Vítimas de maus-tratos, negligência ou abandono em estado do Nordeste Brasileiro / Victims of bad treatment, negligence or abandonment in a Northeast Brazilian state / Víctimas de malos tratos, descuido o abandono en un estado del Noreste del Brasil

Objetivo: descrever a situação epidemiológica de pessoas que foram vítimas de maus-tratos, negligência ou abandono em um estado do nordeste brasileiro. Método: Trata-se de estudo exploratório e descritivo, com abordagem quantitativa e dados retrospectivos, desenvolvido com dados obtidos do Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação. Resultados: A população compreendeu pessoas atendidas e notificadas nos serviços próprios e conveniados ao Sistema Único de Saúde, por causas de maus-tratos, negligência ou abandono, entre 2015 e 2018. Observou-se que a maior parte era do sexo feminino (59,6%), na faixa etária de até 9 anos (56,4%) e residentes da zona urbana (79,1%). Quanto as pessoas que cometeram maus-tratos, negligência ou abandono, a maioria era do sexo feminino, não havia ingerido bebida alcóolica e a violência foi motivada por conflito geracional (20%). Conclusão: Evidenciou-se a necessidade de políticas públicas que proteja as crianças e as pessoas que estão em situação de vulnerabilidade.(AU)

Objective: describes an epidemiological situation of people who have been victims of abuse, neglect or abandonment in a state in northeastern Brazil. Method: This is an exploratory and descriptive study, with a quantitative approach and retrospective data, developed with data obtained from the Notifiable Diseases Information System. Results: The population comprised people attended and notified in the services themselves and under the Unified Health System, due to maltreatment, neglect or abandonment, between 2015 and 2018. It was observed that the majority were female (59, 6%), aged up to 9 years (56.4%) and residents of the urban area (79.1%). As for people who committed abuse, neglect or abandonment, the majority were female, had not drunk alcohol and violence was motivated by generational conflict (20%). Conclusion: The need for public policies to protect children and people who are in a situation of vulnerability was highlighted.(AU)

Objetivo: describe una situación epidemiológica de personas que han sido víctimas de abuso, negligencia o abandono en un estado del noreste de Brasil. Método: Se trata de un estudio exploratorio y descriptivo, con enfoque cuantitativo y datos retrospectivos, desarrollado con datos obtenidos del Sistema de Información de Enfermedades Notificables. Resultados: La población estuvo conformada por personas atendidas y notificadas en los propios servicios y en el Sistema Único de Salud, por maltrato, negligencia o abandono, entre 2015 y 2018. Se observó que la mayoría eran mujeres (59, 6%), de hasta 9 años (56,4%) y residentes del casco urbano (79,1%). En cuanto a las personas que cometieron maltrato, abandono o abandono, la mayoría eran mujeres, no habían bebido alcohol y la violencia estuvo motivada por conflicto generacional (20%). Conclusión: Se destacó la necesidad de políticas públicas para proteger a la niñez y a las personas en situación de vulnerabilidad.(AU)

Expressions of domestic violence against adolescents: Educators' speeches.

OBJECTIVES: to describe the expressions recognized by domestic violence educators experienced by school adolescents. METHODS: it is a qualitative study based on Paulo Freire's liberating pedagogy. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 20 teachers from a public elementary school in the city of Salvador, state of Bahia, Brazil. The data were systematized through the Discourse of the Collective Subject. RESULTS: collective discourse reveals that educators identify schoolchildren who experience physical, psychological and negligent abuse, being denied even love and affection. CONCLUSIONS: although not alluding to sexual abuse, educators recognize that students are inserted in the context of domestic violence, knowledge necessary for the development of actions that enable the exit of the student from the oppressed and overcoming the lived experience.

Expressions of domestic violence against adolescents: Educators' speeches / Expresiones de violencia doméstica contra adolescentes: Discursos del educador / Expressões da violência doméstica contra adolescentes: discursos de educadoras

ABSTRACT Objectives: to describe the expressions recognized by domestic violence educators experienced by school adolescents. Methods: it is a qualitative study based on Paulo Freire's liberating pedagogy. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 20 teachers from a public elementary school in the city of Salvador, state of Bahia, Brazil. The data were systematized through the Discourse of the Collective Subject. Results: collective discourse reveals that educators identify schoolchildren who experience physical, psychological and negligent abuse, being denied even love and affection. Conclusions: although not alluding to sexual abuse, educators recognize that students are inserted in the context of domestic violence, knowledge necessary for the development of actions that enable the exit of the student from the oppressed and overcoming the lived experience.

RESUMEN Objetivos: describir las expresiones, reconocidas por los educadores, de la violencia doméstica experimentada por los adolescentes escolares. Métodos: este es un estudio cualitativo, basado en la pedagogía liberadora de Paulo Freire. Se realizaron entrevistas semiestructuradas con 20 maestros de una escuela primaria pública en el cuidad de Salvador, estado de Bahía, Brasil. Los datos se sistematizaron a través del Discurso del sujeto colectivo. Resultados: el discurso colectivo revela que los educadores identifican a los estudiantes que experimentan abuso físico, psicológico y negligente, negándose incluso el amor y el afecto. Conclusiones: aunque no aluden al abuso sexual, los educadores reconocen que los estudiantes están insertos en el contexto de la violencia doméstica, conocimiento necesario para el desarrollo de acciones que permitan la salida del estudiante de la condición oprimida y la superación de lo vivido.

RESUMO Objetivos: descrever as expressões reconhecidas por educadoras da violência doméstica vivenciada por adolescentes escolares. Métodos: trata-se de um estudo qualitativo, fundamentado na pedagogia libertadora de Paulo Freire. Realizaram-se entrevistas semiestruturadas com 20 professoras de uma escola pública de ensino fundamental em Salvador, Bahia, Brasil. Os dados foram sistematizados por meio do Discurso do Sujeito Coletivo. Resultados: o discurso coletivo revela que as educadoras identificam escolares que experienciam abusos físicos, psicológicos e por negligência, lhes sendo negado inclusive amor e afeto. Conclusões: embora haja não alusão a abusos sexuais, as educadoras reconhecem que os escolares se encontram inseridos no contexto da violência doméstica, saber necessário para o desenvolvimento de ações que viabilizem a saída do educando da condição de oprimido e superação do vivido.

Factors associated with the type of violence perpetrated against adolescents in the state of Pernambuco, Brazil.

To analyze the factors associated with the types of violence against adolescents reported in Pernambuco, Brazil, from 2009 to 2012. Prevalence study conducted through an electronic database from the Violence Surveillance Official System in a population of 5259 adolescents (aged 10-19 years). Poisson regression was used, with significance level at 5%. There was a significant increase of 204% in the number of violence reports, and the number of reporting units increased by 92.6%. When separately evaluated, physical violence was the most prevalent type, accounting for 44.7% of the reports. Taking as independent variables the age range of 15-19 years, female, having no disability, and public roads as place of occurrence, the positively and independently associated factors were: male gender (OR 1.5, 95% CI 1.4-1.6) with physical violence; having deficiency (OR 1.7, 95% CI 1.5-2.0) with psychological violence; age range of 10-14 years (PR 2.4, 95% CI 2.2-2.6) with sexual assault; and male (OR 3.9, 95% CI 2.0-7.5), having disabilities (PR 4.6, 95% CI 2.7-9.7), and occurrence in residence (PR 2.8, 95% CI 1.3-6.1) with neglect. Age between 10 to 14 years was associated with the occurrence of sexual assault; male with the occurrence of physical violence and neglect; having disabilities with psychological violence and neglect; and occurrence in the residence was associated with neglect.

Examining Patterns of Exposure to Family Violence in Preschool Children: A Latent Class Approach.

Young children can experience violence directly or indirectly in the home, with some children exposed to multiple forms of violence. These polyvictims often experience violence that is severe, chronic, and multifaceted. The current study used latent class analysis to identify and examine the pattern of profiles of exposure to family violence (i.e., violence directed towards the child and between caregivers) among a sample of 474 children ages 3-6 year who were drawn from the Multidimensional Assessment of Preschoolers Study (Wakschlag et al., 2014). The data yielded 3 classes: a polyvictimized class (n = 72; 15.2%) with high probability of exposure to all forms of violence, a harsh parenting class (n = 235; 49.5%), distinguished mainly by child-directed physical discipline in the absence of more severe forms of violence, and a low-exposure class (n = 167; 35.2%). Classes were differentiated by contextual factors, maternal characteristics, and mother-reported and observational indicators of parenting and child functioning with most effect sizes between medium and large. These findings add to emerging evidence linking polyvictimization to impaired caregiving and adverse psychological outcomes for children and offer important insight for prevention and intervention for this vulnerable population.

[Domestic and family violence against women: a case-control study with victims treated in emergency rooms]. / Violência doméstica e familiar contra a mulher: estudo de casos e controles com vítimas atendidas em serviços de urgência e emergência.

This study aimed to identify factors associated with treatment of victims of domestic and family violence in emergency rooms in Brazil. This is a case-control study based on the Surveillance System for Violence and Accidents (VIVA), 2011. Women ≥ 18 years who were victims of family and domestic violence were selected as cases and compared to accident victims (controls). Adjusted odds ratios were estimated by unconditional logistic regression. 623 cases and 10,120 controls were included. Risk factors according to the adjusted analysis were younger age (18-29 years), low schooling, lack of paid work, alcohol consumption, having sought treatment in a different health service, and violence on weekends or at night or in the early morning hours. The study concludes that domestic and family violence shows alcohol consumption as a strongly associated factor. Days and hours with the highest ocurrence reveal the need to adjust emergency services to treat victims.

Violência doméstica e familiar contra a mulher: estudo de casos e controles com vítimas atendidas em serviços de urgência e emergência / Domestic and family violence against women: a case-control study with victims treated in emergency rooms / La violencia doméstica y familiar contra la mujer: estudio de casos y controles con víctimas tratadas en salas de emergencia

O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar fatores associados ao atendimento por violência doméstica e familiar entre vítimas atendidas em serviços de urgência e emergência no Brasil. Realizou-se estudo de casos e controles baseado no Sistema de Vigilância de Violências e Acidentes (VIVA), 2011. Foram selecionadas mulheres com 18 anos ou mais de idade, vítimas de violência doméstica e familiar (casos) em comparação com aquelas vítimas de acidentes (controles). As razões de chances ajustadas foram estimadas por regressão logística não condicional. Foram incluídos 623 casos e 10.120 controles. Na análise ajustada, foram fatores de risco: idade mais jovem (18-29 anos), baixa escolaridade, não exercer atividade remunerada, consumo de bebida alcoólica, procura de atendimento em outro serviço, ocorrência em final de semana e durante a noite ou madrugada. A violência doméstica e familiar teve o consumo de bebida alcoólica como fator fortemente associado. Os dias e horas de maior ocorrência evidenciam a necessidade de adequação dos serviços de atendimento às vítimas.

This study aimed to identify factors associated with treatment of victims of domestic and family violence in emergency rooms in Brazil. This is a case-control study based on the Surveillance System for Violence and Accidents (VIVA), 2011. Women ≥ 18 years who were victims of family and domestic violence were selected as cases and compared to accident victims (controls). Adjusted odds ratios were estimated by unconditional logistic regression. 623 cases and 10,120 controls were included. Risk factors according to the adjusted analysis were younger age (18-29 years), low schooling, lack of paid work, alcohol consumption, having sought treatment in a different health service, and violence on weekends or at night or in the early morning hours. The study concludes that domestic and family violence shows alcohol consumption as a strongly associated factor. Days and hours with the highest ocurrence reveal the need to adjust emergency services to treat victims.

El objetivo fue identificar factores asociados a la atención por violencia doméstica y familiar entre víctimas atendidas en servicios de urgencia y emergencia en Brasil. Se realizó un estudio de casos y controles, basado en el Sistema de Vigilancia de Violencia y Accidentes (VIVA), 2011. Se seleccionaron mujeres con 18 años o más de edad, víctimas de violencia doméstica y familiar (casos), en comparación con aquellas víctimas de accidentes (controles). Las razones de momios ajustadas se estimaron por regresión logística no condicional. Se incluyeron 623 casos y 10.120 controles. En el análisis ajustado, fueron factores de riesgo: una edad más joven (18-29 años), baja escolaridad, no ejercer actividad remunerada, consumo de bebidas alcohólicas, búsqueda de atención en otro servicio, incidente acaecido durante el fin de semana y durante la noche o madrugada. La violencia doméstica y familiar tuvo el consumo de bebidas alcohólicas como factor fuertemente asociado. Los días y horas de mayor incidencia evidencian la necesidad de adecuación de los servicios de atención a las víctimas.

Subtypes of exposure to intimate partner violence within a Canadian child welfare sample: associated risks and child maladjustment.

Children exposed to intimate partner violence (IPV) are at increased risk of experiencing behavioral difficulties including externalizing and internalizing problems. While there is mounting evidence about mental health problems in children exposed to IPV, most of the research to date focuses on IPV exposure as a unitary, homogeneous construct. The purpose of this study was to examine the association between subtypes of IPV exposure on child functioning and presence of harm within a child welfare sample. Given the evidence of the "double whammy" effect, co-occurring IPV exposure was also examined. Using data from the Canadian Incidence Study of Reported Child Abuse and Neglect - 2008 (n=2,184) we examined whether specific IPV exposure subtypes or their co-occurrence resulted in a greater risk of child maladjustment. Information was obtained from child welfare workers' reports. Caregiver and household risk factors were also examined. Co-occurring IPV exposure resulted in the greatest risk for reported child maladjustment. Exposure to emotional IPV and direct physical IPV were significantly associated with increased risk of internalizing problems and presence of harm. Caregiver mental health and lack of social support emerged as significant risk factors for behavior problems. This study adds to the evidence that exposure to subtypes of IPV may be differentially related to child functioning. Given that risk factors and child functioning is part of the decision-making framework for case worker referrals, this study provides important preliminary evidence about how the child welfare system operates in practice with respect to sub-types of exposure to IPV. These findings suggest that intervening with children exposed to different types of IPV may require a tailored approach.

Honor crimes: review and proposed definition.

There is every reason to believe that honor based violence is one of the forms of domestic violence that is being practiced against females all over the world. This type of violence includes a wide range of crimes, the severest of which is honor killing. Many studies have adopted different definitions for the so-called honor killing. In this paper some of these definitions are discussed and a working definition is proposed. The scope of the problem worldwide is presented. Honor killing goes beyond ethnicity, class, and religion. It is a very old phenomenon that was practiced in ancient Rome, guided by penal codes. Some of the older as well as new penal codes are discussed concerning this matter from different regions of the world. The different efforts of international governmental and nongovernmental organizations in combating this problem are also presented.

Mutuality, severity, and chronicity of violence by Father-Only, Mother-Only, and mutually violent parents as reported by university students in 15 nations.

This article aims to provide a more complete description of the violence between parents experienced by children than is usual in research and to suggest the practicality and importance of doing so. It presents results on the percent of parents in each of three Dyadic Types: Father-Only (the father assaulted the mother and the mother did not assault), Mother-Only (mother assaulted and the father did not assault), and Both-Assault; and on differences between these three types in the chronicity and severity of assaults. Questionnaires were completed by convenience samples of university students in 15 nations (N=11,408). Violence between parents was measured by the short form of the Conflict Tactics Scales. Fourteen percent of the students reported one or more instances of physical violence between their parents, including 6% who reported a severe assault. Cross classification of assaults by the father and the mother to identify Dyadic Types found 25% Father-Only, 22% Mother-Only, and 52% Both-Assaulted. The percentage in each Dyadic Type based on reports by male or female students were similar. They were also consistent with percentages found by previous studies identifying the Dyadic Types of violent couples. In respect to chronicity, when violence between parents occurred, in 82% of the cases, it occurred more than once. Research on children experiencing violence between parents, and prevention and treatment of inter-parental violence, are likely to be enhanced if it takes into account that Both-Violent is the most frequent pattern to which children are exposed and that Mother-Only is about as frequent as Father-Only. Consideration of the severity, and chronicity, of the inter-parental violence needs to replace simply classifying parents as violent. Achieving this is possible using instruments which take only three to five minutes and which can be completed by only one of the parents or by the child.

Prevalence and correlates of physical, psychological, and sexual intimate partner violence in Bolivia.

Despite increasing awareness that domestic violence is a major public health problem, existing studies focus on physical and sexual violence and give little attention to psychological violence. This study uses data from the 2008 Bolivia Demographic and Health Surveys (BDHS) to examine the prevalence and correlates of physical, sexual, and psychological intimate partner violence in Bolivia. The results show that psychological intimate partner violence is extremely common (affecting nearly one in two women) and often occurs in addition to physical violence. While physical, psychological and sexual intimate partner violence have several common predictors, there are factors that only affect some types of violence. Common risk factors include urban residence, respondent's employment status and having witnessed interparental violence in childhood. Although marital status is not a risk factor for physical violence, unmarried cohabitation is a strong risk factor for psychological intimate partner violence. Our findings highlight the need for research to assess the potential consequences of psychological intimate partner violence, particularly for women's mental health.

A longitudinal examination of offending and specialization among a sample of Massachusetts domestic violence offenders.

A paucity of existing research focuses on longitudinal examinations of criminal trajectories among reoffenses committed by domestic violence offenders. Specifically, few studies have longitudinally assessed whether domestic violence offenders specialize, recidivating in domestic violence assault, or generalize, committing a range of personal and property crimes. Acknowledging these research deficiencies, the current study uses longitudinal data from a cohort of 317 batterers who were processed in a domestic violence court to investigate the trajectories of domestic violence arrests and nondomestic violence arrests over a 10-year period. The degree of overlap between domestic and nondomestic violence arrest trajectory groups is examined through a cross-tabulation and chi-square analysis. Logistic and multinomial regression models are applied to identify risk factors that distinguish trajectory groups. A PROC TRAJ procedure identifies two trajectory groups for domestic violence arrests (low and high rate) and three trajectory groups for nondomestic violence arrests (very low, low, and high rate). Results indicate that specialization among domestic violence offenders is rare-prior alcohol and drug crimes predict membership in the high-rate domestic violence arrest trajectory group and prior domestic violence arrests predict membership in both the low-rate and high-rate nondomestic violence arrest trajectories. Implications for future research and policy are discussed in this article.

Blaming the messenger for the bad news about partner violence by women: the methodological, theoretical, and value basis of the purported invalidity of the conflict tactics scales.

More than 200 studies have found "gender symmetry" in perpetration of violence against a marital or dating partner in the sense that about the same percent of women as men physically assault a marital or dating partner. Most of these studies obtained the data using the Conflict Tactics Scales (CTS). However, these results have been challenged by numerous articles in the past 25 years that have asserted that the CTS is invalid. This article identifies and responds to 11 purported methodological problems of the CTS, and two other bases for the belief that the CTS is not valid. The discussion argues that the repeated assertion over the past 25 years that the CTS is invalid is not primarily about methodology. Rather it is primarily about theories and values concerning the results of research showing gender symmetry in perpetration. According to the prevailing "patriarchal dominance" theory, these results cannot be true and therefore the CTS must be invalid. The conclusion suggests that an essential part of the effort to prevent and treat violence against women and by women requires taking into account the dyadic nature of partner violence through use of instruments such as the CTS that measure violence by both partners.

The effect of intimate partner violence on mental health status among women of reproductive ages: a population-based study in a middle Anatolian city.

Violence against women has been recognized as both a major public health problem and a human rights violation worldwide. Research has documented the association between physical/sexual intimate partner violence (IPV) and mental health, measured by the 12-item General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12) among women in reproductive age. This study underlines that different types of IPV is independently associated with mental health status. Results also show effects of IPV on mental health may not only be immediate but also be long term. These findings suggest that efforts to identify women with mental health problems should include screening for the types and history of IPV victimization.

Racial and ethnic disparities in police-reported intimate partner violence perpetration: a mixed methods approach.

The objectives of this study were to examine racial and ethnic disparities in perpetrator and incident characteristics and discrepancies between police charges and reported perpetrator behaviors in police-reported intimate partner violence (IPV). This cross-sectional study used standardized police data and victim narratives of IPV incidents reported to the police in Dallas, Texas in 2004. The sample included non-Hispanic White, non-Hispanic Black, and Hispanic male perpetrators who were residents of Dallas (N = 4470). Offense charges were prioritized in descending order: sexual assault, aggravated assault, simple assault, kidnapping, robbery, and intimidation. Textual data from the victim narratives were coded, based on the revised Conflict Tactics Scales (CTS), and categorized in descending order of priority: sexual (severe, minor), physical (severe, minor), and psychological (severe, minor) assault. Perpetrators were more likely to be Black and Hispanic. Perpetrator and incident characteristics varied significantly by race/ethnicity, particularly age, age difference between partners, marital status, injury, and interracial relationships. Qualitative data revealed that greater proportions of Black and Hispanic men perpetrated severe physical, but not sexual violence, compared with White men. The greatest disparity between CTS categories and police charges occurred among those cases identified by the CTS as severe physical IPV; 84% were charged with simple assault. Significant differences by race/ethnicity were found only for simple assault charges, which were coded as severe physical as opposed to minor physical IPV more often among Black (69% and 31%) compared with White (62% and 38%) men. The disparities revealed in this study highlight the need to enhance primary and secondary prevention efforts within Black and Hispanic communities and to increase linkages between police, community, and public health organizations.

Service providers' reactions to intimate partner violence as a function of victim sexual orientation and type of abuse.

In this online vignette study, a national sample of domestic violence shelter service providers (N = 282) completed a 10-item questionnaire about a woman experiencing intimate partner violence (IPV). Scenarios varied in terms of couple sexual orientation (heterosexual or lesbian) and type of abuse (physical or nonphysical). Results indicate that although participants did not overtly discriminate against a woman in a lesbian relationship, they were less likely to perceive her as a victim, and their acceptance of a lesbian as a client was more dependent on their comfort with her than was the case for a woman in a heterosexual relationship. Type of abuse, as expected, had a main effect on many questions, with physical abuse taken more seriously than nonphysical abuse. Scores on the Attitudes Toward Lesbians subscale (Herek) were unrelated to responses. Implications for service providers are discussed.

Ethical complexities of screening for depression and intimate partner violence (IPV) in intervention studies.

BACKGROUND: Intervention studies for depression and intimate partner violence (IPV) commonly incorporate screening to identify eligible participants. The challenge is that current ethical evaluation is largely informed by the four principle approach applying principles of beneficence, non-maleficence, and respect for justice and autonomy. We examine three intervention studies for IPV, postnatal depression (PND) and depression that used screening from the perspective of principlism, followed by the perspective of a narrative and relational approach. We suggest that a narrative and relational approach to ethics brings to light concerns that principlism can overlook. DISCUSSION: The justification most commonly used to incorporate screening is that the potential benefits of identifying intervention efficacy balance the risk of individual harm. However, considerable risks do exist. The discovery of new information may result in further depression or worries, people might feel burdened, open to further risk, unsure of whether to disclose information to family members and disappointed if they are allocated to a control group. This raises questions about study design and whether the principle of equipoise remains an adequate justification in studies with vulnerable groups. In addition, autonomy is said to be respected because participants give informed consent to participate. However, the context of where recruitment is undertaken has been shown to influence how people make decisions. SUMMARY: The four principles have been subjected to criticisms in recent years but they remain prominent in public health and medical research. We provide a set of simple, interrogative questions that are narrative and relationally driven which may assist to further evaluate the potential impacts of using screening to identify eligible research participants in intervention studies. A narrative and relational based approach requires seeing people as situated within their social and cultural contexts, and as existing within relationships that are likely to be affected by the results of screening information.

The assessment of intimate partner violence in Spanish women: the index of spouse abuse.

We aimed to analyze the internal consistency and construct validity of the Spanish version of the Index of Spouse Abuse (ISA) in a representative sample of 8,995 women attending general practice in Spain in 2006-2007. The factor structure analysis shows that the ISA measures four intimate partner violence (IPV) dimensions: emotional, physical, and sexual abuse, and controlling behavior. Cronbach alpha ranges from .82 (sexual factor) to .94 (emotional). Construct validity analysis shows that IPV is associated with poorer self-perceived health, higher psychological distress, and lower tangible social support. The ISA can help make more visible forms of gender violence in the intimate relationship that sometimes are not recognized as such, like sexual violence or controlling behavior. This can contribute to the development of specific interventions for women experiencing IPV, considering the specificities of the violent acts experienced.