RESUMO
Vaccines are biological preparations to elicit a specific immune response in individuals against the targetted microorganisms. The use of vaccines has caused the near eradication of many critical diseases and has had an everlasting impact on public health at a relatively low cost. Most of the vaccines developed today are based on techniques which were developed a long time ago. In the beginning, vaccines were prepared from tissue fluids obtained from infected animals or people, but at present, the scenario has changed with the development of vaccines from live or killed whole microorganisms and toxins or using genetic engineering approaches. Considerable efforts have been made in vaccine development, but there are still many diseases that need attention, and new technologies are being developed in vaccinology to combat them. In this chapter, we discuss different approaches for vaccine development, including the properties and preparation of whole-cell vaccines.
Assuntos
Vacinas/biossíntese , Vacinas/isolamento & purificação , Vacinologia , Animais , História do Século XX , Humanos , Vacinas Conjugadas , Vacinologia/história , Vacinologia/métodos , Fluxo de TrabalhoAssuntos
Betacoronavirus , Infecções por Coronavirus/prevenção & controle , Pandemias/prevenção & controle , Pneumonia Viral/prevenção & controle , Glicoproteína da Espícula de Coronavírus , Vacinas Virais/imunologia , Adulto , Antígenos de Superfície , Antígenos Virais , COVID-19 , Vacinas contra COVID-19 , Ensaios Clínicos Fase I como Assunto , Infecções por Coronavirus/imunologia , Relação Dose-Resposta Imunológica , Vetores Genéticos , Voluntários Saudáveis , História do Século XVIII , Humanos , RNA Mensageiro/imunologia , RNA Viral/imunologia , SARS-CoV-2 , Glicoproteína da Espícula de Coronavírus/química , Vacinas Atenuadas , Vacinologia/história , Vacinologia/métodos , Vacinas Virais/efeitos adversosRESUMO
The reports in 1993 that naked DNA encoding viral genes conferred protective immunity came as a surprise to most vaccinologists. This review analyses the expanding number of examples where plasmid DNA induces immune responses. Issues such as the type of immunity induced, mechanisms of immune protection, and how DNA vaccines compare with other approaches are emphasized. Additional issues discussed include the likely means by which DNA vaccines induce CTL, how the potency and type of immunity induced can be modified, and whether DNA vaccines represent a practical means of manipulating unwanted immune response occurring during immunoinflammatory diseases. It seems doubtful if DNA vaccines will replace currently effective vaccines, but they may prove useful for prophylactic use against some agents that at present lack an effective vaccine. DNA vaccines promise to be valuable to manipulate the immune response in situations where responses to agents are inappropriate or ineffective.