Safety and efficacy of autologous adipose tissue-derived stem cell transplantation in aging-related low-grade inflammation patients: a single-group, open-label, phase I clinical trial.

BACKGROUND: Inflamm-aging is associated with the rate of aging and is significantly related to diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, atherosclerosis, heart disease, and age-related degenerative diseases such as type II diabetes and osteoporosis. This study aims to evaluate the safety and efficiency of autologous adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cell (AD-MSC) transplantation in aging-related low-grade inflammation patients. METHODS: This study is a single-group, open-label, phase I clinical trial in which patients treated with 2 infusions (100 million cells i.v) of autologous AD-MSCs were initially evaluated in 12 inflamm-aging patients who concurrently had highly proinflammatory cytokines and 2 of the following 3 diseases: diabetes, dyslipidemia, and obesity. The treatment effects were evaluated based on plasma cytokines. RESULTS: During the study's follow-up period, no adverse effects were observed in AD-MSC injection patients. Compared to baseline (D-44), the inflammatory cytokines IL-1α, IL-1ß, IL-8, IL-6, and TNF-α were significantly reduced after 180 days (D180) of MSC infusion. IL-4/IL-10 at 90 days (D90) and IL-2/IL-10 at D180 increased, reversing the imbalance between proinflammatory and inflammatory ratios in the patients. CONCLUSION: AD-MSCs represent a potential intervention to prevent age-related inflammation in patients. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov number is NCT05827757, first registered on 13th Oct 2020.

Autologous bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells are safe for the treatment of Achilles tendinopathy.

Achilles tendinopathy is a disabling condition that affects more than 50% of runners. Pre-clinical studies in a large animal model of naturally-occurring tendinopathy similar to human Achilles tendinopathy has shown benefits of autologous bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) implantation. However, MSCs are advanced therapies medicinal products (ATMPs), with strict regulatory requirements. Guided by the regulator we carried out a first in man study to assess the safety and efficacy of autologous MSC injection in human patients with non-insertional Achilles tendinopathy. Ten patients, mean age 47 with mid-portion Achilles tendon pain and swelling for more than 6 months, underwent autologous cultured cell injections (median 12.2 × 106, range 5-19 × 106 cells) into their Achilles tendon. At 24 weeks follow-up, no serious adverse reactions or important medical events were observed. MOXFQ, EQ-5D-5L, and VISA-A scores improved clinically at 12 and 24 weeks. VAS pain improved increasingly at 6, 12 and 24 weeks. MOXFQ Pain and VISA-A Scores improved > 12 points from baseline to 24 weeks in 8 patients. Maximum anteroposterior tendon thickness as measured by greyscale US decreased by mean 0.8 mm at 24 weeks. This phase IIa study demonstrated the safety of autologous MSC injection for non-insertional Achilles tendinopathy and provides proof-of-concept of the technique in patients, all of whom had previously failed conservative treatments for chronic disease and leads the way for a larger randomised controlled trial.

The safety profile of mesenchymal stem cell therapy administered through intrathecal injections for treating neurological disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials.

BACKGROUND: Based on previous in vivo studies and human trials, intrathecal cell delivery is a safe and relevant therapeutic tool for improving patient's quality of life with neurological conditions. We aimed to characterise the safety profile of intrathecally delivered Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). METHODS: Ovid MEDLINE, Embase, Scopus, Cochrane Library, KCI-Korean Journal Database, and Web of Science. Databases were searched from their inception until April 13, 2023. Randomised Controlled Trials (RCTs) that compared intrathecal delivery of MSCs to controls in adult populations were included. Adverse events (AEs) were pooled and meta-analysed using DerSimonian-Laird random effects models with a correction factor 0.5 added to studies with zero count cells. Pooled AEs were described using Risk ratio (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). Then, a random-effects meta-regress model on study-level summary data was performed to explore the relationship between the occurrence of AEs and covariates thought to modify the overall effect estimate. Finally, publication bias was assessed. RESULTS: 303 records were reviewed, and nine RCTs met the inclusion criteria and were included in the quantitative synthesis (n = 540 patients). MSCs delivered intrathecally, as compared to controls, were associated with an increased probability of AEs of musculoskeletal and connective tissue disorders (categorised by Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events-CTCAE version 5.0) (RR: 1.61, 95% CI 1.19-2.19, I2 = 0%). The random-effects meta-regress model suggested that fresh MSCs increased the probability of occurrence of AEs compared to cryopreserved MSCs (RR: 1.554; p-value = 0.048; 95% CI 1.004-2.404), and the multiple-dose, decreased the probability of AEs by 36% compared to single doses (RR: 0.644; p-value = 0.048; 95% CI 0.416-0.996); however, univariate random effects meta-regression models revealed a not significant association between the occurrence of AEs from MSCs intrathecal delivery and each covariate. CONCLUSIONS: Intrathecal delivery of MSCs was associated with a slight increase in AEs associated with musculoskeletal and connective tissue disorders, albeit without serious AEs. We conclude that intrathecal MSCs delivery is safe for patients with neurological conditions. However, further high-quality, large-scale RCTs are needed to confirm these findings.

Intrathecal delivery of adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells in traumatic spinal cord injury: Phase I trial.

Intrathecal delivery of autologous culture-expanded adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells (AD-MSC) could be utilized to treat traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI). This Phase I trial (ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT03308565) included 10 patients with American Spinal Injury Association Impairment Scale (AIS) grade A or B at the time of injury. The study's primary outcome was the safety profile, as captured by the nature and frequency of adverse events. Secondary outcomes included changes in sensory and motor scores, imaging, cerebrospinal fluid markers, and somatosensory evoked potentials. The manufacturing and delivery of the regimen were successful for all patients. The most commonly reported adverse events were headache and musculoskeletal pain, observed in 8 patients. No serious AEs were observed. At final follow-up, seven patients demonstrated improvement in AIS grade from the time of injection. In conclusion, the study met the primary endpoint, demonstrating that AD-MSC harvesting and administration were well-tolerated in patients with traumatic SCI.

Safety and efficacy of umbilical cord tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells in the treatment of patients with aging frailty: a phase I/II randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study.

BACKGROUND: Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) hold a great promise for cell-based therapy in the field of regenerative medicine. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of intravenous infusion of human umbilical cord-derived MSCs (HUC-MSCs) in patients with aging frailty. METHODS: In this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, participants diagnosed with aging frailty were randomly assigned to receive intravenous administrations of HUC-MSCs or placebo. All of serious adverse events and AEs were monitored to evaluate the safety of treatment during the 6-month follow-up. The primary efficacy endpoint was alteration of physical component scores (PCS) of SF-36 qualities of life at 6 months. The secondary outcomes including physical performance tests and pro-inflammatory cytokines, were also observed and compared at each follow-up visits. All evaluations were performed at 1 week, 1, 2, 3 and 6 months following the first intravenous infusion of HUC-MSCs. RESULTS: In the MSCs group, significant improvements in PCS of SF-36 were observed from first post-treatment visit and sustained throughout the follow-up period, with greater changes compared to the placebo group (p = 0.042). EQ-VAS scores of MSCs group improved significantly at 2 month (p = 0.023) and continued until the end of the 6-month visit (p = 0.002) in comparison to the placebo group. The timed up and go (TUG) physical performance test revealed significant group difference and showed continual enhancements over 6 months (p < 0.05). MSC transplantation improved the function of 4-m walking test (4MWT) compared with the placebo group with a decrease of 2.05 s at 6 months of follow-up (p = 0.21). The measurement of grip strength revealed group difference with MSCs group demonstrating better performance, particularly at 6 months (p = 0.002). Inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-17) exhibited declines in MSCs group at 6 months compared to the placebo group (p = 0.034 and 0.033, respectively). There was no difference of incidence of AEs between the two groups. CONCLUSION: Intravenous transplantation of HUC-MSCs is a safe and effective therapeutic approach on aging frailty. The positive outcomes observed in improving quality of life, physical performance, and reducing chronic inflammation, suggest that HUC-MSC therapy may be a promising potential treatment option for aging frailty. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Clinicaltrial.gov; NCT04314011; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04314011 .

Efficacy and safety of human umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells in the treatment of refractory immune thrombocytopenia: a prospective, single arm, phase I trial.

Patients with refractory immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) frequently encounter substantial bleeding risks and demonstrate limited responsiveness to existing therapies. Umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells (UC-MSCs) present a promising alternative, capitalizing on their low immunogenicity and potent immunomodulatory effects for treating diverse autoimmune disorders. This prospective phase I trial enrolled eighteen eligible patients to explore the safety and efficacy of UC-MSCs in treating refractory ITP. The research design included administering UC-MSCs at escalating doses of 0.5 × 106 cells/kg, 1.0 × 106 cells/kg, and 2.0 × 106 cells/kg weekly for four consecutive weeks across three cohorts during the dose-escalation phase, followed by a dose of 2.0 × 106 cells/kg weekly for the dose-expansion phase. Adverse events, platelet counts, and changes in peripheral blood immunity were monitored and recorded throughout the administration and follow-up period. Ultimately, 12 (with an addition of three patients in the 2.0 × 106 cells/kg group due to dose-limiting toxicity) and six patients were enrolled in the dose-escalation and dose-expansion phase, respectively. Thirteen patients (13/18, 72.2%) experienced one or more treatment emergent adverse events. Serious adverse events occurred in four patients (4/18, 22.2%), including gastrointestinal hemorrhage (2/4), profuse menstruation (1/4), and acute myocardial infarction (1/4). The response rates were 41.7% in the dose-escalation phase (5/12, two received 1.0 × 106 cells/kg per week, and three received 2.0 × 106 cells/kg per week) and 50.0% (3/6) in the dose-expansion phase. The overall response rate was 44.4% (8/18) among all enrolled patients. To sum up, UC-MSCs are effective and well tolerated in treating refractory ITP (ClinicalTrials.gov ID: NCT04014166).

Dynamics of Sex Hormones in Men with Diabetes Mellitus After Autologous Mesenchymal Stem Cell Transplant.

OBJECTIVES: Our goal was to determine levels of sex hormones in men with type 1 diabetes mellitus and type 2 diabetes mellitus after autologous mesenchymal stem cell transplant. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We examined 10 male patients (32-56 years old) with type 1 diabetes mellitus and type 2 diabetes mellitus, whom we subsequently divided into 2 groups and examined. Group 1 comprised 5 male patients who received autologous mesenchymal stem cell transplant (cells were obtained from patient's iliac crest and cultured for 3-4 weeks) by intravenous infusion. Group 2 comprised 5 male patients (control group) who were on hypoglycemic tablet therapy or insulin therapy. The quantity of autologous mesenchymal stem cells infused was 95 × 106 to 97 × 106 cells. We analyzed levels of testosterone, luteinizing hormone, estradiol, and glycated hemoglobin in patients both before and 3 months after the autologous mesenchymal stem cell transplant procedure. RESULTS: In men with type 1 diabetes mellitus and type 2 diabetes mellitus, autologous mesenchymal stem cell transplant led to an increase in testosterone levels from 5.31 ± 2.12 to 6.33 ± 2.12 ng/mL (P = .82), a decrease in luteinizing hormone from 8.43 ± 1.25 to 5.94 ± 1.57 mIU/mL (P = .04), and a decrease in glycated hemoglobin from 9.45 ± 1.24% to 8.53 ± 1.08% (P = .25) after 3 months. The increase in testosterone in men with autologous mesenchymal stem cell transplant group of 6.33 ± 2.12 ng/mL was significant compared with men in the control group (3.9 ± 1.18 ng/mL; P = .01). CONCLUSIONS: Testosterone level increased and luteinizing hormone level decreased within 3 months after autologous mesenchymal stem cell transplant in men with diabetes mellitus.

Mesenchymal stromal cells plus basiliximab improve the response of steroid-refractory acute graft-versus-host disease as a second-line therapy: a multicentre, randomized, controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: For patients with steroid-refractory acute graft-versus-host disease (SR-aGVHD), effective second-line regimens are urgently needed. Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) have been used as salvage regimens for SR-aGVHD in the past. However, clinical trials and an overall understanding of the molecular mechanisms of MSCs combined with basiliximab for SR-aGVHD are limited, especially in haploidentical haemopoietic stem cell transplantation (HID HSCT). METHODS: The primary endpoint of this multicentre, randomized, controlled trial was the 4-week complete response (CR) rate of SR-aGVHD. A total of 130 patients with SR-aGVHD were assigned in a 1:1 randomization schedule to the MSC group (receiving basiliximab plus MSCs) or control group (receiving basiliximab alone) (NCT04738981). RESULTS: Most enrolled patients (96.2%) received HID HSCT. The 4-week CR rate of SR-aGVHD in the MSC group was obviously better than that in the control group (83.1% vs. 55.4%, P = 0.001). However, for the overall response rates at week 4, the two groups were comparable. More patients in the control group used ≥ 6 doses of basiliximab (4.6% vs. 20%, P = 0.008). We collected blood samples from 19 consecutive patients and evaluated MSC-derived immunosuppressive cytokines, including HO1, GAL1, GAL9, TNFIA6, PGE2, PDL1, TGF-ß and HGF. Compared to the levels before MSC infusion, the HO1 (P = 0.0072) and TGF-ß (P = 0.0243) levels increased significantly 1 day after MSC infusion. At 7 days after MSC infusion, the levels of HO1, GAL1, TNFIA6 and TGF-ß tended to increase; however, the differences were not statistically significant. Although the 52-week cumulative incidence of cGVHD in the MSC group was comparable to that in the control group, fewer patients in the MSC group developed cGVHD involving ≥3 organs (14.3% vs. 43.6%, P = 0.006). MSCs were well tolerated, no infusion-related adverse events (AEs) occurred and other AEs were also comparable between the two groups. However, patients with malignant haematological diseases in the MSC group had a higher 52-week disease-free survival rate than those in the control group (84.8% vs. 65.9%, P = 0.031). CONCLUSIONS: For SR-aGVHD after allo-HSCT, especially HID HSCT, the combination of MSCs and basiliximab as the second-line therapy led to significantly better 4-week CR rates than basiliximab alone. The addition of MSCs not only did not increase toxicity but also provided a survival benefit.

Mesenchymal Stem Cell Extracellular Vesicles as a New Treatment Paradigm in Solid Abdominal Organ Transplantation: A Case Series.

Solid abdominal organ transplantation is fraught with variable rates of rejection and graft versus host disease (GVHD). We sought to determine the safety and efficacy of an advanced extracellular vesicle (EV) investigational product (IP) derived from mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) in the transplant patient population. Seven separate emergency investigational new drug (eNIDs) were filed with the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the emergency treatment of rejection of an isolated intestinal graft (n = 2), liver allograft graft (n = 2), modified multivisceral graft (n = 3), and GVHD in isolated intestinal transplant patients (n = 2). Fifteen milliliters of IP was administered intravenously on Day 0, 2, 4, and this treatment cycle was repeated up to four times in each patient depending on the treatment protocol allowed by the FDA. Safety (adverse event reporting) and efficacy (clinical status, serologies, and histopathology) were evaluated. There were no adverse events related to IP. All patients had improvement in clinical symptoms within 24 h, improved serologic laboratory evaluation, improved pulmonary symptoms and dermatologic manifestations of GVHD, and complete histologic resolution of graft inflammation/rejection within 7 days of IP administration. Systemic use of a MSC-derived EV IP was successful in achieving histological clearance of intestinal, liver, and multivisceral graft inflammation, and skin and pulmonary manifestations of GVHD.

Successful salvage of a severe COVID-19 patient previously with lung cancer and radiation pneumonitis by mesenchymal stem cells: a case report and literature review.

During the COVID-19 pandemic, elderly patients with underlying condition, such as tumors, had poor prognoses after progressing to severe pneumonia and often had poor response to standard treatment. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) may be a promising treatment for patients with severe pneumonia, but MSCs are rarely used for patients with carcinoma. Here, we reported a 67-year-old female patient with lung adenocarcinoma who underwent osimertinib and radiotherapy and suffered from radiation pneumonitis. Unfortunately, she contracted COVID-19 and that rapidly progressed to severe pneumonia. She responded poorly to frontline treatment and was in danger. Subsequently, she received a salvage treatment with four doses of MSCs, and her symptoms surprisingly improved quickly. After a lung CT scan that presented with a significantly improved infection, she was discharged eventually. Her primary disease was stable after 6 months of follow-up, and no tumor recurrence or progression was observed. MSCs may be an effective treatment for hyperactive inflammation due to their ability related to immunomodulation and tissue repair. Our case suggests a potential value of MSCs for severe pneumonia that is unresponsive to conventional therapy after a COVID-19 infection. However, unless the situation is urgent, it needs to be considered with caution for patients with tumors. The safety in tumor patients still needs to be observed.

A Phase I Dose-Escalation Clinical Trial to Assess the Safety and Efficacy of Umbilical Cord-Derived Mesenchymal Stromal Cells in Knee Osteoarthritis.

Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common degenerative joint disease. Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) are promising cell-based therapy for OA. However, there is still a need for additional randomized, dose-dependent studies to determine the optimal dose and tissue source of MSC for improved clinical outcomes. Here, we performed a dose-dependant evaluation of umbilical cord (UC)-derived MSC (Celllistem) in a murine model and in knee OA patients. For the preclinical study, a classical dose (200.000 cells) and a lower dose (50.000 cells) of Cellistem were intra-articularly injected into the mice knee joints. The results showed a dose efficacy response effect of Cellistem associated with a decreased inflammatory and degenerative response according to the Pritzker OARSI score. Following the same approach, the dose-escalation phase I clinical trial design included 3 sequential cohorts: low-dose group (2 × 106 cells), medium-dose group (20 × 106), and high-dose group (80 × 106). All the doses were safe, and no serious adverse events were reported. Nonetheless, 100% of the patients injected with the high-dose experienced injection-related swelling in the knee joint. According to WOMAC total outcomes, patients treated with all doses reported significant improvements in pain and function compared with baseline after 3 and 6 months. However, the improvements were higher in patients treated with both medium and low dose as compared to high dose. Therefore, our data demonstrate that the intra-articular injection of different doses of Cellistem is both safe and efficient, making it an interesting therapeutic alternative to treat mild and symptomatic knee OA patients. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03810521.

Efficacy and Safety of Umbilical Cord-Derived Mesenchymal Stromal Cell Therapy in Preclinical Models of Sepsis: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: In preclinical studies, mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs), including umbilical cord-derived MSCs (UC-MSCs), demonstrate the ability to modulate numerous pathophysiological processes related to sepsis; however, a systematic synthesis of the literature is needed to assess the efficacy of UC-MSCs for treating sepsis. OBJECTIVE: To examine the effects of UC-MSCs on overall mortality (primary outcome) as well as on organ dysfunction, coagulopathy, endothelial permeability, pathogen clearance, and systemic inflammation (secondary outcomes) at prespecified time intervals in preclinical models of sepsis. METHODS: A systematic search was conducted on Embase, Ovid MEDLINE, and Web of Science up to June 20, 2023. Preclinical controlled studies using in vivo sepsis models with systemic UC-MSC administration were included. Meta-analyses were conducted and expressed as odds ratios (OR) and ratios of the weighted means with 95% CI for categorical and continuous data, respectively. Risk of bias was assessed with the SYRCLE tool. RESULTS: Twenty-six studies (34 experiments, n = 1258 animals) were included in this review. Overall mortality was significantly reduced with UC-MSC treatment as compared to controls (OR: 0.26, 95% CI: 0.18-0.36). At various prespecified time intervals, UC-MSCs reduced surrogate measures of organ dysfunction related to the kidney, liver, and lung; reduced coagulopathy and endothelial permeability; and enhanced pathogen clearance from multiple sites. UC-MSCs also modulated systemic inflammatory mediators. No studies were rated as low risk across all SYCLE domains. CONCLUSIONS: These results demonstrate the efficacy of UC-MSC treatment in preclinical sepsis models and highlight their potential as a therapeutic intervention for septic shock.

Preclinical assessments of safety and tumorigenicity of very high doses of allogeneic human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells.

Human umbilical cord-mesenchymal stem cells (hUC-MSCs) have been widely investigated as a new therapeutic agent to treat injuries and inflammatory-mediated and autoimmune diseases. Previous studies have reported on the safety of low-dose infusion of hUC-MSCs, but information on the cell behaviour at higher doses and frequency of injection of the cells remains uncertain. The aim of the present study was to demonstrate the safety and efficacy of hUC-MSCs by Cytopeutics® (Selangor, Malaysia) from low to an extremely high dose in different monitoring periods in healthy BALB/c mice as well as assessing the tumorigenicity of the cells in B-NDG SCID immunocompromised mice. Umbilical cord from two healthy human newborns was obtained and the isolation of the hUC-MSCs was performed based on previous established method. Assessment of the cells at different doses of single or multiple administrations was performed on healthy BALB/c mice in dose range finding, sub-acute (7 d and 28 d) and sub-chronic periods (90 d). Tumorigenicity potential of Cytopeutics® hUC-MSCs was also evaluated on B-NDG immunocompromised mice for 26 wk. Single or multiple administrations of Cytopeutics® hUC-MSCs up to 40 × 106 cells per kilogramme of body weight (kg BW) were found to have no adverse effect in terms of clinical symptoms, haematology and other laboratory parameters, and histology examination in healthy BALB/c mice. hUC-MSCs were also found to reduce pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6 and TNF-α) in a dose-dependent manner. No sign of tumor formation was observed in B-NDG mice in the 26-wk tumorigenicity assessment. Single or multiple administration of allogenic Cytopeutics® hUC-MSCs was safe even at very high doses, is non-tumorigenic and did not cause adverse effects in mice throughout the evaluation periods. In addition, Cytopeutics® hUC-MSCs exhibited immunomodulatory effect in a dose-dependent manner.

Efficacy and safety of mesenchymal stem cells in patients with acute ischemic stroke: a meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVE: This meta-analysis and systematic review were conducted to comprehensively evaluate the efficacy and safety of mesenchymal stem cells in patients with acute ischemic stroke. METHOD: We conducted a manual search of electronic databases, including PubMed, Embase, the Cochrane Library, and Web of Science, with a search deadline set for February 1, 2023. Data analysis was performed using Stata version 15.0. RESULT: A total of 9 randomized controlled studies were included, involving a total of 316 people, including 159 mesenchymal stem cells and 147 control groups. Results of meta-analysis: Compared to a placebo group, the administration of mesenchymal stem cells resulted in a significant reduction in the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) scores among patients diagnosed with acute ischemic stroke [SMD=-0.99,95% CI (-1.93, -0.05)]. Compared to placebo, barthel index [SMD = 0.48,95% CI (-0.55,1.51)], modified rankin score [SMD = 0.45, 95% CI (1.11, 0.21)], adverse events (RR = 0.68, 95% CI (0.40, 1.17)] the difference was not statistically significant. CONCLUSION: Based on current studies, mesenchymal stem cell transplantation can ameliorate neurological deficits in patients with ischemic stroke to a certain extent without increasing adverse reactions. However, there was no significant effect on Barthel index and Modified Rankin score.

Mesenchymal stem cell therapy for Crohn's perianal fistula-a real-world experience.

AIM: Remission rates of medically and surgically treated complex perianal fistulas in Crohn's disease are low. Recently, trials have demonstrated the potential for long-term remission with local injection of allogeneic adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (darvadstrocel). Our aim was to analyse outcomes from our real-world experience with this new treatment. METHODS: All patients with Crohn's disease suffering complex perianal fistulas who consecutively underwent administration of darvadstrocel at two centres were followed up and evaluated. Patients were assessed for clinical remission, response, failure, and any complications during follow-up. The results of all patients with a minimum of 3 months' follow-up are presented. RESULTS: Thirty-three patients with Crohn's disease and complex perianal fistulas were included. Of these, 20 (61%) experienced clinical remission that was maintained for a mean follow-up of 14 (3-32) months. A total of 24 of 33 (73%) experienced at least 3 months of clinical remission, with four later having recurrence (3-12 months). Among the remaining nine patients who did not experience clinical remission, two (6%) had partial remission (such as one of two fistulas closing), two (6%) showed signs of response but not remission, and five (15%) showed no signs of healing. The mean time to maintained clinical remission was 6 weeks (range 2 weeks to 6 months), and there were no severe adverse events. CONCLUSION: In this real-world experience, treatment of Crohn's disease complex perianal fistulas with darvadstrocel had a 61% success rate for maintained clinical remission.

Stem cell therapy for degenerative disc disease: Bridging the gap between preclinical promise and clinical potential.

Stem cell therapy has gained attention in the field of regenerative medicine due to its potential to restore damaged tissue. This article focuses on the application of stem cell therapy for treating spinal pathologies, particularly intervertebral disc degeneration. Disc degeneration is a major cause of low back pain and is characterized by changes in the matrix and inflammation. Animal studies have demonstrated that the implantation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) yields promising results, including increased disc height, improved hydration, and reduced inflammation. However, the number of clinical trials remains limited, necessitating further research to optimize MSCs therapy. Although preclinical studies offer valuable insights, caution is needed when extrapolating these findings to clinical practice. Stem cell therapy still faces multiple challenges, such as the durability and survival of MSCs upon implantation, uncertain pathways to discogenic differentiation, and the adverse impact of a harsh microenvironment on cell survival. The avascular nature of the intervertebral disc and dynamic loading conditions also affect the adaptation of transplanted cells. Despite these obstacles, stem cell therapy holds promise as a potential treatment for disc degeneration, and ongoing research aims to fill the current gap in conclusive data.

Advancements in the pathogenesis of hepatic osteodystrophy and the potential therapeutic of mesenchymal stromal cells.

Hepatic osteodystrophy (HOD) is a metabolically associated bone disease mainly manifested as osteoporosis with the characteristic of bone loss induced by chronic liver disease (CLD). Due to its high incidence in CLD patients and increased risk of fracture, the research on HOD has received considerable interest. The specific pathogenesis of HOD has not been fully revealed. While it is widely believed that disturbance of hormone level, abnormal secretion of cytokines and damage of intestinal barrier caused by CLD might jointly affect the bone metabolic balance of bone formation and bone absorption. At present, the treatment of HOD is mainly to alleviate the bone loss by drug treatment, but the efficacy and safety are not satisfactory. Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are cells with multidirectional differentiation potential, cell transplantation therapy based on MSCs is an emerging therapeutic approach. This review mainly summarized the pathogenesis and treatment of HOD, reviewed the research progress of MSCs therapy and the combination of MSCs and scaffolds in the application of osteoporotic bone defects, and discussed the potential and limitations of MSCs therapy, providing theoretical basis for subsequent studies.

Preclinical Short-term and Long-term Safety of Human Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells.

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have become a promising therapeutic method. More safety data are needed to support clinical studies in more diseases. The aim of this study was to investigate the short- and long-term safety of human bone marrow-derived MSCs (hBMMSCs) in mice. In the present study, we injected control (saline infusion only), low (1.0 × 106/kg), medium (1.0 × 107/kg), and high (1.0 × 108/kg) concentrations of hBMMSCs into BALB/c mice. The safety of the treatment was evaluated by observing changes in the general condition, hematology, biochemical indices, pathology of vital organs, lymphocyte subsets, and immune factor levels on days 14 and 150. In the short-term toxicity test, no significant abnormalities were observed in the hematological and biochemical parameters between the groups injected with hBMMSCs, and no significant damage was observed in the major organs, such as the liver and lung. In addition, no significant differences were observed in the toxicity-related parameters among the groups in the long-term toxicity test. Our study also demonstrates that mice infused with different doses of hBMMSCs do not show abnormal immune responses in either short-term or long-term experiments. We confirmed that hBMMSCs are safe through a 150-day study, demonstrating that this is a safe and promising therapy and offering preliminary safety evidence to promote future clinical applications of hBMMSCs in different diseases.

Local fistula injection of allogeneic human amnion epithelial cells is safe and well tolerated in patients with refractory complex perianal Crohn's disease: a phase I open label study with long-term follow up.

BACKGROUND: Local fistula injection of mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (MSC) is effective for complex perianal Crohn's fistulas but is also expensive and requires specialised facilities for cell revival before administration. Human amnion epithelial cells (hAEC) are non-MSC cells with therapeutic properties. The primary aim of this study was safety of hAEC therapy. Secondary aims included hAEC efficacy, feasibility of the protocol and impact on quality of life. METHODS: A phase I open label study of ten adults with active complex Crohn's perianal fistulas refractory to conventional treatment, including anti-tumour necrosis factor alpha therapy, was undertaken. A single dose of hAEC was injected into the fistula tract(s) after surgical closure of the internal opening(s). Study outcomes were assessed at week 24 with follow up for at least 52 weeks. FINDINGS: Local injection of hAEC was safe, well tolerated and the injection procedure was feasible. Complete response occurred in 4 patients, and a partial response in an additional 4 patients. There was a mean reduction in the Perianal Disease Activity Index of 6.5 points (95% CI -9.0 to -4.0, p = 0.0002, paired t-test), modified Van Assche MRI Index of 2.3 points (95% CI -3.9 to -0.6, p = 0.012, paired t-test) and a mean improvement of 15.8 points (95% CI 4.9 to 26.8, p = 0.010, paired t-test) in quality of life using the Short IBD-Questionnaire in complete responders. INTERPRETATION: Local injection of hAEC therapy for refractory complex perianal fistulising Crohn's disease appears safe, well-tolerated, feasible and demonstrated improvement. Quality of life is improved in those who achieve complete fistula healing. FUNDING: This study was funded by competitive research grant funding from the Gastroenterological Society of Australia Seed Grant 2018.

Human umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells for the treatment of decompensated cirrhosis (MSC-DLC-1): a dose-escalation, phase I trial protocol.

INTRODUCTION: There are limited therapeutic options to efficiently treat patients with decompensated liver cirrhosis. This trial aims to explore the efficacy and safety of human umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells (UC-MSCs) for the treatment of patients with decompensated liver cirrhosis. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: This study is an open-label, dose-escalation, one-armed phase I trial. A single injection of UC-MSCs will be administered in a predetermined dose in each cohort (5.0×107, 1.0×108, 1.5×108 or 2.0×108 cells) according to the '3+3' rule. The primary evaluation measures will include the incidence of adverse events and the change in the Model for End-stage Liver Disease (MELD) score from baseline to the 28th day. Secondary evaluation measures will be evaluated at baseline and at each follow-up point. These measures will include the change in the MELD score from baseline to each follow-up point, the incidence of each complication associated with decompensated cirrhosis, liver transplant-free survival and the incidence of liver failure, among other relevant measures. All patients will be followed up for 24 months. This study will evaluate whether the use of UC-MSCs to treat patients with decompensated liver cirrhosis is safe and tolerable. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: The study has been approved by the Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital (Approval#: 2018-107-D-4). Once conducted, the results from the study will be published in a peer-reviewed journal. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: NCT05227846.