RESUMO
BACKGROUND: Addiction can alter neural processes during rest and cognitive performance. Subjects with addictive disorders exhibit preoccupation and anticipation for the psychoactive substance when idle and cognitive deficits, during tasks. METHODS: 128 channel EEG was recorded in sixty subjects (30, with alcohol, opioid and internet addiction; 30 controls) during rest and while performing working memory task to ascertain underlying differences in cortical activity between the groups while at rest and during performance of the task. Artifactually clean data was then subjected to source analysis using sLORETA software in both the groups. RESULTS: EEG cortical source analysis in subjects with addictive disorders showed significant activation of areas of Default Mode Network (DMN) and reduced activation in dorsolateral prefrontal cortices (DLPFC), an area known to be involved in executive function, during performance of task. However, control subjects demonstrated significantly reduced activation in areas of DMN; and increased activation of DLPFC during task performance. CONCLUSION: Inability to suppress DMN inhibits reallocation of neural resources to areas of executive functioning leading to working memory deficits in subjects with addictive disorder.
Assuntos
Eletroencefalografia , Função Executiva , Memória de Curto Prazo , Humanos , Memória de Curto Prazo/fisiologia , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Função Executiva/fisiologia , Adulto , Masculino , Feminino , Rede de Modo Padrão/diagnóstico por imagem , Rede de Modo Padrão/fisiopatologia , Transtornos da Memória/diagnóstico por imagem , Transtornos da Memória/fisiopatologia , Transtornos da Memória/psicologia , Transtornos da Memória/etiologia , Adulto Jovem , Transtorno de Adição à Internet/fisiopatologia , Transtorno de Adição à Internet/diagnóstico por imagem , Transtorno de Adição à Internet/psicologia , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Opioides/psicologia , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Opioides/fisiopatologia , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Opioides/diagnóstico por imagem , Alcoolismo/fisiopatologia , Alcoolismo/diagnóstico por imagem , Alcoolismo/psicologia , Córtex Pré-Frontal Dorsolateral/diagnóstico por imagem , Córtex Pré-Frontal Dorsolateral/fisiopatologia , Comportamento Aditivo/fisiopatologia , Comportamento Aditivo/psicologia , Comportamento Aditivo/diagnóstico por imagem , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Substâncias/fisiopatologia , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Substâncias/diagnóstico por imagem , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Substâncias/psicologiaRESUMO
Smartphone addiction, emerging from excessive use of smartphones, poses a challenge to inhibitory control functions within society. This research employed transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) as an intervention alongside the stop signal task (SST) to explore behavioral distinctions between individuals with smartphone addiction and a non-addicted control group, focusing on the efficacy of tDCS intervention. The participant cohort comprised 80 individuals, divided into an addiction group (39 participants, with 19 receiving active tDCS and 20 receiving sham tDCS) and a control group (41 participants, with 20 receiving active tDCS and 21 receiving sham tDCS), with anodal stimulation applied over the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) and cathodal placement over the left arm. The findings indicate that university students struggling with smartphone addiction exhibit reduced inhibitory control compared to their non-addicted peers, while maintaining similar levels of general cognitive control. Remarkably, tDCS interventions were observed to enhance inhibitory control in both groups. Although the improvement in the addiction group appeared more pronounced numerically than in the control group, no significant interaction with group was noted. However, a higher percentage of participants in the smartphone addiction (SA) group exhibited enhanced response inhibition under active tDCS. This study demonstrates the inhibitory control deficits in individuals addicted to smartphones and underscores the potential of tDCS in enhancing response inhibition. It provides a valuable reference for future tDCS research targeting smartphone addiction and highlights the importance of developing healthier smartphone usage habits.
Assuntos
Smartphone , Estudantes , Estimulação Transcraniana por Corrente Contínua , Humanos , Estimulação Transcraniana por Corrente Contínua/métodos , Masculino , Feminino , Adulto Jovem , Adulto , Universidades , Inibição Psicológica , Transtorno de Adição à Internet/terapia , Transtorno de Adição à Internet/fisiopatologia , Comportamento Aditivo/terapia , Comportamento Aditivo/fisiopatologia , Córtex Pré-Frontal Dorsolateral/fisiologiaRESUMO
Internet Gaming Disorder (IGD) is a behavioural addiction characterised by excessive exposure to addictive stimuli, resulting in reduced sensitivity of the brain's reward system towards everyday rewards. Online game addiction is prevalent among adolescents; however, it remains unclear if there are variations in reward processing patterns among adolescents with online game addiction. We compared differences in sensitivity to two types of rewards between patients with IGD and patients with Recreational Game Use (RGU) using the Monetary Incentive Delay (MID) paradigm and the Social Incentive Delay (SID) paradigm (Experiment 1). Additionally, we used a mixed reward latency paradigm, including both monetary and social rewards, to further explore the processing characteristics of IGD towards a mixture of these two rewards (Experiment 2). There were significant differences in the sensitivity of IGD and RGU to monetary and social rewards. Adolescents with IGD had significantly shorter reaction times to the four mixed rewards compared to RGU, while no significant differences were found between groups regarding sensitivity to specific individual rewards. However, the simultaneous presence of two rewards affected the processing speed and preference of adolescents with IGD. The reward processing characteristics observed in adolescents with online gaming disorder show specificity concerning the type and presentation of rewards, providing a theoretical foundation for diagnosing and treating adolescent online gaming addiction.
Assuntos
Transtorno de Adição à Internet , Recompensa , Humanos , Adolescente , Transtorno de Adição à Internet/fisiopatologia , Masculino , Feminino , Motivação , Jogos de Vídeo , Tempo de Reação/fisiologia , Comportamento Aditivo , Comportamento do Adolescente/fisiologiaRESUMO
An imbalance in sensitivity to different types of reward stimuli may be an important cause of addiction that is mainly manifested in high sensitivity to addictive substance rewards and blunting of natural rewards. However, contradictions remain in the research results on the sensitivity of individuals with Internet gaming disorder (IGD) to different reward stimuli. Based on participants' neural responses to win and loss feedback (in door task), the event-related potential (ERP) technique was used to investigate the effects of different types of reward stimuli on the assessment of reward-processing outcomes in individuals with IGD. The results showed that in the gain condition, the FB-P3 amplitude induced by game stimuli in the IGD group was significantly higher than that in the control group, and the FN amplitude induced by money stimuli was significantly lower than that in the control group. However, the FB-P3 and FN amplitudes induced by food were not significantly different from those in the control group. In the loss condition, there were no between-group differences in the FB-P3 and FN amplitudes evoked by the three reward stimuli. This indicates that the IGD group showed increased hedonic responses to game stimuli and decreased hedonic responses to money but no differences in hedonic responses to food during the reward assessment phase. Therefore, heightened sensitivity to game rewards and diminished sensitivity to monetary rewards during outcome assessment may play a crucial role in the development of IGD.
Assuntos
Potenciais Evocados , Transtorno de Adição à Internet , Recompensa , Humanos , Masculino , Potenciais Evocados/fisiologia , Transtorno de Adição à Internet/fisiopatologia , Transtorno de Adição à Internet/psicologia , Adulto Jovem , Adulto , Jogos de Vídeo/psicologia , Eletroencefalografia , Feminino , Comportamento Aditivo/fisiopatologia , Comportamento Aditivo/psicologia , InternetRESUMO
Internet gaming disorder (IGD) prompts inquiry into how feedback from prior gaming rounds influences subsequent risk-taking behavior and potential neural mechanisms. Forty-two participants, including 15 with IGD and 27 health controls (HCs), underwent a sequential risk-taking task. Hierarchy Bayesian modeling was adopted to measure risky propensity, behavioral consistence, and affection by emotion ratings from last trial. Concurrent electroencephalogram and functional near-infrared spectroscopy (EEG-fNIRS) recordings were performed to demonstrate when, where and how the previous-round feedback affects the decision making to the next round. We discovered that the IGD illustrated heightened risk-taking propensity as compared to the HCs, indicating by the computational modeling (p = 0.028). EEG results also showed significant time window differences in univariate and multivariate pattern analysis between the IGD and HCs after the loss of the game. Further, reduced brain activation in the prefrontal cortex during the task was detected in IGD as compared to that of the control group. The findings underscore the importance of understanding the aberrant decision-making processes in IGD and suggest potential implications for future interventions and treatments aimed at addressing this behavioral addiction.
Assuntos
Tomada de Decisões , Eletroencefalografia , Transtorno de Adição à Internet , Humanos , Masculino , Tomada de Decisões/fisiologia , Transtorno de Adição à Internet/fisiopatologia , Transtorno de Adição à Internet/diagnóstico por imagem , Adulto Jovem , Adulto , Feminino , Espectroscopia de Luz Próxima ao Infravermelho/métodos , Assunção de Riscos , Jogos de Vídeo/psicologia , Córtex Pré-Frontal/diagnóstico por imagem , Córtex Pré-Frontal/fisiopatologia , Imagem Multimodal , Retroalimentação Psicológica/fisiologia , Encéfalo/diagnóstico por imagem , Encéfalo/fisiopatologiaRESUMO
Individuals with Internet gaming disorder (IGD) often exhibit an approach bias towards gaming cues compared to non-gaming cues. Although previous studies suggested a positive correlation between approach bias and the severity of game use, the neuropsychological mechanisms that underpin the automatic action tendencies remain largely unexplored. The present study measured event-related potentials (ERPs) in 22 IGD and 23 healthy control (HC) participants who met the inclusion criteria, both groups conducted the Stimulus-Response Compatibility task (SRC), with their ERPs recorded during the task. Results revealed that the IGD group showed a significantly larger approach bias towards gaming cues (avoidance versus approach reaction time) compared to the HC group. The amplitude of P300 significantly increased, whereas N100 significantly decreased for game-approach compared to game-avoid for IGD compared to HC participants. The findings suggested that the enhanced integrated motivational value under compatible conditions as well as increased stimulus-response conflicts under incompatible conditions may contribute to the approach bias in IGD individuals. Further investigation on the intervention is prompted through longitudinal studies.
Assuntos
Eletroencefalografia , Potenciais Evocados , Transtorno de Adição à Internet , Tempo de Reação , Humanos , Masculino , Adulto Jovem , Transtorno de Adição à Internet/fisiopatologia , Potenciais Evocados/fisiologia , Feminino , Tempo de Reação/fisiologia , Adulto , Jogos de Vídeo , Adolescente , Sinais (Psicologia) , Desempenho Psicomotor/fisiologiaRESUMO
Excessive use of the internet, which is a typical scenario of self-control failure, could lead to potential consequences such as anxiety, depression, and diminished academic performance. However, the underlying neuropsychological mechanisms remain poorly understood. This study aims to investigate the structural basis of self-control and internet addiction. In a cohort of 96 internet gamers, we examined the relationships among grey matter volume and white matter integrity within the frontostriatal circuits and internet addiction severity, as well as self-control measures. The results showed a significant and negative correlation between dACC grey matter volume and internet addiction severity (p < 0.001), but not with self-control. Subsequent tractography from the dACC to the bilateral ventral striatum (VS) was conducted. The fractional anisotropy (FA) and radial diffusivity of dACC-right VS pathway was negatively (p = 0.011) and positively (p = 0.020) correlated with internet addiction severity, respectively, and the FA was also positively correlated with self-control (p = 0.036). These associations were not observed for the dACC-left VS pathway. Further mediation analysis demonstrated a significant complete mediation effect of self-control on the relationship between FA of the dACC-right VS pathway and internet addiction severity. Our findings suggest that the dACC-right VS pathway is a critical neural substrate for both internet addiction and self-control. Deficits in this pathway may lead to impaired self-regulation over internet usage, exacerbating the severity of internet addiction.
Assuntos
Imagem de Tensor de Difusão , Substância Cinzenta , Transtorno de Adição à Internet , Autocontrole , Substância Branca , Humanos , Substância Branca/diagnóstico por imagem , Substância Branca/patologia , Masculino , Transtorno de Adição à Internet/diagnóstico por imagem , Transtorno de Adição à Internet/fisiopatologia , Feminino , Imagem de Tensor de Difusão/métodos , Adulto , Adulto Jovem , Substância Cinzenta/diagnóstico por imagem , Substância Cinzenta/patologia , Estriado Ventral/diagnóstico por imagem , Estriado Ventral/fisiopatologia , Estriado Ventral/patologia , Índice de Gravidade de Doença , Vias Neurais/diagnóstico por imagem , Vias Neurais/fisiopatologia , Corpo Estriado/diagnóstico por imagem , Corpo Estriado/patologia , Corpo Estriado/fisiopatologia , Internet , Lobo Frontal/diagnóstico por imagem , Lobo Frontal/patologia , Lobo Frontal/fisiopatologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Internet gaming disorder (IGD) can lead to psychological problems and cause behavioral problems in individuals. Traditional interventions have been ineffective in treating IGD. Meanwhile, mindfulness meditation (MM) is an emerging method that has proven to be effective for treating psychiatric disorders. In this study, MM was used to intervene in IGD and to explore its neural mechanism. METHODS: Eighty participants were recruited through advertisements. Eventually, 61 completed the 1-month training (MM group, n = 31; progressive muscle relaxation [PMR] group, n = 30), including a pretest, 8 training sessions, and a posttest. Regional homogeneity and degree centrality were calculated, and the tests (pre- and post-) and group (MM and PMR) analysis of variance was performed. The overlapping results were obtained as region of interest for functional connectivity (FC) analyses. Behavioral data and neurotransmitter availability maps were correlated with FC. RESULTS: Compared with PMR, MM decreased the severity of addiction and game craving in IGD. Brain imaging results showed that the FC between and within the executive control and default mode networks/reward-related regions were enhanced. Significant negative correlations were observed between FC and dopamine receptor D2, dopamine transporter, and vesicular acetylcholine transporter. Significant positive correlations were observed between FCs and serotonin and aminobutyric acid receptors. CONCLUSIONS: This study confirmed the effectiveness of MM in treating IGD. MM altered the default mode and enhanced top-down control over game cravings. These findings were revealed by the correlations between brain regions and behavioral and biochemical effects. The results show the neural mechanism of MM in reducing IGD and lay the foundation for future research.
Assuntos
Fissura , Rede de Modo Padrão , Função Executiva , Transtorno de Adição à Internet , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética , Meditação , Atenção Plena , Humanos , Masculino , Atenção Plena/métodos , Adulto Jovem , Transtorno de Adição à Internet/terapia , Transtorno de Adição à Internet/fisiopatologia , Fissura/fisiologia , Função Executiva/fisiologia , Adulto , Feminino , Rede de Modo Padrão/fisiopatologia , Rede de Modo Padrão/diagnóstico por imagem , Encéfalo/fisiopatologia , Encéfalo/diagnóstico por imagem , Conectoma , AdolescenteRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: There are dozens of screening instruments purporting to measure the (Internet) gaming disorder (IGD/GD). The two prominent diagnostic manuals, DSM-5 and ICD-11, list several additional diagnostic or clinical features and problems (e.g., neglect of sleep, neglect of daily duties, health deterioration) that should co-occur or be caused by the IGD/GD. It remains unclear how specific IGD/GD operationalizations (different screening scales) are related to these functional impairments. METHODS: To explore this, data on six measures of IGD/GD (IGDS9-SF, GDSS, GDT, GAMES test, two self-assessments) and 18 additional diagnostic features were collected from a sample of 1009 players who play digital games at least 13 h per week. A network approach was utilized to determine which operationalization is most strongly associated with functional impairment. RESULTS: In most of the networks, IGD/GD consistently emerged as the most central node. CONCLUSION: The similar centrality of IGD/GD, irrespective of its definition (DSM-5 or ICD-11) or operationalization, provides support for the valid comparison or synthesis of results from studies that used instruments coming from both DSM-5 and ICD-11 ontologies, but only if the goal is to evaluate IGD/GD relationships to other phenomena, not the relationships between the symptoms themselves.
Assuntos
Transtorno de Adição à Internet , Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adulto , Transtorno de Adição à Internet/diagnóstico , Transtorno de Adição à Internet/fisiopatologia , Adulto Jovem , Adolescente , Jogos de VídeoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The formation and relapse of Internet use disorder (IUD) are related to the decline in executive function. Previous studies have indicated that exercise intervention and high-definition transcranial direct current stimulation (HD-tDCS) can improve the cognitive abilities of adolescents with IUD. However, the combined intervention's impact on executive function in these adolescents remains unclear. Therefore, this study aims to explore the effects and differences of multimodal exercise, HD-tDCS intervention, and combined intervention on the executive function of adolescents with IUD. METHODS: Forty-eight adolescents with IUD were randomly assigned to the multimodal exercise group, HD-tDCS intervention group, combined intervention group, and control group. The intervention groups received 4 weeks of moderate-intensity multimodal exercise, HD-tDCS intervention (2 mA, 20min/session, 3 times/week), or combined multimodal exercise with HD-tDCS intervention. The control group received conventional educational learning. Executive function measurements were taken before intervention, after intervention, and 2 weeks post-intervention. RESULTS: Compared to pre-intervention, different interventions effectively improved the behavioral performance of adolescents with IUD in executive function tasks. In comparison to single interventions, the combined intervention significantly outperformed multimodal exercise and HD-tDCS intervention in influencing the executive function (especially inhibitory control and working memory) in adolescents with IUD. CONCLUSION: Combined multimodal exercise with HD-tDCS intervention proves to be an effective means of enhancing executive function in adolescents with IUD, particularly contributing to the improvement of explicit behavioral performance related to executive function.
Assuntos
Função Executiva , Transtorno de Adição à Internet , Estimulação Transcraniana por Corrente Contínua , Humanos , Adolescente , Função Executiva/fisiologia , Feminino , Masculino , Transtorno de Adição à Internet/terapia , Transtorno de Adição à Internet/fisiopatologia , Terapia Combinada , Terapia por Exercício/métodos , Avaliação de Resultados em Cuidados de SaúdeRESUMO
Background and aims: Impaired inhibitory control accompanied by enhanced craving is hallmark of addiction. This study investigated the effects of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) on response inhibition and craving in Internet gaming disorder (IGD). We examined the brain changes after tDCS and their correlation with clinical variables. Methods: Twenty-four males with IGD were allocated randomly to an active or sham tDCS group, and data from 22 participants were included for analysis. Participants self-administered bilateral tDCS over the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) for 10 sessions. Stop-signal tasks were conducted to measure response inhibition and participants were asked about their cravings for Internet gaming at baseline and post-tDCS. Functional magnetic resonance imaging data were collected at pre- and post-tDCS, and group differences in resting-state functional connectivity (rsFC) changes from the bilateral DLPFC and nucleus accumbens were examined. We explored the relationship between changes in the rsFC and behavioral variables in the active tDCS group. Results: A significant group-by-time interaction was observed in response inhibition. After tDCS, only the active group showed a decrease in the stop-signal reaction time (SSRT). Although craving decreased, there were no significant group-by-time interactions or group main effects. The anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) showed group differences in post- versus pre-tDCS rsFC from the right DLPFC. The rsFC between the ACC and left middle frontal gyrus was negatively correlated with the SSRT. Discussion and conclusion: Our study provides preliminary evidence that bilateral tDCS over the DLPFC improves inhibitory control and could serve as a therapeutic approach for IGD.
Assuntos
Fissura , Córtex Pré-Frontal Dorsolateral , Inibição Psicológica , Transtorno de Adição à Internet , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética , Estimulação Transcraniana por Corrente Contínua , Humanos , Masculino , Transtorno de Adição à Internet/terapia , Transtorno de Adição à Internet/fisiopatologia , Transtorno de Adição à Internet/diagnóstico por imagem , Fissura/fisiologia , Método Duplo-Cego , Adulto Jovem , Adulto , Córtex Pré-Frontal Dorsolateral/fisiologia , Núcleo Accumbens/diagnóstico por imagem , Núcleo Accumbens/fisiopatologia , Conectoma , Jogos de VídeoRESUMO
Background: Although internet gaming disorder (IGD) has been included in the DSM-5 for approximately 10 years, debate remains regarding its existence and classification. Methods: The current research incorporated three approaches. First, implicit association tests were used to examine for potential dissociation between wanting and liking in IGD. Second, brain features in wanting and liking circuits were tested and compared with tobacco use disorder (TUD) when performing a cue-craving task to explore the neural features of wanting and liking. Third, dopaminergic systems were investigated in IGD and TUD using neuromelanin-sensitive MRI. Results: The implicit association test results supported a wanting-liking dissociation in IGD participants. Functional MRI data suggested neural correlates underlying wanting-liking dissociation in IGD and TUD participants, with positive correlations suggesting greater dissociation with increasing addiction severity. Neuromelanin results suggest dopaminergic differences in IGD and TUD relative to healthy control participants. Conclusions: A wanting-liking dissociation in IGD participants suggests gaming motivations in IGD relating to incentive sensitization rather than hedonic responses. The neuromelanin-sensitive MRI results suggest dopaminergic involvement in IGD and TUD. The findings suggest similar brain-behaviour mechanisms for IGD and TUD based on an incentive-sensitization model for addiction, having implications for potential therapeutic strategies and policy-based interventions.
Assuntos
Transtorno de Adição à Internet , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética , Tabagismo , Humanos , Transtorno de Adição à Internet/fisiopatologia , Transtorno de Adição à Internet/diagnóstico por imagem , Masculino , Adulto Jovem , Adulto , Tabagismo/fisiopatologia , Encéfalo/fisiopatologia , Encéfalo/diagnóstico por imagem , Motivação/fisiologia , Dopamina/metabolismo , Melaninas/metabolismo , Fissura/fisiologia , Feminino , Adolescente , Jogos de VídeoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Inhibitory control ability is a crucial cognitive function that enables individuals to regulate their impulses and behaviors in a goal-directed manner. However, with the increasing prevalence of internet gaming disorder (IGD), there has been growing concern about the impact of excessive gaming on inhibitory control ability. Despite the accumulating evidence on this topic, the research conclusion on whether people with IGD have worse inhibition control ability than healthy controls remains inconsistent, and the lack of effective electroencephalography prediction indicators further complicates this issue. To address this research gap, the present study aimed to investigate whether N2 event-related potential (ERP) and P3 ERP components could serve as reliable indicators of inhibitory control ability in individuals with IGD. METHODS: To achieve this goal, a systematic literature search was conducted in several databases, including Web of Science, ScienceDirect (EBSCO), SpringerLink, PubMed, and Wiley Online Library. The inclusion criteria were strictly implemented to ensure the quality of the studies included in the meta-analysis. In the end, a total of 5 studies, with 139 participants diagnosed with IGD and 139 healthy controls, were included in the analysis. RESULTS: Meta-analysis revealed large effect sizes of N2 and P3 amplitudes in individuals with IGD, indicating that these two ERP components could be potential indicators of inhibitory control ability. Specifically, the N2 and P3 amplitude was significantly larger in individuals with IGD than in the healthy control group, suggesting deficits in inhibitory control function and increased impulsivity in the IGD group. In the inhibition control task, the IGD group required more cognitive resources to suppress impulsive responses. CONCLUSION: Overall, the findings of this meta-analysis shed light on the potential use of N2 and P3 amplitudes as reliable indicators of inhibitory control ability in individuals with IGD. The results provide crucial insights into the neural mechanisms underlying inhibitory control impairment in IGD, which could inform the development of effective interventions for this condition. Further research is needed to explore the functional significance of these ERP components and their potential clinical applications in the diagnosis and treatment of IGD.
Assuntos
Eletroencefalografia , Potenciais Evocados , Inibição Psicológica , Transtorno de Adição à Internet , Ensaios Clínicos Controlados Aleatórios como Assunto , Humanos , Transtorno de Adição à Internet/fisiopatologia , Eletroencefalografia/métodos , Potenciais Evocados/fisiologia , Jogos de VídeoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Internet Addiction (IA) refers to excessive or uncontrolled behaviors related to Internet access, causing impairment or distress. Similarly, Smartphone Addiction (SPA) involves the excessive use of smartphones, disrupting users' daily lives. Cognitive control plays a relevant role in the development of IA and SPA, with executive functions and rewards processing being particularly important. OBJECTIVE: This study aims to provide a synthesis of scientific evidence on the differential effects of IA and SPA on cognition in young adults and adolescents, using fMRI. METHODS: Relevant articles published between 2013 and May 2023 were identified following the PRISMA protocol. RESULTS: Included studies (n = 21) revealed that both behavioral addictions were associated with impairments in cognitive control related to reward processing (ACC, insula, amygdala) and executive function (DLPFC, frontal, parietal lobes) in adolescents and young adults. CONCLUSION: These findings provide evidence for neuroanatomical similarities between IA and SPA in young adults and adolescents related to executive functions and rewards processing. However, differential effects of SPA and IA on cognitive control were not found in this study. Future research should explore the relationship between these addictions with other cognitive domains to further expand our understanding within this field. While both IA and SPA involve the excessive use of online technology, SPA could involve a higher risk, given that smartphones allow internet connectivity anytime.
Assuntos
Função Executiva , Transtorno de Adição à Internet , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética , Smartphone , Humanos , Adolescente , Transtorno de Adição à Internet/fisiopatologia , Transtorno de Adição à Internet/diagnóstico por imagem , Adulto Jovem , Função Executiva/fisiologia , Comportamento Aditivo/fisiopatologia , Comportamento Aditivo/diagnóstico por imagem , Encéfalo/fisiopatologia , Encéfalo/diagnóstico por imagem , Recompensa , Cognição/fisiologia , InternetRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Impaired decision-making was observed in internet gaming disorder (IGD), however, these studies did not differentiate 'hard' to 'easy' decisions, and only the 'hard' decision-making could reveal the mechanism underlying this issue. METHODS: We recruited forty-eight individuals with IGD and forty-six recreational internet game users (RGUs) as a control group in this study. fMRI data were collected when they were finishing a value-matching delayed discount task (DDT), which included easy and hard decisions judging based on the indifference points of every participant. The correlations between brain responses during DDT and IGD severity and the effective connectivity between brain regions were calculated. RESULTS: Compared to RGUs, IGD subjects showed enhanced activation in the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) when facing hard choices, and this feature was associated with IGD severity. In addition, individuals with IGD showed increased effective connectivity from the OFC to the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and the OFC to the occipital lobe and decreased effective connectivity from the occipital lobe to the OFC. CONCLUSION: The current study showed that the abnormal activation in the OFC was associated with IGD severity and higher OFC-DLPFC/OFC-occipital lobe effective connectivity and lower occipital lobe-OFC effective connectivity when individuals with IGD faced different choices in the DDT. These findings suggest the neural mechanisms of impulsive decision-making in individuals with IGD due to dysfunction with subjective evaluation and dysfunction of the connection with the executive control system.
Assuntos
Encéfalo , Desvalorização pelo Atraso , Transtorno de Adição à Internet , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Adulto Jovem , Análise de Variância , Encéfalo/diagnóstico por imagem , Encéfalo/patologia , Encéfalo/fisiopatologia , Córtex Pré-Frontal Dorsolateral/patologia , Córtex Pré-Frontal Dorsolateral/fisiopatologia , Função Executiva , Transtorno de Adição à Internet/diagnóstico por imagem , Transtorno de Adição à Internet/patologia , Transtorno de Adição à Internet/fisiopatologia , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética , Lobo Occipital/patologia , Lobo Occipital/fisiopatologia , Córtex Pré-Frontal/patologia , Córtex Pré-Frontal/fisiopatologia , Tempo de Reação , RecompensaRESUMO
Problematic internet use parallels drug addiction, but the mechanisms are not yet clear.
Assuntos
Transtorno de Adição à Internet , Uso da Internet , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Substâncias , Humanos , Internet , Transtorno de Adição à Internet/fisiopatologia , Vias Neurais/anatomia & histologia , Vias Neurais/fisiopatologia , Córtex Pré-Frontal/anatomia & histologia , Córtex Pré-Frontal/fisiopatologia , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Substâncias/fisiopatologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The effect of gaming cue exposure on brain activity in patients with internet gaming disorder (IGD) has been investigated a lot, but the effect on brain connectivity has not. This study aimed to investigate the effects of imageries of gaming and alternative leisure activities on functional connectivity during the during-task and post-task states in patients with IGD. METHODS: Twenty-nine patients and 20 healthy controls were scanned in the 6-min states before, during, and after the imagery tasks for gaming and alternative leisure behaviors using fMRI. Seed-based functional connectivity during and after the tasks were analyzed. The seeds were the nucleus accumbens (NAcc), ventral tegmental area (VTA), caudate, putamen, anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), and posterior cingulate cortex. RESULTS: The group-by-state interaction effects for the during-tasks were found in caudate-, putamen-, and ACC-based connectivity, whereas those for the post-tasks were shown only in NAcc-based connectivity. In particular, patients showed that caudate-right parahippocampal gyrus connectivity and putamen-right orbitofrontal cortex connectivity increased during gaming and decreased during alternative, whereas NAcc-right precuneus connectivity decreased at baseline, increased in post-gaming, and were not different in post-alternative. CONCLUSION: Differences in during-task connectivity of the habit/motor and salience networks and post-task resting-state connectivity of the reward and limbic networks between the two imagery tasks may differ between the groups. In the treatment of IGD, when these network connections are reactive to alternative leisure activity, just as to gaming activity, they seem to be freed from gaming addiction.
Assuntos
Encéfalo/fisiopatologia , Conectoma , Imagens, Psicoterapia/métodos , Transtorno de Adição à Internet/terapia , Adulto , Encéfalo/diagnóstico por imagem , Humanos , Transtorno de Adição à Internet/diagnóstico por imagem , Transtorno de Adição à Internet/fisiopatologia , Transtorno de Adição à Internet/psicologia , Atividades de Lazer , Masculino , RecompensaRESUMO
Internet gaming disorder (IGD) has become an increasing mental health issue worldwide. Previous studies indicated that IGD was related to maladaptive risk-taking behavior. However, the relationship among risk-taking behavior, reflection level, and resting-state functional connectivity (rsFC) between brain regions in IGD individuals remains unclear. The current study combined resting-state fMRI and the Devil task to investigate this issue. The behavioral results suggested that IGD participants exhibited increased risk-taking behavior in the Devil task than healthy controls. Moreover, IGD participants' risk-taking behavior was positively correlated with their reflection level. As for fMRI results, IGD participants showed stronger rsFC between orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) and inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) than healthy controls. Additionally, the mediation analyses revealed that, among IGD participants, the rsFC between OFC and IFG fully mediated the relationship between reflection level and risk-taking behavior. Together, the current study highlighted that the altered rsFC between OFC and IFG in IGD individuals modified the relationship between their reflection level and risk-taking behavior, which might contribute to the understanding of neural mechanisms underlying risk-taking behavior in IGD individuals.
Assuntos
Conectoma , Transtorno de Adição à Internet/fisiopatologia , Córtex Pré-Frontal/fisiopatologia , Assunção de Riscos , Adulto , Humanos , Transtorno de Adição à Internet/diagnóstico por imagem , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética , Masculino , Córtex Pré-Frontal/diagnóstico por imagem , Adulto JovemRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Craving-related brain responses have been associated with the emergence and maintenance of addictions. However, little is known about brain network organizations underlying cravings in internet gaming disorder (IGD). METHODS: Sixty-six IGD subjects and 61 matched individuals with recreational game use (RGU) were scanned while performing a cue-craving task. A recently developed whole-brain analysis approach, connectome-based predictive modelling (CPM) with leave-one-out cross-validation was conducted to identify networks that predicted craving responses in IGD. Then, the craving network was tested in different brain states (cue-craving under deprivation) to investigate replicability. RESULTS: CPM identified an IGD craving network, as indicated by a significant correspondence between predicted and actual craving values (r = 0.49, p < 0.001), characterized by within-network default mode (DMN) connectivity and connectivity between canonical networks implicated in executive/cognitive control (frontoparietal, medial frontal, DMN) and reward responsiveness (subcortical, motor/sensory). Network strength in the cue-craving task during gaming deprivation also predicted IGD craving scores (r = 0.43, p = 0.017), indicating network replication across brain states. CONCLUSIONS: The CPM results demonstrate that individual differences in cognitive, attention, and control network function can predict craving intensities in IGD subjects. These networks may be targets for potential interventions using brain modulation.
Assuntos
Conectoma , Fissura/fisiologia , Transtorno de Adição à Internet/fisiopatologia , Adulto , Encéfalo/fisiopatologia , Mapeamento Encefálico/métodos , Sinais (Psicologia) , Função Executiva/fisiologia , Feminino , Humanos , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética/métodos , Masculino , Recompensa , Jogos de Vídeo/psicologia , Adulto JovemRESUMO
In the eleventh International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11) of the World Health Organization, gambling disorder and gaming disorder are included in the category 'disorders due to addictive behaviours', which can be specified further as occurring either predominantly offline or predominantly online. Other specific problematic behaviours may be considered for the category 'other specified disorders due to addictive behaviours'. The Research Unit FOR 2974, funded by the German Research Foundation (Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, DFG), focuses on the most prominent online addictive behaviours: gaming, pornography use, buying-shopping and social-networks use. The main goal of the Research Unit is to contribute to a better understanding of the common and differential psychological as well as neurobiological mechanisms involved in these specific types of Internet-use disorders. We aim to investigate theoretically argued (bio)psychological processes with a focus on concepts coming from research of substance-use disorders, for example, cue reactivity and craving, executive functions and specific inhibitory control, coping, implicit cognitions, and decision making. One central characteristic of the Research Unit is that we will investigate all participants using a comprehensive core battery of experimental paradigms, neuropsychological tasks, questionnaires, biomarkers, ambulatory assessment, and a 6-month follow-up survey. Beyond the anticipated contributions to the scientific understanding of the mechanisms involved in the development and maintenance of respective online addictive behaviours, we also expect contributions to clinical practice by showing which affective and cognitive mechanisms may be addressed more intensively to optimize treatment.