Gestão de marketing e o sexismo na comunicação: o papel da liderança / Gestión de marketing y el sexismo en la comunicación: el papel del liderazgo / Marketing management and sexism in promotion: the role of leadership

RESUMO Estudos indicam que as mulheres enfrentam mais dificuldades nas áreas empresariais (gestão, contabilidade, finanças, ciências do comportamento e gestão de pessoas) do que os seus colegas homens, devido a considerações estereotipadas sobre o seu papel, que têm consequências negativas nas oportunidades no local de trabalho. Neste sentido, a liderança surge, nesta investigação, com um papel reforçado e como uma ferramenta crucial no apoio à gestão do marketing (em específico, o caso da comunicação e da publicidade) e na sua relação com o sexismo e a igualdade do género. Em específico, torna-se necessário compreender até que ponto a comunicação social e a indústria publicitária influenciam os estereótipos que vão ditar a ascensão ou não da liderança feminina. O presente trabalho visa contribuir, em nível teórico, para a compreensão deste fenómeno, reunindo alguns dos principais contributos da literatura. Estudos futuros deverão conduzir os investigadores no sentido de testar empiricamente qual o papel da liderança na definição das políticas e planos de comunicação das organizações (em específico, a promoção da igualdade de género). Numa perspetiva interdisciplinar, o presente estudo pretende contribuir para o marketing e para o comportamento organizacional. Futuros trabalhos deverão conduzir à elaboração de focus group e entrevistas em profundidade reunindo alguns agentes da tomada de decisão (na ótica da empresa) e consumidores (na ótica da procura).

RESUMEN Los estudios indican que las mujeres se enfrentan a más dificultades en las áreas empresariales (gestión, contabilidad, finanzas, ciencias de comportamiento y gestión de personas) que sus colegas varones, debido a consideraciones estereotipadas sobre su papel, que tienen consecuencias negativas en las oportunidades en el lugar de trabajo. En este sentido, el liderazgo surge en esta investigación con un papel reforzado y como una herramienta crucial en el apoyo a la gestión del marketing (en particular, el caso de la comunicación y la publicidad) y en su relación con el sexismo y la igualdad de género. En concreto, es necesario comprender hasta qué punto la comunicación social y la industria publicitaria influencian los estereotipos que van a dictar la ascensión o no del liderazgo femenino. El presente trabajo pretende contribuir, en nivel teórico, a la comprensión de este fenómeno, reuniendo algunas de las principales contribuciones de la literatura. Los estudios futuros deben conducir a los investigadores a probar empíricamente cuál es el papel del liderazgo en la definición de las políticas y planes de comunicación de las organizaciones (en particular, la promoción de la igualdad de género). En una perspectiva interdisciplinaria, el presente estudio pretende contribuir al marketing y al comportamiento organizacional. Los futuros trabajos conducen a la elaboración de focus group y entrevistas en profundidad reuniendo algunos agentes de la toma de decisión (en la óptica de la empresa) y consumidores (en la óptica de la demanda).

ABSTRACT Studies show us that women face more difficulties in business (management, accounting, finance, behavioral sciences and people management) than their male counterparts because of stereotypical considerations about their role, which have negative consequences on opportunities on the workplace. So, leadership emerges in this research with a reinforced role and as a crucial way in supporting marketing management (specifically the case of communication and advertising) and in its relation to sexism and gender equality. It is necessary to understand to what extent the media and the advertising industry influences the stereotypes that will dictate the rise or not of female leadership. The present work aims to contribute, theoretically, to the understanding of this phenomenon, gathering some of the main contributions of the existent literature. Future studies should lead researchers to empirically test the role of leadership in shaping organizations' communication policies and plans (specifically, promoting gender equality). In an interdisciplinary perspective, this study intends to contribute to marketing and to organizational behavior. Future work will help to the elaboration of a focus group and in-depth interviews bringing together some decision-making agents (in the company's perspective) and consumers (from a demand perspective).

Perceptions of Ethical Climate and Research Pressures in Different Faculties of a University: Cross-Sectional Study at the University of Split, Croatia.

We determined the prevailing ethical climate at three different schools of a single university, in order to explore possible differences in the ethical climate related to different research fields: the School of Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, and Naval Architecture; the School of Humanities and Social Sciences; and the School of Medicine. We used the Ethical Climate Questionnaire to survey the staff (teachers and administration) at the three schools, and used the research integrity and organizational climate (RIOC) survey for early-stage researchers at the three schools. The dominant ethical climate type perceived collectively at the three university schools (response rate 49%, n = 294) was Laws and professional codes, which is associated with the cosmopolitan level of analysis and the ethical construct of principle. Individually, the same climate predominated at the schools for engineering and humanities, but the School of Medicine had the Self-interest ethical climate, which is associated with the individual level of analysis and the egoism ethical construct. In the RIOC survey (response rate 85%; n = 70), early-stage researchers from the three university schools did not differ in their perceptions of the organizational research integrity climate, or in their perceived individual, group or organizational pressures. Our study is the first, to the best of our knowledge, to show differences in perceived ethical climate at a medical school compared to other schools at a university. Further studies are needed to explore the reasons for these differences and how they translate to organizational outcomes, such as job satisfaction, commitment to the institution and dysfunctional behaviour, including research misconduct.

Suicídio, cultura e trabalho em município de colonização alemã no sul do Brasil / Suicide, culture and work in a German-colonized municipality in the South of Brazil / Suicidio, cultura y trabajo en un municipio de colonización alemana en el sur del Brasil

O suicídio é um problema de saúde pública de magnitude elevada e ascendente. No Brasil, o Rio Grande do Sul tem apresentado, historicamente, altas taxas de mortalidade, sobretudo em regiões colonizadas por alemães. Este é um estudo de caso social, cujas informações foram produzidas com base em narrativas de 14 informantes-chave, pertencentes aos campos da saúde, agricultura, justiça, segurança pública, comunicação social e educação. Os determinantes atribuídos pelos informantes ao suicídio incluíram: a cultura germânica, a ética protestante e o sofrimento no trabalho que afeta agricultores que trabalham com o fumo em regime de pequena propriedade familiar. As reflexões dos entrevistados apontam para o suicídio como um recurso usado na cultura desses descendentes de alemães para enfrentar as dificuldades, cuja frequência se manteve com a introdução do capitalismo no campo e com a subordinação dos agricultores à indústria fumageira.(AU)

Suicide is a serious public health issue with increasing rates. The state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, has a history of high mortality rates, mainly in regions colonized by German populations. The present investigation is a social case study, whose information was obtained through narratives of 14 informers from the health, agriculture, justice, public safety, social communication and education fields. The decisive factors for suicide reported by the informers were the German culture, protestant ethics and suffering at work, which affects family farmers who grow tobacco. The reflections of the interviewees point to suicide as a resource used in the culture of people who descend from German populations to cope with difficulties, which persists as a consequence of the introduction of capitalism in the countryside and the subordination of producers to the tobacco industry.(AU)

El suicidio es un problema de salud pública de magnitud elevada y ascendiente. En Brasil, el Estado de Rio Grande do Sul ha presentado históricamente grandes tasas de mortalidad, principalmente en regiones colonizadas por alemanes. Este es un estudio de caso social, cuyas informaciones se produjeron con base en narrativas de 14 informantes clave, pertenecientes a los campos de: salud, agricultura, justicia, seguridad pública, comunicación social y educación. Los factores determinantes atribuidos por los informantes al suicidio incluyeron: la cultura germánica, la ética protestante y el sufrimiento en el trabajo que afecta a los agricultores que trabajan con el tabaco en régimen de pequeña propiedad familiar. Las reflexiones de los entrevistados señalan el suicidio como un recurso utilizado en la cultura de esos descendientes de alemanes para enfrentar las dificultades, cuya frecuencia se mantuvo con la introducción del capitalismo en el campo y con la subordinación de los agricultores a la industria del tabaco.(AU)

When Nursing Care and Clinical Trials Coincide: A Qualitative Study of the Views of Nordic Oncology and Hematology Nurses on Ethical Work Challenges.

This study investigated the kinds of ethical challenges experienced by nurses in oncology and hematology when nursing care and research overlap in clinical trials, and how the nurses handle such challenges. Individual interviews with 39 nurses from Sweden, Denmark, and Finland indicated that all nurses were positive about research, considering it essential for developing the best care. Ethical challenges exist, however; the most difficult were associated with the end-of-life patients, no longer responsive to standard therapy, who eagerly volunteer for cutting-edge drug trials in the hope of gaining therapeutic benefit. Many nurses lacked systematic strategies for addressing such challenges but found support from their nursing colleagues and relied on the research protocols to guide them.

Development and Preliminary Validation of a New Measure of Values in Scientific Work.

In this paper we describe the development and initial psychometric evaluation of a new measure, the values in scientific work (VSW). This scale assesses the level of importance that investigators attach to different VSW. It taps a broad range of intrinsic, extrinsic, and social values that motivate the work of scientists, including values specific to scientific work (e.g., truth and integrity) and more classic work values (e.g., security and prestige) in the context of science. Notably, the values represented in this scale are relevant to scientists regardless of their career stage and research focus. We administered the VSW and a measure of global values to 203 NIH-funded investigators. Exploratory factor analyses suggest the delineation of eight VSW, including autonomy, research ethics, social impact, income, collaboration, innovation and growth, conserving relationships, and job security. These VSW showed predictable and distinct associations with global values. Implications of these findings for work on research integrity and scientific misconduct are discussed.

[Dimensions of work ethic as predictors of strategies to cope with stress]. / Wymiary etyki pracy jako predyktory strategii radzenia sobie ze stresem.

BACKGROUND: The article presents the mutual relations between the components of work ethic and the strategies of coping with stress used by employees of different branches. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Work ethic was presented as a syndrome of the following attitudes: perceiving work as a moral value, treating work as a central value in life, and the belief in the importance of hard work that leads to success. This ethic also consists of the following components: unwillingness to waste time, disapproval of spare time (anti-leisure), willingness to delay gratification, willingness to act honestly at work (morality/ethic), and being independent (self-reliance). Coping strategies were presented as 3 dimensions (obtained by application of factor analysis of the questionnaire scales COPE (Coping Orientations to Problems Experienced)): proactive cognitive operations, avoidance of action and seeking support. RESULTS: The study conducted on 360 employees of different branches shows that the dimensions of the work ethic are moderately related to strategies emphasizing proactive cognitive operations and poorly related to seeking support and avoidance of action. At the same time, the relations between work ethic and avoidance of action are negative (higher work ethic is linked with lower tendency to avoid action). CONCLUSIONS: Predictors of proactive cognitive operations are unwillingness to waste time, treating work as a central value in life, willingness to act honestly at work (morality/ethic) and being independent (self-reliance). Med Pr 2017;68(6):711-724.

Educación en el trabajo en la enseñanza médica superior / Education at work in higher medical teaching

La formación de los profesionales de la salud se basa en el principio martiano y marxista de la vinculación estudio-trabajo, a lo que se denomina educación en el trabajo, como modalidad fundamental de organización del proceso docente educativo en el ciclo clínico de las diferentes carreras de la educación médica superior. A tales efectos, en el presente artículo se exponen los principales tipos de educación en el trabajo relacionados con la formación del estudiante universitario y del residente durante el período de especialización, así como las experiencias positivas aplicadas durante años por los autores. Este material será un instrumento útil para los profesores y contribuirá a elevar la calidad de la formación de médicos y especialistas.

Health professionals training is based on Martí and Marx principle of linking study-work, what is denominated education at work, as fundamental modality of organization of the teaching educational process in the clinical cycle for the different careers of the higher medical education. To such effects, the main types of education at work related to the university student and intern training during the period of specialization are exposed in this work, as well as the positive experiences implemented during years by the authors. This material will be a useful instrument for the professors and it will contribute to elevate the quality of doctors and specialists training.

Ethical dilemmas, work-related guilt, and posttraumatic stress reactions of news journalists covering the terror attack in Norway in 2011.

News journalists working on crisis-related assignments may experience dilemmas with regard to how to conduct their work without causing additional harm to first-hand victims. In this study, we investigated how exposure to journalistic ethical dilemmas during the Oslo/Utøya terror attack in 2011 and subsequent work-related guilt were related to the development of posttraumatic stress (PTS) reactions. Norwegian journalists (N = 371) covering the terror attack participated in a web-based survey 8-9 months after the incident. We found that females reported more ethical dilemmas during the assignment than males (n = 356, d = 0.51). We also found that being on the scene was not related to more exposure to dilemmas (n = 311, d = 0.01). Moreover, we discovered that work-related guilt had a significant indirect effect on the relationship between exposure to ethical dilemmas and severity of PTS reactions (n = 344, completely standardized indirect effect size = .11, 95% CI [.04, .19]. The results showed that exposure to ethical dilemmas may affect the development of long-term psychological impairment. We concluded that media organizations can prevent postcrisis impairment by preparing employees for possible exposure to dilemmas during crisis-related assignments.

Healthcare workers' willingness to work during an influenza pandemic: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

To estimate the proportion of healthcare workers (HCWs) willing to work during an influenza pandemic and identify associated risk factors, we undertook a systematic review and meta-analysis compliant with PRISMA guidance. Databases and grey literature were searched to April 2013, and records were screened against protocol eligibility criteria. Data extraction and risk of bias assessments were undertaken using a piloted form. Random-effects meta-analyses estimated (i) pooled proportion of HCWs willing to work and (ii) pooled odds ratios of risk factors associated with willingness to work. Heterogeneity was quantified using the I(2) statistic, and publication bias was assessed using funnel plots and Egger's test. Data were synthesized narratively where meta-analyses were not possible. Forty-three studies met our inclusion criteria. Meta-analysis of the proportion of HCWs willing to work was abandoned due to excessive heterogeneity (I(2) = 99.2%). Narrative synthesis showed study estimates ranged from 23.1% to 95.8% willingness to work, depending on context. Meta-analyses of specific factors showed that male HCWs, physicians and nurses, full-time employment, perceived personal safety, awareness of pandemic risk and clinical knowledge of influenza pandemics, role-specific knowledge, pandemic response training, and confidence in personal skills were statistically significantly associated with increased willingness. Childcare obligations were significantly associated with decreased willingness. HCWs' willingness to work during an influenza pandemic was moderately high, albeit highly variable. Numerous risk factors showed a statistically significant association with willingness to work despite significant heterogeneity between studies. None of the included studies were based on appropriate theoretical constructs of population behaviour.

An investigation of moral distress experienced by occupational therapists.

This study used a quantitative survey design to investigate the existence of moral distress among occupational therapists. The Moral Distress Scale-Revised (MDS-R-OHPA) was distributed to a random sample of 600 members of the American Occupational Therapy Association (AOTA). The results of this explorative study found that occupational therapists reported moderate levels of moral distress with occupational therapists working in geriatric settings reporting higher levels of moral distress than occupational therapists who work in physical disability settings, although the difference was not statistically significant. However, occupational therapists who were considering leaving their current position reported the highest levels of moral distress. These initial findings are discussed as well as the need for further research.

Trabalho, trabalhadores e questão social na sociabilidade capitalista / Work, workers and the social issue in the capitalist sociability

Este ensaio, por meio de revisão da literatura, analisa as transformações societárias em curso que afetam o mundo do trabalho e a vida em sociedade, provocando o acirramento da questão social, compreendida como resultante das contradições entre capital e trabalho. Em linhas gerais, tendo em vista o acúmulo de conhecimento produzido no campo das ciências sociais e humanas acerca do tema, são apresentados elementos acerca das alterações desencadeadas no mundo do trabalho e seus reflexos para os trabalhadores em tempos de crise do capital. Dentre as consequências dessas transformações estão a intensificação e a expansão de formas precárias de trabalho, o agravamento do pauperismo, o avanço do desemprego, a informalidade, as subcontratações, a miséria e a perda de direitos sociais. Tal quadro esboça, para o conjunto da classe trabalhadora, por meio de organizações e lutas coletivas, desafios com vistas à superação da sociabilidade capitalista...

This essay, through literature review, analyzes ongoing societal transformations affecting the world of work and life in society, besides provoking the worsening of the social issue, understood as resulting from the contradictions between capital and labor. Generally, taking into account the accumulation of knowledge produced in the field of social and human sciences on this subject, it is presented elements about the changes triggered in the world of work and its reflections to the workers in times of crisis of the capital. One of the consequences of these transformations are the intensification and the expansion of precarious forms of work, the increase of pauperism, the advancement of unemployment, informality, subcontracting, poverty and the loss of social rights. This framework outlines, for the whole working class, through organizations and collective struggles, challenges aimed at overcoming the capitalist sociability...

Generational differences in work ethic among 3 generations of registered nurses.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to understand if differences in dimensions of work ethic exist among 3 generations of nurses working in an inpatient setting at an acute care facility. BACKGROUND: Generational differences are linked with increased turnover, with work ethic frequently cited as an important difference. METHODS: The quantitative, quasi-experimental cross-sectional study recruited inpatient registered nurses from 2 teaching hospitals in a southern US metropolitan area to complete the Multidimensional Work Ethic Profile online. RESULTS: The 285 completed surveys indicated that similarities exist among the 3 generations, with statistically significant differences only in leisure, hard work, and delay of gratification dimensions. CONCLUSIONS: Understanding differences in work ethic dimensions could lead to strategies for improving the generational conflict. These results also lead to the conclusion that work ethic differences may not be the cause of the generational conflict among nurses.

Nurse willingness to report for work in the event of an earthquake in Israel.

AIM: To examine variables affecting nurse willingness to report for work in the event of an earthquake in Israel and whether this can be predicted through the Theory of Self-Efficacy. BACKGROUND: The nursing profession has a major role in preparing for earthquakes. Nurse willingness to report to work in the event of an earthquake has never before been examined. METHOD: Self-administered questionnaires were distributed among a convenience sample of 400 nurses and nursing students in Israel during January-April 2012. RESULTS: High willingness to report to work in the event of an earthquake was declared by 57% of respondents. High perceived self-efficacy, level of knowledge and experience predict willingness to report to work in the event of an earthquake. Multidisciplinary collaboration and support was also cited as a meaningful factor. CONCLUSION: Perceived self-efficacy, level of knowledge, experience and the support of a multidisciplinary staff affect nurse willingness to report to work in the event of an earthquake. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING MANAGEMENT: Nurse managers can identify factors that increase nurse willingness to report to work in the event of an earthquake and consequently develop strategies for more efficient management of their nursing workforce.

O trabalho do marreteiro nas indústrias de fundição: atividade em condições nocivas à saúde e incompatível com o direito brasileiro / The sledgehammer work on foundry industries: an activity on harmful conditions to the health and incompatible with the Brazilian law

O presente artigo tem como escopo demonstrar o trabalho em condições de sofrimento dos trabalhadores marreteiros e em afronta aos princípios da dignidade da pessoa humana e valor social do trabalho. O estudo aponta a necessidade de eliminar esse modelo primitivo de trabalho, com substituição dos instrumentos causadores dos desgastes por martelos pneumáticos, o que minimizaria ou até eliminaria o adoecimento dos trabalhadores. A utilização de marreta, instrumento arcaico, gera grave desgaste físico e psicológico ao trabalhador. O tema foi abordado de uma perspectiva interdisciplinar, incluindo a observação do impacto na saúde do trabalhador e os instrumentos jurídicos que respaldam a eliminação de trabalho degradante e em afronta à dignidade da pessoa humana. A metodologia é a de análise bibliográfica em torno do tema e conclui-se que o severo desgaste à saúde do trabalhador, encontra repúdio no texto constitucional, bem como na normatização da Organização Internacional do Trabalho.

This article aims to demonstrate the work in conditions of suffering by workers who use the sledgehammer which is opposite to the principles of the human dignity and the social valueof work. The study points the need of eliminating this primitive model of work, replacing the sledgehammer by pneumatic hammers, which would minimize or even eliminate the illnessof workers. The use of the sledgehammer, an archaic instrument, generates serious injury and psychological damage. The approach of the theme is interdisciplinary, including the impact on worker health and the legal instruments that support the elimination of degrading work that affront human dignity. The methodology is based on literature review about the subject. It concludes that the severe wear to worker’s health meets repudiation in the constitutional texts, as well as in the standardization of International Labor Organization.

The impact of John Henryism on self-reported health behaviors in African American men.

PURPOSE: African American men have poorer health and higher disease-related mortality as compared to non-African American men. John Henryism refers to the predisposition to engage in active high-effort coping with environmental stressors. Little is known about relationships between John Henryism and personal health behaviors in African American men. The study purposes were to examine predictive relationships among John Henryism, marital status, age, education years, and health insurance on health behaviors in African American men. DESIGN: Cross-sectional descriptive study. METHOD: The convenience sample included 60 African American men (mean age 54.8 + 10.13) recruited from a large urban area in the Midwestern United States. FINDINGS: John Henryism significantly predicted self-reported health behaviors accounting for 12% of the multiple regression model variance. RESULTS: Findings provide early evidence to consider in the design of interventions aimed at promoting healthy behaviors in African American men.