Resultados de la participación del Departamento de Medicina Transfusional sobre la indicación de sangre desplasmatizada durante el perioperatorio de cirugía cardíaca / Results of the participation of the Transfusion Medicine Department on the indicatio of deplasmatized bloodduring heart surgery preoperative period

Introducción: la transfusión de sangre desplasmatizada es una de las intervenciones más frecuente y variable durante la cirugía cardiaca. Esta puede ser beneficiosa, pero también puede provocar resultados adversos. La mayoría de los estudios en los últimos años han relacionado su administración con un aumento de la morbimortalidad. Material y métodos: realizamos un estudio retrospectivo, observacional, de casos y controles que analizó la asociación de la transfusión de sangre desplasmatizada con la aplicación de un protocolo de atención para optimizar la terapia transfusional en el perioperatorio de cirugía cardíaca. Resultados y conclusiones: mediante la aplicación de este protocolo se observó una disminución en la transfusión de sangre en el intraoperatorio sin producirse cambios en la mortalidad ni en los días de internación.

Abstract Deplasmatized blood transfusion is one of the most frequent and variable interventions during cardiac surgery. It might be beneficial, although it may also cause adverse results. Most recent studies have associated them with an increase in morbimortality. We conducted a study that analysed the association of deplasmatized blood transfusion with the application of a protocol for care to optimize transfusional therapy in the perioperative stages of cardiac surgery. A decrease in blood transfusion in the perioperative stage with no impact in mortality or days of hospitalization was observed upon the application of this protocol.

Resumo A transfusão de sangue desplasmatizada é uma das intervenções mais frequentes e variáveis durante uma cirurgia cardíaca. Esta pode trazer benéficos, mas também pode provocar resultados adversos. A maioria dos estudos nos últimos anos relaciona sua administração com um aumento da morbimortalidade. Realizamos um estudo que analisou a associação da transfusão de sangue desplasmatizada com a aplicação de um protocolo de atendimento para otimizar a terapia transfusional no período perioperatorio de cirurgia cardíaca. A aplicação deste protocolo mostrou uma redução da transfusão de sangue no período intraoperatorio sem que se observassem alterações na mortalidade ou nos dias de internação.

Parameters of the center of pressure displacement on the saddle during hippotherapy on different surfaces

Background: Hippotherapy uses horseback riding movements for therapeutic purposes. In addition to the horse's movement, the choice of equipment and types of floor are also useful in the intervention. The quantification of dynamic parameters that define the interaction of the surface of contact between horse and rider provides insight into how the type of floor surface variations act upon the subject's postural control. Objective: To test whether different types of surfaces promote changes in the amplitude (ACOP) and velocity (VCOP) of the center of pressure (COP) displacement during the rider's contact with the saddle on the horse's back. Method: Twenty two healthy adult male subjects with experience in riding were evaluated. The penetration resistances of asphalt, sand and grass surfaces were measured. The COP data were collected on the three surfaces using a pressure measurement mat. Results: ACOP values were higher in sand, followed by grass and asphalt, with significant differences between sand and asphalt (anteroposterior, p=0.042; mediolateral, p=0.019). The ACOP and VCOP values were higher in the anteroposterior than in the mediolateral direction on all surfaces (ACOP, p=0.001; VCOP, p=0.006). The VCOP did not differ between the surfaces. Conclusion: Postural control, measured by the COP displacement, undergoes variations in its amplitude as a result of the type of floor surface. Therefore, these results reinforce the importance of the choice of floor surface when defining the strategy to be used during hippotherapy intervention. .

The main sceneries of Chagas disease transmission. The vectors, blood and oral transmissions - A comprehensive review

This review deals with transmission of Trypanosoma cruzi by the most important domestic vectors, blood transfusion and oral intake. Among the vectors, Triatoma infestans, Panstrongylus megistus, Rhodnius prolixus, Triatoma dimidiata, Triatoma brasiliensis, Triatoma pseudomaculata, Triatoma sordida, Triatoma maculata, Panstrongylus geniculatus, Rhodnius ecuadoriensis and Rhodnius pallescens can be highlighted. Transmission of Chagas infection, which has been brought under control in some countries in South and Central America, remains a great challenge, particularly considering that many endemic countries do not have control over blood donors. Even more concerning is the case of non-endemic countries that receive thousands of migrants from endemic areas that carry Chagas disease, such as the United States of America, in North America, Spain, in Europe, Japan, in Asia, and Australia, in Oceania. In the Brazilian Amazon Region, since Shaw et al. (1969) described the first acute cases of the disease caused by oral transmission, hundreds of acute cases of the disease due to oral transmission have been described in that region, which is today considered to be endemic for oral transmission. Several other outbreaks of acute Chagas disease by oral transmission have been described in different states of Brazil and in other South American countries.

Opções terapêuticas para minimizar transfusões de sangue alogênico e seus efeitos adversos em cirurgia cardíaca: Revisão sistemática / Therapeutic options to minimize allogeneic blood transfusions and their adverse effects in cardiac surgery: A systematic review

Introdução: O sangue alogênico é um recurso terapêutico esgotável. Novas evidências demonstram um consumo excessivo de sangue e uma diminuição das doações, resultando em estoques de sangue reduzidos em todo o mundo. As transfusões de sangue estão relacionadas a aumento na morbimortalidade e maiores custos hospitalares. Deste modo, torna-se necessário procurar outras opções de tratamento. Estas alternativas existem, porém são pouco conhecidas e raramente utilizadas. Objetivo: Reunir e descrever de maneira sistemática, objetiva e prática todas as estratégias clínicas e cirúrgicas, como opções terapêuticas eficazes para minimizar ou evitar transfusões de sangue alogênico e seus efeitos adversos nos pacientes submetidos à cirurgia cardíaca. Métodos: Foi efetuada uma pesquisa bibliográfica com busca ao descritor “Blood transfusion” (MeSH) e aos termos “Cardiac surgery” e “Blood management”. Estudos com títulos não relacionados diretamente ao tema da pesquisa, estudos que não continham nos resumos dados relacionados à pesquisa, estudos mais antigos que relataram estratégias repetidas foram excluídos. Resultados: Tratar anemia e plaquetopenia, suspender anticoagulantes e antiplaquetários, reduzir flebotomias rotineiras, técnica cirúrgica menos traumática com hipotermia e hipotensão moderada, hemostasia meticulosa, uso de agentes hemostáticos sistêmicos e tópicos, hemodiluição normovolêmica aguda, recuperação sanguínea intraoperatória, tolerância à anemia (oxigênio suplementar e normotermia), bem como várias outras opções terapêuticas mostram ser estratégias eficazes em reduzir transfusões de sangue alogênico. Conclusão: Existem múltiplas estratégias clínicas e cirúrgicas para otimizar a massa eritrocitária e o estado de coagulação, minimizar a perda de sangue e melhorar tolerância à anemia. Estes recursos terapêuticos deveriam ser incorporados à prática médica mundial, visando diminuir o consumo de hemocomponentes, ...

Introdution: Allogeneic blood is an exhaustible therapeutic resource. New evidence indicates that blood consumption is excessive and that donations have decreased, resulting in reduced blood supplies worldwide. Blood transfusions are associated with increased morbidity and mortality, as well as higher hospital costs. This makes it necessary to seek out new treatment options. Such options exist but are still virtually unknown and are rarely utilized. Objective: To gather and describe in a systematic, objective, and practical way all clinical and surgical strategies as effective therapeutic options to minimize or avoid allogeneic blood transfusions and their adverse effects in surgical cardiac patients. Methods: A bibliographic search was conducted using the MeSH term “Blood Transfusion” and the terms “Cardiac Surgery” and “Blood Management.” Studies with titles not directly related to this research or that did not contain information related to it in their abstracts as well as older studies reporting on the same strategies were not included. Results: Treating anemia and thrombocytopenia, suspending anticoagulants and antiplatelet agents, reducing routine phlebotomies, utilizing less traumatic surgical techniques with moderate hypothermia and hypotension, meticulous hemostasis, use of topical and systemic hemostatic agents, acute normovolemic hemodilution, cell salvage, anemia tolerance (supplementary oxygen and normothermia), as well as various other therapeutic options have proved to be effective strategies for reducing allogeneic blood transfusions. Conclusion: There are a number of clinical and surgical strategies that can be used to optimize erythrocyte mass and coagulation status, minimize blood loss, and improve anemia tolerance. In order to decrease the consumption of blood components, diminish morbidity and mortality, and reduce hospital costs, these treatment strategies should be incorporated ...

Transmisión oral de Trypanosoma cruzi: una nueva situación epidemiológica de la enfermedad de Chagas en Colombia y otros países suramericanos / Oral transmission of Trypanosoma cruzi : a new epidemiological scenario for Chagas´ disease in Colombia and other South American countries

Durante la última década se han reportado numerosos casos de infección por Trypanosoma cruzi por vía oral, debidos a la contaminación de alimentos con heces de triatominos silvestres o con secreciones de reservorios en áreas donde los vectores domiciliados han sido controlados o no hay antecedentes de domiciliación. Con base en criterios epidemiológicos, clínicos y socioeconómicos, la Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Agricultura y la Alimentación (FAO) y la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) establecieron una clasificación de los parásitos transmitidos por contaminación de alimentos en diferentes regiones del mundo, en la cual T. cruzi ocupó el décimo lugar de importancia en un grupo de 24 parásitos. Los cambios ambientales, como la deforestación y el calentamiento global, han afectado los ecotopos y el comportamiento de los vectores y de los reservorios de T. cruzi , de manera que estos se han desplazado a nuevas zonas, generando una nueva forma de transmisión por contaminación de alimentos que requiere su evaluación en el país. La presente revisión aborda la transmisión oral de la enfermedad de Chagas con énfasis en los estudios orientados a identificar los factores de riesgo, las especies de triatominos involucrados, la fisiopatología de la infección oral y los genotipos del parásito que están implicados en esta forma de transmisión en Colombia y en otras regiones de América Latina, así como la necesidad de adoptar políticas para su control y vigilancia epidemiológica.

Many cases of infection caused by the oral transmission of Trypanosoma cruzi have been reported during the last decade. These have been due to the contamination of food by faeces from sylvatic triatomines or by leakage from reservoirs in areas where domiciliated vectors have been controlled or where there has been no prior background of domiciliation. The United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and the World Health Organization (WHO) have used epidemiological, clinical and socioeconomic criteria for ranking parasites transmitted by the contamination of food in different areas of the world; T. cruzi was placed tenth in importance amongst a group of 24 parasites in such ranking. Environmental changes such as deforestation and global warming have affected ecotopes and the behaviour of T. cruzi vectors and reservoirs so that these have become displaced to new areas, thereby leading to such new transmission scenario caused by the contamination of food, which requires evaluation in Colombia. The current review deals with the oral transmission of Chagas´ disease, emphasising studies aimed at identifying the pertinent risk factors, the triatomine species involved, the physiopathology of oral infection, the parasite´s genotypes implicated in this type of transmission in Colombia and other Latin American regions, as well as the need for ongoing epidemiological surveillance and control policies.

Ecoepidemiology, short history and control of Chagas disease in the endemic countries and the new challenge for non-endemic countries

Chagas disease is maintained in nature through the interchange of three cycles: the wild, peridomestic and domestic cycles. The wild cycle, which is enzootic, has existed for millions of years maintained between triatomines and wild mammals. Human infection was only detected in mummies from 4,000-9,000 years ago, before the discovery of the disease by Carlos Chagas in 1909. With the beginning of deforestation in the Americas, two-three centuries ago for the expansion of agriculture and livestock rearing, wild mammals, which had been the food source for triatomines, were removed and new food sources started to appear in peridomestic areas: chicken coops, corrals and pigsties. Some accidental human cases could also have occurred prior to the triatomines in peridomestic areas. Thus, triatomines progressively penetrated households and formed the domestic cycle of Chagas disease. A new epidemiological, economic and social problem has been created through the globalisation of Chagas disease, due to legal and illegal migration of individuals infected by Trypanosoma cruzi or presenting Chagas disease in its varied clinical forms, from endemic countries in Latin America to non-endemic countries in North America, Europe, Asia and Oceania, particularly to the United States of America and Spain. The main objective of the present paper was to present a general view of the interchanges between the wild, peridomestic and domestic cycles of the disease, the development of T. cruzi among triatomine, their domiciliation and control initiatives, the characteristics of the disease in countries in the Americas and the problem of migration to non-endemic countries.

Blood transfusion-related immunomodulation

The phenomenon of transfusion-related immunomodulation (TRIM) has been studied since the observation of a higher kidney allograft survival in patients who had received a higher number of transfusions. Conversely, it has been suggested as one of the possible causes related to the development of infections in patients with multiple blood transfusions and/or after a major surgery, and has been also associated with a decreased function of natural killer cells (NK) and antigen-presenting cells (APCs), reduced cell-mediated immunity, and increased regulatory T cells (Tregs). This review aimed to conceptualize TRIM and discuss some aspects related to its mechanisms and the prevention of immunomodulatory events.

Detection of the B"-GWGR variant in the southernmost region of Brazil: unveiling the complexity of the human immunodeficiency virus-1 subtype B epidemic

Typical human immunodeficiency virus-1 subtype B (HIV-1B) sequences present a GPGR signature at the tip of the variable region 3 (V3) loop; however, unusual motifs harbouring a GWGR signature have also been isolated. Although epidemiological studies have detected this variant in approximately 17-50% of the total infections in Brazil, the prevalence of B"-GWGR in the southernmost region of Brazil is not yet clear. This study aimed to investigate the C2-V3 molecular diversity of the HIV-1B epidemic in southernmost Brazil. HIV-1 seropositive patients were ana-lysed at two distinct time points in the state of Rio Grande do Sul (RS98 and RS08) and at one time point in the state of Santa Catarina (SC08). Phylogenetic analysis classified 46 individuals in the RS98 group as HIV-1B and their molecular signatures were as follows: 26% B"-GWGR, 54% B-GPGR and 20% other motifs. In the RS08 group, HIV-1B was present in 32 samples: 22% B"-GWGR, 59% B-GPGR and 19% other motifs. In the SC08 group, 32 HIV-1B samples were found: 28% B"-GWGR, 59% B-GPGR and 13% other motifs. No association could be established between the HIV-1B V3 signatures and exposure categories in the HIV-1B epidemic in RS. However, B-GPGR seemed to be related to heterosexual individuals in the SC08 group. Our results suggest that the established B"-GWGR epidemics in both cities have similar patterns, which is likely due to their geographical proximity and cultural relationship.

Reações transfusionais em crianças: fatores associados / Blood transfusion reactions in children: associated factors

OBJETIVO: Analisar o perfil das reações transfusionais em crianças e identificar os fatores intervenientes. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal realizado em um hospital-escola pediátrico terciário da rede pública, envolvendo todas as crianças internadas de janeiro a julho de 2011 (5437), das quais 1.226 foram hemotransfundidas, constituindo, assim, a amostra. Realizado estudo documental dos relatórios do serviço de hemovigilância e das fichas de notificação de reações transfusionais. As variáveis investigadas foram: número e tipo de hemocomponente transfundido, local de transfusão, local da reação, idade, sexo, tipo de hemocomponente envolvido, tipo de incidente e história prévia de politransfusão. Realizada análise descritiva e inferencial, utilizando-se testes estatísticos para estabelecer associação entre as variáveis. RESULTADOS: Verificou-se 57 incidentes transfusionais envolvendo 47 crianças distintas e 72 hemocomponentes, constituindo uma prevalência de reações de 3,8%. Na análise inferencial, pelo teste do Qui-quadrado, as seguintes variáveis apresentaram associação estatisticamente significativa (p < 0,05) com o tipo de reação: faixa etária e tipo de hemocomponente envolvido. Analogamente, a doença de base do paciente associou-se com a história prévia de incidente transfusional e o tipo de hemocomponente. CONCLUSÕES: A prevalência de reações transfusionais em crianças é elevada, e os fatores intervenientes são o tipo de hemocomponente, a faixa etária, comorbidade do paciente e politransfusão, sendo que os dois primeiros associam-se, também, com tipo de reação ocorrida.

OBJECTIVE:To analyze the profile of blood transfusion reactions in children and to identify the involved factors. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study in a tertiary pediatric teaching hospital from the public healthcare system, involving all children admitted from January to July of 2011 (5,437), of which 1,226 received blood transfusions, constituting the sample. A documental study was performed by analyzing files from the hemovigilance service and notification forms of transfusion reactions. The variables investigated were: number and type of blood components transfused, transfusion site, reaction site, age, gender, type of blood components involved, type of incident, and previous history of multiple transfusions. A descriptive and inferential analysis was performed, using statistical tests to establish the association between the variables. RESULTS: There were 57 transfusion incidents involving 47 children and 72 different blood products, thus constituting a prevalence of reactions of 3.8%. At the inferential analysis, the chi-squared test showed that the following variables were significantly associated (p < 0.05) with the type of reaction: age range and type of blood component. Similarly, the patient's underlying disease was associated with previous history of transfusion incident and type of blood component. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of transfusion reactions in children is high, and the intervening factors are: type of blood component, age, patient comorbidity, and multiple transfusions; type of blood component and age are also associated with type of reaction.

Positive serology for viral hepatitis and donor self-exclusion in Southern Brazil

Introduction Despite the great advances in serological testing for transfusion-transmitted infections, the selection of blood donors by blood bank operators remains the only way to avoid transmission within the testing window period. Part of this selection is the self-exclusion form, on which the donors can exclude their blood from donation without any explanation. This study assessed the clinical and epidemiological characteristics related to positivity for viral hepatitis and to the use of the confidential self-exclusion (CSE) form. Methods This transversal study analyzed the data collected from blood donors' files in a hospital in Southern Brazil. Univariate and multivariate analyses identified the clinical and epidemiological variables related to positive serologies of viral hepatitis and to whether the donor was self-excluded. Results Of the 3,180 donors included in this study, 0.1% tested positive for HBsAg, 2.1% for anti-HBc, and 0.9% for anti-HCV. When the 93 donors with positive serologies for viral hepatitis were compared with those who were negative, a greater proportion of the positive serology group was found to have had a history of blood transfusions (OR=4.908; 95%CI=1.628 - 14.799; p<0.01), had repeatedly donated (OR=2.147; 95%CI=1.236 - 3.729; p<0.01), and used the CSE form for self-exclusion (OR=7.139; 95%CI=2.045 - 24.923; p<0.01). No variables were independently associated with self-exclusion. Conclusions A history of blood transfusion, repeated donations, and self-exclusion are factors that should be considered during viral hepatitis screenings in blood banks. .

La hemovigilancia de las reacciones adversas a la donación de sangre / Hemovigilance of adverse reactions to blood donation

Introducción: en la provincia de Matanzas, de enero del 2003 a diciembre de 2011, se desarrolló un programa de hemovigilancia para incrementar la seguridad de la cadena transfusional. Objetivo: analizar los efectos de este programa sobre las reacciones adversas en los donantes de sangre. Métodos: Se identificó el estado de la notificación de los eventos adversos de la donación en el año 2002, etapa previa al programa. Se mejoró el servicio de donaciones con la revisión de los procederes y las buenas prácticas; a la metodología para la selección del donante se incorporaron los datos geográficos epidemiológicos de cada territorio. A partir de 2003, se notificaron las reacciones adversas de la donación mediante un formulario diseñado para ese fin, se analizaron sus causas, se tomaron las medidas preventivas y correctivas pertinentes. Se efectuaron acciones para prevenir estas y mejorar la calidad de la colecta como capacitación y consejería a los donantes. Se organizó un sistema de alerta rápida para detectar y minimizar los riesgos relacionados con la donación y la calidad de la colecta. Resultados: se disminuyó la tasa de reacciones del donante de 10,1 por mil donaciones en 2002 a 1,4 por mil donaciones en 2011. Se eliminaron las reacciones graves y se minimizaron las moderadas. La reacción más frecuente fue la vasovagal leve. Conclusiones: la hemovigilancia es una herramienta eficaz para incrementar la seguridad de los donantes y mejorar la calidad de la colecta de sangre y puede implementarse con escasos recursos

Introduction: from January 2003 to December 2011 a program of hemovigilance was developed to increase the safety of transfusion in the province of Matanzas. Objective: to analyze the effects of this program on the adverse reactions of blood donors. Methods: adverse reactions to blood donation were identified in 2002 prior to the introduction of the program. The donation service was improved with the revision of procedures and standard practice; epidemiological and geographic data was included in the donor's selection process. From 2003 on, the adverse reactions to donations were notified using a form specially designed; causes were analyzed and prevention and corrective actions were taken. Other proceedings were applied to prevent negative reactions at donation and to improve the quality of blood collection, such as training and advice to donors. A quick alert system was set up to detect and to correct the risks related to donation and the quality of the collection. Results: there was a decrease on the donor's reaction rate from 10, 1 out of 1 000 donations in 2002 to 1,4 out of 1000 in 2011. Severe adverse reactions were eliminated and moderate reactions were minimized. The most frequent was the vasovagal reaction. Conclusions: hemovigilance is an effective tool to increase donors' safety and to improve the quality of blood collection and it can be implemented with scarce resources

Vigilancia activa de enfermedades infecciosas en donantes de sangre / Active surveillance of infectious diseases in blood donors

En Cuba es de carácter obligatorio realizar al 100 por ciento de la sangre donada, pruebas de laboratorio para detectar anticuerpos contra los Virus de Inmunodeficiencia Humana 1 y 2 (VIH), antígeno de superficie del Virus de la Hepatitis B (VHB), anticuerpos contra el Virus de la Hepatitis C (VHC) y la detección indirecta de Treponema pallidum por pruebas serológicas (VDRL o RPR), como ha regulado la Organización Panamericana de la Salud y el Centro para el Control Estatal de Control de la Calidad de los Medicamentos. Se decriben los resultados de esta vigilancia activa en donantes de sangre de la provincia de Cienfuegos desde 1989 hasta el 2009. Se aprecia notable descenso en la detección de casos positivos para la hepatitis B y sífilis a través de los años, mientras que el VIH mantiene un comportamiento caracterizado por cifras muy bajas, incluyendo varios años con ningún caso reportado. Finalmente la hepatitis C muestra una marcada tendencia al incremento en su incidencia entre este grupo poblacional

In Cuba is binding make the detection of antibodies against the 1 and 2 Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), Antigen of the Virus surface of Hepatitis B (HBV) and antibodies against the Virus of Hepatitis C (HCV) and the realization of VDRL, 100 por ciento of donated blood, as it has regulated the Pan American Health Organization and the Center for the State Control of the quality of the medicines Control. This article describes the results of this active surveillance in donor of the Cienfuegos province from 1989 until 2009. Shows remarkable decline in the detection of Hepatitis B and syphilis over the years, while the HIV remains a behavior characterized by very low figures, including several years with no reported case. Finally the Hepatitis C shows a marked tendency to the increase in its incidence

Impact on early and late mortality after blood transfusion in coronary artery bypass graft surgery / Impacto na mortalidade precoce e tardia após transfusão de hemácias em cirurgia de revascularização miocárdica

OBJECTIVE: To assess the 30-day and 1-year mortality associated to the red blood cell transfusion after coronary artery bypass grafting surgery. This procedure has been questioned by the international medical community, but it is still widely used in cardiac surgery. Therefore, it is needed more evidence of this medical practice in our country. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed 3,004 patients who underwent coronary artery bypass grafting surgery between June 2009 and July 2010. Patients were divided into two groups: non-transfused and transfused. RESULTS: The transfused group totaled 1,888 (63%) and non-transfused 1,116 (37%). There were 129 deaths in 30 days, with 108 (84%) in the transfused group and 21 (16%) in the non-transfused (P<0.001). One year mortality totaled 249 distributed in 212 (85%) among transfused patients and 37 (15%) in non-transfused (P<0.001). The adjusted odds ratio for mortality in patients transfused was 2.00 (P=0.007) in 30 days and 2.31 (P=0.003) in 1 year. Even in low risk patients (age < 60 years and EuroSCORE < 2 points), and so with fewer comorbidities, both outcomes, 30 day and 1 year mortality were significantly higher in the transfused patients (7.0% vs. 0.0%, P< 0.001) and (10.0% vs. 0.0%, P< 0.001), respectively. CONCLUSION: The perioperative red blood cell transfusions after coronary artery bypass grafting surgery increased significantly the 30-day and 1-year mortality, even after the adjustments for comorbidities and other factors. So, new therapeutic options and autologous blood management and conservation strategies should be encouraged to reduce blood products transfusions.

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a mortalidade em 30 dias e em 1 ano associada à transfusão de glóbulos vermelhos após cirurgia de revascularização miocárdica. Esse procedimento já vem sendo questionado pela comunidade médica internacional, mas ainda é utilizado em grande escala em cirurgias cardíacas. Portanto, faz-se necessário mais evidência dessa prática médica em nosso meio. MÉTODOS: Analisamos retrospectivamente 3004 pacientes submetidos à cirurgia de revascularização miocárdica entre junho de 2009 e julho de 2010. Os pacientes foram divididos em dois grupos: Transfundidos e Não transfundidos. RESULTADOS: O grupo de pacientes transfundidos totalizaram 1888 (63%) e o grupo não transfundidos 1116 (37%). Foi observado 129 óbitos em 30 dias, sendo 108 (84%) no grupo transfundidos e 21 (16%) no grupo não transfundidos (P<0,001). Os óbitos em um ano totalizaram 249 distribuídos em 212 (85%) hemotransfundidos e 37 (15%) sem transfusão (P<0,001). O odds ratio ajustado para mortalidade nos pacientes transfundidos foi de 2,00 (P=0,007) em 30 dias e 2,31 (P=0,003) em 1 ano. Mesmo em pacientes de baixo risco (idade<60 anos e com EuroSCORE < 2%), portanto com menos comorbidades, temos significativamente mais óbitos no grupo transfundidos em 30 dias (7,0% vs. 0,0%; P<0,001) e também em 1 ano (10,0% vs. 0,0%; P<0,001). CONCLUSÃO: A transfusão de glóbulos vermelhos após cirurgia de revascularização miocárdica aumenta significativamente a mortalidade em 30 dias e em um ano, mesmo após correção de comorbidades e outros fatores. Novas opções terapêuticas e estratégias de gerenciamento e conservação do sangue autólogo devem ser estimuladas para reduzir as transfusões de hemoderivados.

Ecocardiografia de pacientes talassêmicos sem insuficiência cardíaca em tratamento com transfusões sanguíneas e quelação / Echocardiography in thalassemic patients on blood transfusions and chelation without heart failure

FUNDAMENTO: Pacientes com talassemia major (TM) apresentam hemólise crônica e necessitam de transfusões sanguíneas egularmente que podem causar cardiomiopatia por sobrecarga de ferro e insuficiência cardíaca crônica. A hemocromatose é caracterizada por acúmulo excessivo de ferro nos tecidos; acometimento do coração é a principal causa de óbito em pacientes com talassemia. OBJETIVO: Avaliar as estruturas e a função cardíaca por meio de ecocardiografia com Doppler convencional e Doppler tecidual em pacientes com TM, sem evidência clínica de insuficiência cardíaca. MÉTODOS: Trata-se de estudo observacional prospectivo de 18 pacientes com TM que recebem transfusão sanguínea regularmente. Para avaliar, separadamente, os efeitos da anemia e da transfusão sanguínea, dois grupos controles pareados por gênero, idade, peso e altura foram incluídos: um com indivíduos saudáveis (Saudável, n = 18) e outro com pacientes com anemia por deficiência de ferro (Anemia, n = 18). Análise estatística foi realizada utilizando ANOVA seguida pelo teste de Tukey ou Kruskal-Wallis e teste de Dunn. RESULTADOS: As seguintes variáveis ecocardiográficas apresentaram valores significativamente mais elevados no grupo TM do que nos grupos Anemia e Saudável: índice de volume do átrio esquerdo (Saudável: 16,4 ± 6,08; Anemia: 17,9 ± 7,02; TM: 24,1 ± 8,30 cm/m); razão E/Em septal mitral (Saudável: 6,55 ± 1,60; Anemia: 6,74 ± 0,74; TM: 8,10 ± 1,31) e duração do fluxo reverso em veias pulmonares [Saudável: 74,0 (59,0-74,0); Anemia: 70,5 (67,0-74,0); TM: 111 (87,0-120) ms]. Arazão E/A mitral foi maior no grupo TM do que no grupo Anemia (Saudável: 1,80 ± 0,40; Anemia: 1,80 ± 0,24; TM: 2,03 ± 0,34). Não foram encontradas diferenças entre os grupos em variáveis estruturais do ventrículo esquerdo e em índices de função sistólica. CONCLUSÃO: A ecocardiografia com Doppler convencional e o Doppler tecidual permite que alterações na função diastólica do ventrículo esquerdo sejam identificadas em pacientes assintomáticos com talassemia major.

BACKGROUND: Patients with thalassemia major present chronic hemolysis and require regular blood transfusions which may cause iron overload cardiomyopathy and chronic heart failure. Hemochromatosis is characterized by excessive iron accumulation in tissues, and heart involvement is the main cause of death in patients with thalassemia. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate cardiac structure and function by conventional Doppler echocardiography and tissue Doppler imaging in patients with TM and no clinical evidence of heart failure. METHODS: This is a prospective observational study including 18 patients with thalassemia major (TM) receiving regular blood transfusion. To separately evaluate anemia and blood transfusion effects, two gender, age, weight, and height-matched control groups were included: one with healthy individuals (Healthy, n=18) and one with iron deficient anemia patients (Anemia, n=18). Statistical analysis was performed using ANOVA followed by Tukey's test or Kruskal-Wallis's and Dunn's test. RESULTS: The following echocardiographic variables presented significantly higher values in TM than the Anemia and Healthy groups: left atrium volume index (Healthy: 16.4±6.08; Anemia: 17.9±7.02; TM: 24.1±8.30 cm³/m²); mitral septal E/Em ratio (Healthy: 6.55±1.60; Anemia: 6.74±0.74; TM: 8.10±1.31); and duration of reverse pulmonary vein flow [Healthy: 74.0 (59.0-74.0); Anemia: 70.5 (67.0-74.0); TM: 111 (87.0-120) ms]. The mitral E/A ratio was higher in TM than Anemia (Healthy: 1.80±0.40; Anemia: 1.80±0.24; TM: 2.03±0.34). No differences were found in left ventricular structures and systolic function indexes. CONCLUSION: Conventional Doppler echocardiography and tissue Doppler allow changes in left ventricular diastolic function to be identified in asymptomatic patients with thalassemia major.

Frecuencia del antígeno Dia en donantes y de anticuerpos anti-Dia en pacientes de Hospitales Públicos y del Instituto Guatemalteco de Seguridad Social / Frequency of Dia antigen among blood donors and anti-Dia of patients from public hospitals and the Guatemalan Security Social Institute

Introducción: es muy raro encontrar al antígeno Dia en caucásicos, negros, polinesios y esquimales, pero se encuentra presente en alta frecuencia en etnias autóctonas de Latinoamérica y población en Asia. El anticuerpo anti-Dia es clínicamente significativo porque se ha asociado con reacciones hemolíticas pos­transfusionales y la Enfermedad Hemolítica del Recién Nacido. Objetivos: Establecer la importancia de investigar el antígeno Dia en donantes y anticuerpos anti-Dia en pacientes transfundidos en los bancos de sangre de hospitales públicos y hospitales del Instituto Guatemalteco de Seguridad Social. Metodología: La detección del antígeno Dia se realizó utilizando la prueba de antiglobulina indirecta. A los donantes se dividieron en dos grupos étnicos indígenas y mestizos. Las diferencias en las prevalencias se analizaron me­diante la prueba X2 (chi cuadrado) y valor de p<0,05 para mostrar si hay diferencia significativa. Las muestras para la detección de anticuerpos se realizó en un equipo Wadiana-Grifols utilizando células pantalla Serascan 1, 2, 3 y Serascan Diego. Resultados: Se encontró que el antígeno Dia posee una frecuen­cia de 7.5%. Al ser estratificado la muestra por etnia, la población indígena posee una frecuencia de 12.99% y la población mestiza de 3.90%, encontrándose una di­ferencia significativa (p<0.005). La frecuencia de anticuerpos anti-Dia fue de 3.50%. Conclusiones: La frecuencia de antígeno Dia en la población bajo estudio fue de 7.32%. La frecuencia de Dia en la población indígena fue de 12.99% y en la población mestiza fue de 3.9%, con una diferencia significativa entre po­blaciones (p= 0.03120). La frecuencia de anti-Dia en 227 pacientes politranfundidos fue de 3.5%.

Transmisión del virus de la hepatitis C en pacientes politransfundidos en hemodiálisis / Transmission of the hepatitis C virus in patients polytransfused on hemodialysis

Se realizó un estudio descriptivo y transversal de 25 pacientes con insuficiencia renal crónica terminal, tratados con hemodiálisis periódica en el Hospital General Docente Dr Juan Bruno Zayas Alfonso de Santiago de Cuba durante el 2006, con vistas a caracterizar la incidencia del virus de la hepatitis C. En la casuística predominaron las transfusiones en el sexo masculino (65,4 por ciento), los que padecían la afección desde hacía más de 5 años y los que habían sido transfundidos en más de 10 ocasiones. Hubo mayor número de transfusiones en los enfermos que llevaban más tiempo en tratamiento hemodialítico. Se concluye que dicho virus tiene una alta incidencia en pacientes politransfundidos.

A descriptive and cross-sectional study was carried out in 25 patients with terminal chronic renal failure treated with hemodialysis in Dr Juan Bruno Zayas Alfonso General Teaching Hospital of Santiago de Cuba during 2006 in order to characterize the incidence of hepatitis C virus. Transfusions in males (65.4 percent), those who suffered from the disease for more than five years and those that had been transfused in more than 10 times prevailed in the case material. There was a higher number of transfusions in patients who had more time on hemodyalisis. It is concluded that this virus has a high incidence in patients polytransfused.