RESUMO
Viral infections and their emergence continue to pose a threat to human lives. Up to the present, there are limited numbers of vaccines that effectively work and few antivirals licensed for use in clinical practice. Added to this is the increase in antiviral resistance, meaning that drugs that do work are at risk of reduced efficacy. The recent global pandemic of coronavirus 2019 has provided evidence for the risk of a preventative vaccination and effective treatment of viruses' subsequent consequences. The aim of this article is to review traditional and herbal treatments for infections, specifically addressing gastrointestinal and respiratory viral infections.
Assuntos
Fitoterapia , Viroses/tratamento farmacológico , Prática Avançada de Enfermagem , COVID-19 , Humanos , Papel do Profissional de Enfermagem , Fitoterapia/enfermagem , Ensaios Clínicos Controlados Aleatórios como Assunto , Viroses/epidemiologia , Viroses/enfermagemRESUMO
Acute pericarditis is an inflammatory disorder that contributes to chest pain admissions in the emergency department (ED). Nursing professionals can play a vital role in the differential, triage and management of acute pericarditis in the ED. First-line pharmacotherapy to specifically treat acute pericarditis of viral or idiopathic origin is paramount in improving patients' quality of life and reducing the risk of further recurrences of pericarditis and consists of combination therapy with aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid [ASA]) or a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), in combination with colchicine. Corticosteroids should not be initiated as first-line therapy in idiopathic (viral) pericarditis, as they increase the risk of recurrences. Nursing professionals are also pivotal in monitoring pharmacotherapy with respect to safety and efficacy. Overall, the nursing professional can facilitate timely administration and monitoring of medications, provide patient education, promote adherence, and assist in transitions of care for patients diagnosed with acute idiopathic (viral) pericarditis in the ED.
Assuntos
Serviço Hospitalar de Emergência/organização & administração , Recursos Humanos de Enfermagem Hospitalar , Pericardite/tratamento farmacológico , Viroses/tratamento farmacológico , Doença Aguda , Corticosteroides/uso terapêutico , Anti-Inflamatórios não Esteroides/uso terapêutico , Aspirina/uso terapêutico , Dor no Peito/diagnóstico , Dor no Peito/etiologia , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Humanos , Pericardite/enfermagem , Pericardite/virologia , Triagem , Viroses/complicações , Viroses/enfermagemAssuntos
Serviço Hospitalar de Emergência/organização & administração , Recursos Humanos de Enfermagem Hospitalar , Pericardite/tratamento farmacológico , Viroses/terapia , Corticosteroides/uso terapêutico , Anti-Inflamatórios não Esteroides/uso terapêutico , Aspirina/uso terapêutico , Dor no Peito/diagnóstico , Colchicina/uso terapêutico , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Humanos , Pericardite/diagnóstico , Pericardite/enfermagem , Pericardite/virologia , Viroses/enfermagemRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Exhaustion, a consequence of prolonged stress characterized by unusual fatigue, is associated with increased risk of cardiac morbidity and mortality. In patients recovering from coronary artery bypass (CABG), little is known about the relationship of 1) immune-mediated inflammation and resultant endothelial activation, and 2) cumulative exposure to infectious pathogens (pathogen burden (PB)) implicated in coronary atherosclerosis to exhaustion. AIM: The aim of this exploratory study was to investigate the association of PB, inflammatory markers (interleukin (IL)-6, IL-10) and a marker of endothelial activation (soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM-1)) to exhaustion. METHODS: One to two months post-CABG, 42 individuals who met inclusion criteria were assessed for exhaustion using the Maastricht Interview for Vital Exhaustion. Serum IgG antibodies to herpes simplex virus (HSV)-1, HSV-2, cytomegalovirus, Epstein Barr virus, and inflammatory and endothelial activation markers were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Pathogen burden was defined as the total number of seropositive exposures: low (0-1), moderate (2-3), and high (4). RESULTS: Prevalence of exhaustion was 40.5%. Relative to non-exhausted patients, exhausted patients demonstrated a higher frequency of moderate PB (h=0.73, p=0.04) but lower frequency of high PB (h=1.05, p=0.03). Exhaustion showed a non-significant trend for positive correlations with IL-6 and sICAM-1 levels, and inverse relation to PB. In subgroup analysis, exhausted patients had stronger correlations with IL-6 and IL-6:IL-10 and a tendency towards higher serum IL-10 concentrations compared with their non-exhausted counterparts. CONCLUSION: This hypothesis-generating study provides preliminary evidence that elevated post-CABG exhaustion may be associated with PB, inflammation, and endothelial activation.
Assuntos
Ponte de Artéria Coronária , Doença das Coronárias/imunologia , Fadiga/imunologia , Inflamação/imunologia , Viroses/imunologia , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Biomarcadores , Enfermagem Cardiovascular , Doença das Coronárias/enfermagem , Doença das Coronárias/cirurgia , Estudos Transversais , Infecções por Citomegalovirus/imunologia , Infecções por Citomegalovirus/enfermagem , Infecções por Vírus Epstein-Barr/imunologia , Infecções por Vírus Epstein-Barr/enfermagem , Fadiga/enfermagem , Feminino , Herpes Simples/imunologia , Herpes Simples/enfermagem , Herpesvirus Humano 1 , Herpesvirus Humano 2 , Humanos , Imunoglobulina G/imunologia , Inflamação/enfermagem , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Projetos Piloto , Viroses/enfermagemAssuntos
Infecções Bacterianas/diagnóstico , Infecções Bacterianas/enfermagem , Vacinas Bacterianas/administração & dosagem , Vacinas Virais/administração & dosagem , Viroses/diagnóstico , Viroses/enfermagem , Infecções Bacterianas/prevenção & controle , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Diagnóstico Precoce , Humanos , Lactente , Diagnóstico de Enfermagem , Viroses/prevenção & controleRESUMO
This article summarises the five most common lower respiratory tract infections seen in acute care, guiding the nurse in assessment and early recognition of signs of deterioration. A discussion on each condition is provided along with guidance on prevention, advice for parents and on managing patients. This article is intended for students or newly qualified children's nurses, however, it can also serve as a refresher for all professionals working with children.
Assuntos
Infecções Respiratórias/enfermagem , Bronquiolite/diagnóstico , Bronquiolite/enfermagem , Bronquiolite/terapia , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Crupe/diagnóstico , Crupe/enfermagem , Crupe/terapia , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Lesão Pulmonar/diagnóstico , Lesão Pulmonar/enfermagem , Lesão Pulmonar/terapia , Masculino , Pneumonia/diagnóstico , Pneumonia/enfermagem , Pneumonia/terapia , Infecções Respiratórias/diagnóstico , Infecções Respiratórias/terapia , Fatores de Risco , Viroses/diagnóstico , Viroses/enfermagem , Viroses/terapiaRESUMO
Viral diseases are leading causes of mortality and morbidity among infants requiring care in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU), with ongoing discoveries of new viral pathology likely to add to the burdens posed. Many viral diseases in NICU infants are undiagnosed or appreciated only late in the course because of subtle or asymptomatic presentation, confusion with bacterial disease, and failure to consider viral disease. We present an overview of viral disease in NICU infants, with emphasis on pharmacologic agents currently employed for prophylaxis and treatment of such diseases. Advances in molecular biology and popular demand to develop antiviral agents for viral diseases (eg, human immunodeficiency virus) offer great promise for the future.
Assuntos
Antivirais/uso terapêutico , Doenças do Recém-Nascido/tratamento farmacológico , Doenças do Recém-Nascido/virologia , Unidades de Terapia Intensiva Neonatal , Viroses/tratamento farmacológico , Antibioticoprofilaxia , Feminino , Humanos , Bem-Estar do Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Doenças do Recém-Nascido/enfermagem , Recém-Nascido Prematuro , Masculino , Prevalência , Medição de Risco , Fatores de Risco , Fatores de Tempo , Estados Unidos/epidemiologia , Viroses/enfermagem , Viroses/virologiaAssuntos
Anti-Inflamatórios/uso terapêutico , Betametasona/análogos & derivados , Betametasona/uso terapêutico , Inflamação/tratamento farmacológico , Inflamação/enfermagem , Insuficiência Adrenal/tratamento farmacológico , Insuficiência Adrenal/enfermagem , Anti-Inflamatórios/efeitos adversos , Betametasona/efeitos adversos , Humanos , Educação de Pacientes como Assunto , Hipersecreção Hipofisária de ACTH/tratamento farmacológico , Hipersecreção Hipofisária de ACTH/enfermagem , Viroses/tratamento farmacológico , Viroses/enfermagemRESUMO
When a common viral infection is mistaken for bacterial sinusitis, the antibiotics prescribed for it can contribute to the spread of antibiotic-resistant strains of bacteria. Here's what you need to know to correctly determine which type of sinusitis is making your patient miserable and treat it effectively.
Assuntos
Sinusite , Infecções Bacterianas/diagnóstico , Infecções Bacterianas/tratamento farmacológico , Infecções Bacterianas/enfermagem , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Humanos , Sinusite/diagnóstico , Sinusite/tratamento farmacológico , Sinusite/enfermagem , Viroses/diagnóstico , Viroses/enfermagemAssuntos
Gastroenteropatias/enfermagem , Infecções Respiratórias/enfermagem , Estações do Ano , Viroses/enfermagem , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Gastroenteropatias/etiologia , Gastroenteropatias/prevenção & controle , Humanos , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Infecções Respiratórias/prevenção & controle , Infecções Respiratórias/transmissão , Viroses/prevenção & controle , Viroses/transmissãoRESUMO
Antiviral medications interfere with one or more of the six parts of the viral reproductive cycle. The five mechanisms of action of antiviral agents are used to group pharmaceuticals into categories: uncoating inhibitors, nucleic acid synthesis inhibitors, nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, and protease inhibitors. The pharmacokinetics and nursing implications of specific uncoating inhibitors for respiratory viruses and nucleic acid synthesis inhibitors for respiratory syncytial virus, herpes simplex, and varicella zoster viruses are described in detail.
Assuntos
Antivirais/administração & dosagem , Enfermagem Neonatal/métodos , Enfermagem Obstétrica/métodos , Viroses/tratamento farmacológico , Adulto , Antivirais/efeitos adversos , Antivirais/farmacologia , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Ensaios Clínicos como Assunto , Feminino , Seguimentos , Humanos , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Gravidez , Resultado do Tratamento , Viroses/enfermagemRESUMO
Pharyngitis or sore throat is a common result of illness in pediatric and adolescent populations. Sore throat can signal either nonsystemic or systemic disease processes. Clinicians in ambulatory settings are often faced with deriving a differential diagnosis based on this symptom. Prompt and appropriate treatment depends on identification of the underlying causative agent or illness. This article examines common causes of sore throat in the pediatric and adolescent populations. These diagnoses are: (1) group A beta-hemolytic streptococcal pharyngitis; (2) non-group A beta-hemolytic streptococcal bacterial pharyngitis; (3) viral pharyngitis; (4) infectious mononucleosis; and (5) chronic conditions. Less common causes are also considered. Differential diagnosis is dependent on complete and accurate history, distinct physical finding, and interpretation of adjunct diagnostic tests. The value of critical data sources is essential in arriving at a differential diagnosis of pharyngitis. Once a diagnosis is established, an appropriate treatment plan can be initiated.
Assuntos
Diagnóstico de Enfermagem , Faringite/etiologia , Adolescente , Infecções Bacterianas/diagnóstico , Infecções Bacterianas/enfermagem , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Mononucleose Infecciosa/diagnóstico , Mononucleose Infecciosa/enfermagem , Masculino , Faringite/diagnóstico , Faringite/enfermagem , Infecções Estreptocócicas/diagnóstico , Infecções Estreptocócicas/enfermagem , Streptococcus pyogenes , Viroses/diagnóstico , Viroses/enfermagemRESUMO
Viral infections of the newborn result in significant morbidity and mortality each year. The fetus and newborn are particularly vulnerable to viral infection. The range of expression may vary from no clinical disease to devastating illness and infection occurring before, during, or after birth. Nursing management is determined by the specific viral infection, the severity of the illness, and the unique conditions of the newborn and his/her family. Promising new therapies are on the horizon that may lessen the severity of viral disease. Until such time, the major thrusts of management of neonatal viral disease are prevention of infection and supportive care for the acutely ill newborn.