consistency estimates, such as alpha or omega, but there are good reasons to believe that these do not accurately assess reliability. We report 13-day test-retest correlations of the 100- and 60-item English HEXACO Personality Inventory-Revised (HEXACO-100 and HEXACO-60) domains, facets, and items. In order to test the validity of test-retest reliability, we then compare these estimates to correlations between self- and informant-reports (i.e., cross-rater agreement), a widely-used validity criterion. Median estimates of test-retest reliability were .88, .81, and .65 (N = 416) for domains, facets, and items, respectively. Facets' and items' test-retest reliabilities were highly correlated with their cross-rater agreement estimates, whereas internal consistencies were not. Overall, the HEXACO Personality Inventory-Revised demonstrates test-retest reliability similar to other contemporary measures. We recommend that short-term retest reliability should be routinely calculated to assess reliability.

Predictors of social anxiety disorder with major depressive episodes among Japanese university students.

BACKGROUND: Social anxiety disorder (SAD) develops in the early teens and is a common disorder among university students. Understanding the predictive factors of SAD comorbid with major depressive episode (MDE) is important for student mental health care. The aim of this study was to identify the personality traits that predict SAD with MDE by analyzing longitudinal data of Japanese university students. METHODS: In this retrospective study, Japanese university students who visited the health care center of Hokkaido University for the first time were divided into the following four groups: "Control" (n = 43), "MDE" (n = 16), "SAD" (n = 28), and "SAD with MDE" (n = 61) based on the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), the Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale, and core anxiety symptoms for SAD in the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview during screening. Predictors for SAD with MDE were identified by a four-group comparison of the Temperament and Character Inventory and PHQ-9 data previously obtained at the enrollment using analysis of variance and post-hoc tests. RESULTS: Upon comparing the four groups using analysis of variance, there were significant differences in the baseline PHQ-9 summary score, Harm-Avoidance (HA), and Self-Directedness (SD). According to results of the post-hoc test, all three showed a significant difference between the "Control" and "SAD with MDE." Furthermore, there was a significant difference in HA scores between "SAD" and "Control." In all the groups, the mean time from enrollment to the first visit to the center was >2 years. CONCLUSION: A higher HA score at baseline is a predictor of SAD with or without MDE. Higher PHQ-9 summary and lower SD scores at baseline are predictive factors of SAD with MDE.

Two genetic analyses to elucidate causality between body mass index and personality.

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Many personality traits correlate with BMI, but the existence and direction of causal links between them are unclear. If personality influences BMI, knowing this causal direction could inform weight management strategies. Knowing that BMI instead influences personality would contribute to a better understanding of the mechanisms of personality development and the possible psychological effects of weight change. We tested the existence and direction of causal links between BMI and personality. SUBJECTS/METHODS: We employed two genetically informed methods. In Mendelian randomization, allele scores were calculated to summarize genetic propensity for the personality traits neuroticism, worry, and depressive affect and used to predict BMI in an independent sample (N = 3 541). Similarly, an allele score for BMI was used to predict eating-specific and domain-general phenotypic personality scores (PPSs; aggregate scores of personality traits weighted by BMI). In a direction of causation (DoC) analysis, twin data from five countries (N = 5424) were used to assess the fit of four alternative models: PPSs influencing BMI, BMI influencing PPSs, reciprocal causation, and no causation. RESULTS: In Mendelian randomization, the allele score for BMI predicted domain-general (ß = 0.05; 95% CI: 0.02, 0.08; P = 0.003) and eating-specific PPS (ß = 0.06; 95% CI: 0.03, 0.09; P < 0.001). The allele score for worry also predicted BMI (ß = -0.05; 95% CI: -0.08, -0.02; P < 0.001), while those for neuroticism and depressive affect did not (P ≥ 0.459). In DoC, BMI similarly predicted domain-general (ß = 0.21; 95% CI:, 0.18, 0.24; P < 0.001) and eating-specific personality traits (ß = 0.19; 95% CI:, 0.16, 0.22; P < 0.001), suggesting causality from BMI to personality traits. In exploratory analyses, links between BMI and domain-general personality traits appeared reciprocal for higher-weight individuals (BMI > ~25). CONCLUSIONS: Although both genetic analyses suggested an influence of BMI on personality traits, it is not yet known if weight management interventions could influence personality. Personality traits may influence BMI in turn, but effects in this direction appeared weaker.

Neuroticism Is Associated with Tau Pathology in Cognitively Unimpaired Individuals with Autosomal Dominant Alzheimer's Disease.

BACKGROUND: Greater neuroticism has been associated with higher risk for Alzheimer's disease (AD) dementia. However, the directionality of this association is unclear. We examined whether personality traits differ between cognitively-unimpaired carriers of autosomal-dominant AD (ADAD) and non-carriers, and are associated with in vivo AD pathology. OBJECTIVE: To determine whether personality traits differ between cognitively unimpaired ADAD mutation carriers and non-carriers, and whether the traits are related to age and AD biomarkers. METHODS: A total of 33 cognitively-unimpaired Presenilin-1 E280A mutation carriers and 41 non-carriers (ages 27-46) completed neuropsychological testing and the NEO Five-Factor Personality Inventory. A subsample (n = 46; 20 carriers) also underwent tau and amyloid PET imaging. RESULTS: Carriers reported higher neuroticism relative to non-carriers, although this difference was not significant after controlling for sex. Neuroticism was positively correlated with entorhinal tau levels only in carriers, but not with amyloid levels. CONCLUSION: The finding of higher neuroticism in carriers and the association of this trait with tau pathology in preclinical stages of AD highlights the importance of including personality measures in the evaluation of individuals at increased risk for cognitive impairment and dementia. Further research is needed to characterize the mechanisms of these relationships.