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BACKGROUND/AIMS: The objectives of our study were to determine salivary α-amylase activity (stress biomarker) and its association with psychological status and quality of life (QoL), disease duration and intensity of symptoms (pain/burning) in patients with OLP. METHODS: A total of 50 subjects participated in this case-control study: 30 patients with oral lichen planus (OLP); 20 control subjects. Unstimulated whole saliva (UWS) was collected between 9 and 10 am to avoid diurnal fluctuations. Psychological status was assessed using the Croatian validated version of the original Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS-21). The impact of oral health on QoL was assessed using the Croatian version of the Oral Health Impact Profile Questionnaire (OHIP-CRO14). RESULTS: There was no statistically significant difference in salivary α-amylase activity between patients with OLP (N=30) and control subjects (N=20) (133813.3 vs. 166815.5 U/L, p=0.314; t-test). Depression, anxiety and stress showed no statistically significant difference between patients with OLP and control subjects (p=0.076, p=0.111, p=0.209; t-test). The patients with OLP had statistically significantly poorer QoL (total) compared to control subjects (p=0.004, t-test). There was a moderate positive correlation between symptom intensity (pain/burning) and poor QoL (total) (r=0.584, p<0.001), the OHIP-CRO14 dimension "physical pain" (r=0.661, p<0.001), "psychological impossibility" (r=0.555, p<0.01), "handicap" (r=0.546, p<0.01). CONCLUSION: Although salivary α-amylase showed no statistically significant difference between patients with OLP and control subjects, the patients with OLP had poorer psychological status (three times higher scores for depression and two times higher scores for anxiety) and poorer QoL compared to the control subjects. Recognising and treating mental disorders in patients with OLP is important in order to break the "vicious circle" and achieve a better QoL in these patients.
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Ansiedade , Líquen Plano Bucal , Qualidade de Vida , Saliva , alfa-Amilases Salivares , Humanos , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Feminino , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Líquen Plano Bucal/psicologia , Líquen Plano Bucal/metabolismo , alfa-Amilases Salivares/metabolismo , alfa-Amilases Salivares/análise , Adulto , Saliva/metabolismo , Saliva/química , Saliva/enzimologia , Inquéritos e Questionários , Depressão , Idoso , Biomarcadores/metabolismoRESUMO
Acute physiological responses to psychosocial stressors are a potential pathway underlying racial disparities in stress-related illnesses. Uric acid (UA) is a potent antioxidant that has been linked to disparities in stress-related illnesses, and recent research has shown that UA is responsive to acute social stress. However, an examination of the relationships between the purinergic system and other commonly measured stress systems is lacking. Here, we measure and characterize associations of salivary uric acid (sUA) with markers of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activation, sympathetic-adreno-medullar (SAM) axis activation, and acute inflammation. A community sample of 103 African Americans (33 male, 70 female) completed the Trier Social Stress Test to induce social-evaluative threat. Passive drool collected before, during, and after the stressor task provided salivary reactivity measures of UA (sUA), cortisol, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS), salivary alpha amylase (sAA - a surrogate marker of SAM activity) and C-reactive protein (sCRP). Multiple regressions revealed that total activation of cortisol, DHEAS, and sCRP were each positively associated with higher total activation of sUA. Additionally, DHEAS reactivity was positively associated with sUA reactivity. Relationships between HPA-axis markers and sUA were especially observed among younger and male participants. Overall, findings suggest potential coordination of stress systems with sUA in response to acute stress, which may further the contributions of biological stress processes to racial health disparities.
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Negro ou Afro-Americano , Proteína C-Reativa , Sulfato de Desidroepiandrosterona , Hidrocortisona , Sistema Hipotálamo-Hipofisário , Sistema Hipófise-Suprarrenal , Saliva , Estresse Psicológico , População Urbana , Ácido Úrico , Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Ácido Úrico/metabolismo , Ácido Úrico/análise , Saliva/química , Saliva/metabolismo , Adulto , Estresse Psicológico/metabolismo , Estresse Psicológico/fisiopatologia , Hidrocortisona/metabolismo , Hidrocortisona/análise , Sistema Hipotálamo-Hipofisário/metabolismo , Sistema Hipófise-Suprarrenal/metabolismo , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Sulfato de Desidroepiandrosterona/metabolismo , Sulfato de Desidroepiandrosterona/análise , Proteína C-Reativa/metabolismo , Proteína C-Reativa/análise , alfa-Amilases Salivares/metabolismo , alfa-Amilases Salivares/análise , Biomarcadores/metabolismo , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Virtual reality based physical stress (VRPS) paradigms could eliminate the influence of social factors on participants, and it may be a desirable tool to explore the impact of personality traits on stress levels. In this study, we attempt to explore the effects of VRPS on stress response among individuals with different personality traits. Forty male participants with an average age of 22.79 ± 0.41 years were divided into two groups based on Harm Avoidance (HA) scores of Tridimensional Personality Questionnaire (TPQ), referred to as the Low-HA group and the High-HA group. The stress levels of the participants were assessed using salivary α-amylase (sAA) activity and heart rate variability (HRV) indices pre- and post-stress. The influence of personality traits on stress response among different groups was analyzed. VRPS significantly affected the sAA activity and HRV indicators of both groups. During and after stress, there were significant differences in sAA activity and HRV indicators between the two groups. The sAA levels and HRV indices of the Low-HA group were lower than those of the High-HA group. Furthermore, sAA levels and HRV indices were correlated with the scores of TPQ. VRPS scenarios elicit different stress responses on individuals with different harm avoidance personality traits. Stress evaluation based on VR scenarios presents potential in personality trait assessments, particularly for distinguishing between individuals with low and high HA tendencies.
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Frequência Cardíaca , Personalidade , alfa-Amilases Salivares , Estresse Psicológico , Realidade Virtual , Humanos , Masculino , Personalidade/fisiologia , Frequência Cardíaca/fisiologia , Estresse Psicológico/fisiopatologia , Estresse Psicológico/psicologia , Adulto Jovem , alfa-Amilases Salivares/metabolismo , alfa-Amilases Salivares/análise , Saliva/química , Adulto , Estresse Fisiológico/fisiologia , Inquéritos e Questionários , Redução do DanoRESUMO
Nociception related salivary biomolecules can be useful patients who are not able to self-report pain. We present the existing evidence on this topic using the PRISMA-ScR guidelines and a more focused analysis of cortisol change after cold pain induction using the direction of effect analysis combined with risk of bias analysis using ROBINS-I. Five data bases were searched systematically for articles on adults with acute pain secondary to disease, injury, or experimentally induced pain. Forty three articles met the inclusion criteria for the general review and 11 of these were included in the cortisol-cold pain analysis. Salivary melatonin, kallikreins, pro-inflammatory cytokines, soluable TNF-α receptor II, secretory IgA, testosterone, salivary α-amylase (sAA) and, most commonly, cortisol have been studied in relation to acute pain. There is greatest information about cortisol and sAA which both rise after cold pain when compared with other modalities. Where participants have been subjected to both pain and stress, stress is consistently a more reliable predictor of salivary biomarker change than pain. There remain considerable challenges in identifying biomarkers that can be used in clinical practice to guide the measurement of nociception and treatment of pain. Standardization of methodology and researchers' greater awareness of the factors that affect salivary biomolecule concentrations are needed to improve our understanding of this field towards creating a clinically relevant body of evidence.
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Dor Aguda , alfa-Amilases Salivares , Adulto , Humanos , Hidrocortisona/análise , Saliva/química , Nociceptividade , alfa-Amilases Salivares/análise , Biomarcadores , Estresse PsicológicoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, several associations worldwide have been recommending the use of 1% hydrogen peroxide solution as a preprocedural mouth rinse before dental treatments to reduce viral load in saliva. This protocol is also employed in stress studies, especially in the context of dental treatment that uses salivary biomarkers as an indicator. However, the effect of 1% hydrogen peroxide as mouth rinse on salivary biomarkers remains unclear. OBJECTIVE: This study aims to investigate the effects of 1% hydrogen peroxide solution as a preprocedural mouth rinse on 3 salivary stress biomarkers-salivary cortisol, salivary secretory IgA, and salivary α-amylase-both on chemical influence and mechanical irrigation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Ninety healthy participants with confirmed negative Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction results for COVID-19 at most 2 days prior to the experiment were included in this study. All participants were randomly allocated into 3 groups: experimental (1% hydrogen peroxide solution), positive control (distilled water), and negative control (no mouth rinse). Saliva samples were collected before and after mouth rinsing with the respective solutions. Salivary biomarkers were analysed using specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits. RESULTS: Salivary cortisol and salivary α-amylase did not significantly differ before and after rinsing, whilst salivary sIgA levels decreased in all 3 groups. Nonetheless, there were no significant differences in the changes of these biomarkers across the 3 groups. CONCLUSIONS: This study shows that using 1% hydrogen peroxide solution as a preprocedural mouth rinse for universal precaution does not alter the levels of these 3 salivary biomarkers.
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COVID-19 , alfa-Amilases Salivares , Humanos , Peróxido de Hidrogênio , alfa-Amilases Salivares/análise , Imunoglobulina A Secretora , Hidrocortisona/análise , Antissépticos Bucais , Pandemias , Biomarcadores/análise , Saliva/químicaRESUMO
Aim: In paediatric dentistry, pain is adversely influenced by a child's level of anxiety. Ironically, the most common form of pain control used in dentistry, local anaesthesia, can itself produce anxiety. One of the techniques to overcome a child's anxiety is using distraction. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effectiveness of distraction techniques, i.e. audio distraction (AD) and audio-visual distraction (AVD) by measuring salivary stress biomarker (salivary cortisol and salivary alpha-amylase) levels in 3-5 year-old children. Materials and Methods: Forty children aged 3-5 years were divided randomly into two groups; (Group I = AD, Group II = AVD). Cotton pellets were placed in the lingual vestibule to collect a sample of saliva. Children were then asked to wear overhead phones in the AD group, connected to a phone, and rhymes were played. In AVD, a cartoon movie was shown to the children using AV glasses. Simultaneously, local anaesthesia was administrated to children, after which another saliva sample was collected. Biomarker estimation was done using ELISA. Fisher's exact test was used for statistical analysis. Results: Statistically significant results were seen with Group II compared to Group I (cortisol-P = 0.009; salivary alpha-amylase-P = 0.03). Conclusion: Both distraction techniques are effective in reducing stress but compared to AD, AVD is more efficacious.
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alfa-Amilases Salivares , Pré-Escolar , Humanos , Anestesia Local , Biomarcadores/análise , Hidrocortisona/análise , Dor , alfa-Amilases Salivares/análiseRESUMO
Recently, consumer preferences for bilberries have increased markedly. This fact is probably related to their natural constituents, such as phenolic compounds including anthocyanins and tannins, as well as the vitamins and minerals they contain. Phenolic compounds are known for their numerous beneficial effects on human health. Moreover, bilberry fruits have been shown to inhibit the activity of carbohydrate hydrolyzing enzymes, which can significantly decrease the postprandial increase in blood glucose levels. Thus, the aim of the present study is to investigate the inhibitory effect of Vaccinium myrtillus L. extracts on key enzyme α-amylase, linked to type 2 diabetes. No data have been published on the inhibitory properties of Vaccinium myrtillus L. fruits growing wild in Bulgaria against carbohydrate enzymes. Bilberry extracts were analyzed for total polyphenols, total anthocyanin content, antioxidant activity and their inhibitory properties against α-amylase. The contents of flavonols, anthocyanins and stilbenes were determined by HPLC analysis. The identified flavonols in the analyzed bilberry extracts were mainly represented by quercetin derivatives as rutinoside. The predominant anthocyanins for both aqueous and organic solvents were delphinidin-3-galactoside and malvidin-3-glucoside. The results revealed that bilberry extracts are effective inhibitors of α-amylase, with IC50 values from 20.8 to 194.8 µg GAE/mL. All the samples proved to have antioxidant activity measured by three different in vitro assays (FRAP, CUPRAC and DPPH). The inhibitory properties of V. myrtillus L. extracts may provide a new direction in the development and research of new pharmaceuticals for the suppression of postprandial hyperglycemia in diabetic patients.
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Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2 , alfa-Amilases Salivares , Vaccinium myrtillus , Humanos , Vaccinium myrtillus/química , Antocianinas/química , Antioxidantes/farmacologia , Antioxidantes/análise , alfa-Amilases Salivares/análise , Fenóis/química , Extratos Vegetais/química , Frutas/químicaRESUMO
Despite that behavioral engagement is integral to mental health, surprisingly little is known about the relationship of psychosocial stress and behavioral engagement. The current study developed an observer-rated measure of behavioral engagement for lab-based stress inductions, then examined its relationship with stress-responsive biomarkers and affect. Young adults (N = 109, Mage=19.4, SDage=1.59, 57% female) completed one of three Trier Social Stress Test (TSST) conditions-non-stressful Control, Intermediate, or an Explicit Negative Evaluative-and at four timepoints provided self-reports of positive and negative affect and saliva samples for cortisol and salivary alpha-amylase (sAA). Trained study staff (experimenters and TSST judges) completed a programmed questionnaire measure of the novel behavioral engagement measure after the participants completed the TSST. Psychometric review and EFA of the behavioral engagement items resulted in a final 8-item measure with good interrater reliability and well-fitting 2-factor structure, capturing Persistence (4 items; loadings=.41-.89), and Quality of Speech (4 items; loadings=.53-.92). Results indicated that the relationship of positive affect growth and biomarker level to behavioral engagement varied substantially as a function of context: As negative evaluation level strengthened, behavioral engagement became more tightly associated with relative preservation of positive affect. For both cortisol and sAA, the relationship between biomarker levels (but not reactivity) and behavioral engagement varied significantly by condition, such that under milder conditions and elevated levels of biomarkers, engagement was greater, but under Explicit Negative Evaluation, and elevated levels of biomarkers, engagement was less, suggesting behavioral withdrawal. Findings reveal the critical role of context-especially negative evaluation-in the relationship of biomarkers with behavioral engagement.
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Hidrocortisona , alfa-Amilases Salivares , Adulto Jovem , Humanos , Feminino , Masculino , Hidrocortisona/análise , Estresse Psicológico , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , alfa-Amilases Salivares/análise , Biomarcadores/análise , Saliva/químicaRESUMO
The hospitalization and the unfamiliar experiences of patients in interventional radiology procedures cause a moderate to high levels of anxiety. This study was aimed to evaluate the anxiolytic effect of Cananga odorata essential oil (COE) aromatherapy in unexperienced patients hospitalized for interventional neuroradiology (INR) procedures. Forty-four patients admitted for their first INR procedure were randomly divided into COE and placebo control groups. COE or distilled water was dropped onto 2 pieces of mulberry paper and attached to the participant's gown at the shoulder level overnight. The main outcomes were observed from the morning salivary cortisol levels and salivary alpha-amylase activity after intervention. The Thai version of Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) and the vital signs (blood pressure and heart rate) were also assessed before and after COE intervention as the secondary outcome. The demographic and baseline data of both groups did not show any significant difference. After intervention, COE group had a significantly lower salivary alpha-amylase activity than placebo control group. The post-intervention scores of Trait (STAI-T) and State (STAI-S) anxiety were significantly less than those of baseline in both groups. Interestingly, the COE group had a greater percentage reduction on STAI-T after intervention than placebo control group. No significant difference was observed in other outcomes. In addition, the salivary alpha-amylase activity was weak but showed significant correlation with STAI anxiety scores. This study indicates that COE aromatherapy reduces the saliva alpha amylase activity and STAI-T anxiety in unexperienced patients hospitalized for INR procedures.
Assuntos
Ansiedade , Aromaterapia , Cananga , Óleos Voláteis , Radiografia Intervencionista , Humanos , Ansiedade/terapia , Aromaterapia/métodos , Óleos Voláteis/uso terapêutico , alfa-Amilases Salivares/análise , Hospitalização , Pacientes Internados/psicologia , Radiografia Intervencionista/psicologia , Neurorradiografia/psicologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Sleep is fundamental to a healthy life, and sleep disorders are an important health issue in healthcare. Whole-body warm water bathing is a non-pharmacological, safe (non-invasive), and widely used method for comforting. Here, we explored the feasibility and preliminary effectiveness of sodium bicarbonate bath (SBB) on sleep quality. METHODS: Healthy adults without sleep disturbances were randomly assigned to shower baths (SHB), tap-water baths (TWB, placebo tablets), or SBB. All participants took a bath (shower, tap-water, or SBB) once a day for 10 min, after dinner, for 7 days. Sleepscan-derived sleep parameters, including total sleep time (TST), symptom questionnaires, and salivary α-amylase concentration were evaluated as outcome measures. RESULTS: Forty participants were enrolled (14, 13, and 13 in SHB, TWB, and SBB groups, respectively) and 38 participants completed the trial (13, 12, and 13, respectively). The recruitment, adherence, and completion rates were 90.9% (40/44), 95.0% (38/40), and 95.0% (38/40), respectively. The SBB group showed a significant increase (12.35 [mean]±10.07 [standard deviation] min) in the mean TST at 1-week post-intervention (p = 0.0041) than the SHB (-1.81 ± 14.58 min; p = 0.0231) and TWB (4.54 ± 10.97 min; p = 0.0377) groups. The TST scores at 1-week post-intervention, sleep onset latency, wake after sleep onset, and sleep efficiency were significantly different between the groups. Sleep satisfaction by questionnaire was significantly improved with intervention in the SBB group than that in the SHB and TWB groups. Salivary α-amylase levels significantly improved in the SBB and TWB groups than in the SHB group, with the change being greater in the SBB group. CONCLUSIONS: SBB for 7 days had positive effects that improved sleep quality of adults. Further studies are needed to examine the efficacy and safety of SBB for prolonged usage in people diagnosed with insomnia, using objective sleep measurements, and to investigate potential sleep-enhancing mechanisms of action.
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Banhos , Distúrbios do Início e da Manutenção do Sono , Sono , Bicarbonato de Sódio , Adulto , Humanos , alfa-Amilases Salivares/análise , alfa-Amilases Salivares/metabolismo , Distúrbios do Início e da Manutenção do Sono/terapia , Qualidade do Sono , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
The COVID-19 pandemic altered everyday life starting in March 2020. These alterations extended to the lives of children as their normal routines were disrupted by community lockdowns, online learning, limited in-person social contact, increased screen time, and reduced physical activity. Considerable research has investigated the physical health impact of COVID-19 infection, but far fewer studies have investigated the physiological impact of stressful pandemic-related changes to daily life, especially in children. The purpose of this study was to leverage an ongoing clinical trial to investigate physiological consequences associated with chronic stress of pandemic community lockdown on children. As a part of the clinical trial, children provided saliva samples. Saliva samples were analyzed for cortisol and salivary alpha amylase (sAA) content. This secondary cross-sectional analysis included 94 preadolescent children located within the Greater Boston, Massachusetts community. Children participated in the study either before, during, or following the pandemic community lockdown to form three groups for comparison. In response to chronic stress caused by the pandemic community lockdown, participants demonstrated dysregulation of fast-acting catecholamine response of the locus-coeruleus-norepinephrine system and slower-acting glucocorticoid response, resulting in an asymmetrical relationship of hypocortisolism (M = 0.78 ± 0.19 µg/mL, p < 0.001) paired with higher sAA (M = 12.73 ± 4.06 U/mL, p = 0.01). Results suggest that the abrupt COVID-19 disruption to daily life, including the stressful experience of community lockdown, had physiological effects on typically developing children. Further research is required to investigate mental health outcomes of children following the chronic stress of the pandemic community lockdown.
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COVID-19 , alfa-Amilases Salivares , Criança , Humanos , alfa-Amilases Salivares/análise , Hidrocortisona/análise , Estudos Transversais , Pandemias , COVID-19/epidemiologia , Estresse Psicológico , Controle de Doenças TransmissíveisRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The present study was based on the null hypothesis that there is no difference in clinicoradiographic parameters and whole salivary alpha amylase (AA) and mucin-4 levels before and after non-surgical mechanical debridement (NSMD) of patients with peri-implant mucositis (PM). The aim was to assess whole salivary AA and mucin-4 levels before and after treatment of PM. METHODS: Patients with PM (Group-1) and individuals without peri-implant diseases (Group-2) were included. Demographic data was collected and peri-implant modified plaque and bleeding indices (mPI and mBI, respectively), probing depth (PD) and crestal bone loss were measured at baseline. Levels of AA and mucin-4 were assessed in unstimulated whole saliva samples. All patients underwent full-mouth non-surgical periodontal therapy (NSPT) and NSMD; and clinical parameters and salivary biomarkers were re-assessed after 3 months. Level of significance was set at P < 0.01. RESULTS: Twenty-six and 32 individuals were included in groups 1 and 2, respectively. None of the participants had periodontitis. At baseline clinical periodontal parameters (PI [P < 0.001], GI [P < 0.001], clinical AL [P < 0.001] and PD [P < 0.001]) were significantly high in Group-1 than Group-2. At 3-month follow-up, there was a statistically significant reduction in clinical periodontal and peri-implant parameters (PI [P < 0.01], GI [P < 0.01], and PD [P < 0.01]) in Group-1 compared with their baseline values. At baseline, salivary AA levels were significantly high in Group-1 than Group-2 (P < 0.01). At 3-month follow-up, there was no significant difference in whole salivary AA levels among patients in groups 1 and 2. CONCLUSIONS: The AA and mucin-4 levels are potential biomarkers for evaluation of peri-implant diseases including PM. Mechanical instrumentation continues to be the most predictable treatment option for the management of peri-implant diseases.
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Implantes Dentários , Mucina-4 , Peri-Implantite , Saliva , alfa-Amilases Salivares , Estomatite , Biomarcadores/análise , Desbridamento , Implantes Dentários/efeitos adversos , Humanos , Mucina-4/análise , Mucosite/etiologia , Mucosite/metabolismo , Mucosite/terapia , Peri-Implantite/etiologia , Peri-Implantite/metabolismo , Peri-Implantite/terapia , Saliva/química , alfa-Amilases Salivares/análise , Estomatite/etiologia , Estomatite/metabolismo , Estomatite/terapiaRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: Malnutrition, defined according to Nutritional risk screening (NRS 2002), is commonly observed in patients of Myasthenia gravis (MG), a neuromuscular disorder manifested by varied degrees of skeletal muscle weakness. Because biochemical composition of saliva changes in correspondence to alterations in nutritional status, we tested our hypothesis that a certain saliva component(s) might serve as a biomarker(s) for nutrition status of MG, particularly for those MG patients with high risk of malnutrition. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 60 MG patients and 60 subjects belonging to the healthy control group (HCG) were enrolled in this case-control study. The salivary α-amylase (sAA) activity, salivary flow rate (SFR), pH, total protein density (TPD), and the concentrations of chloride and calcium ions in MG group with or without malnutrition were measured before and after citric acid stimulation. Thereafter, the relationship between sAA activity and BMI was determined in MG and HCG. RESULTS: Compared with HCG, more patients with malnutrition, increased TPD and chloride and calcium concentrations but decreased pH value and SFR both before and after acid stimulation, as well as reduced sAA activity, pH and TPD responses to acid stimulation. MG with malnutrition showed decreased sAA activity and TPD responding to acid stimulation compared with those without malnutrition. Compared with normal BMI, sAA activity response to acid stimulation was reduced in low BMI. There was a significant strong positive correlation between the ratio of sAA activity and BMI in MG. CONCLUSIONS: Salivary biochemical characteristics are abnormally altered in MG with malnutrition. Altered sAA activity responding to acid stimulation was associated with malnutrition. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Decreased sAA activity responding to acid stimulation can reflect malnutrition state and may be one potential screening marker for MG patients with high risk of malnutrition.
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Desnutrição , Miastenia Gravis , alfa-Amilases Salivares , Biomarcadores/metabolismo , Cálcio/metabolismo , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Cloretos/metabolismo , Ácido Cítrico/metabolismo , Humanos , Desnutrição/metabolismo , Saliva/metabolismo , alfa-Amilases Salivares/análiseRESUMO
Background: Saliva composition has diurnal variations. Citric acid stimulation plays a major role in the change of salivary flow rate and salivary composition. However, diurnal variations and sex differences in salivary alpha-amylase (sAA), pH, salivary flow rate (SFR), and salivary cortisol before and after citric acid stimulation remain unclear. Methods: We recruited 30 healthy volunteers, including 15 women (24.7 ± 1.0 years old) and 15 men (25.3 ± 1.3 years old). At four time points (T1, 7:00; T2, 10:00; T3, 16:00; and T4, 20:00), saliva was collected from healthy volunteers before and after citric acid stimulation; and sAA, pH, SFR and salivary cortisol were measured and compared between men and women. Results: There were circadian fluctuations in sAA activity, SFR, pH, and cortisol level both before and after citric acid stimulation, and the diurnal fluctuations of these indexes were not affected by citric acid stimulation. There were significant differences in salivary cortisol between men and women before and after acid stimulation in T1. Neither SFR nor pH showed sex-related differences before or after acid stimulation. The variation trend of sAA activity was contrary to that of cortisol, with a significant negative correlation. Conclusions: Our data suggest that sAA and cortisol showed diurnal fluctuation, and the variation characteristics of male and female under resting state and acid stimulation were basically the same. The variation trend of salivary alpha-amylase activity was opposite to that of cortisol, with significant negative correlation. Our findings may enable the selection of the correct sampling time for research and the selection of appropriate sampling strategies in studies investigating chronic psychosocial conditions.
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alfa-Amilases Salivares , Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adulto Jovem , Adulto , alfa-Amilases Salivares/análise , Hidrocortisona/análise , Ácido Cítrico/farmacologia , Saliva/química , Ritmo Circadiano/fisiologia , Doença CrônicaRESUMO
In this work, we report on the mercury thermometer-inspired test strip for potentiometric detection of salivary α-amylase (sAA). The test strip contains a reaction chamber and two split channels, which are connected by a curved hydrophobic channel. The detection of sAA is based on sequential two-step reactions with preloaded reagents on the test strip. In the first step, maltose is produced by catalyzing the hydrolysis of starch using sAA in the reaction chamber. In the second step, the test strip is shaken to introduce the reaction mixture to the split channels under the inertia force, similar to the operation of a mercury thermometer. In one split channel, maltose reduces [Fe(CN)6]3- to [Fe(CN)6]4- under the alkaline condition, while the reaction hardly occurs in the other split channel with the neutral condition. This leads to a difference in the ratio of [Fe(CN)6]3-/[Fe(CN)6]4- between the two channels and therefore a potential difference that can be measured and correlated to sAA concentration. Using this test strip, sAA in the human saliva sample was quantitatively analyzed within 2 min. The application of this technique in the psychological evaluation was also demonstrated.
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Mercúrio , alfa-Amilases Salivares , Humanos , Maltose , Mercúrio/análise , Saliva/química , alfa-Amilases Salivares/análise , TermômetrosRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The biopsychological response patterns to digital stress have been sparsely investigated so far. Important potential stressors in modern working environments due to increased digitalization are multitasking and work interruptions. In this study protocol, we present a protocol for a laboratory experiment, in which we will investigate the biopsychological stress response patterns to multitasking and work interruptions. METHODS: In total, N = 192 healthy, adult participants will be assigned to six experimental conditions in a randomized order (one single-task, three dual-task (two in parallel and one as interruption), one multitasking, and one passive control condition). Salivary alpha-amylase as well as heart rate as markers for Sympathetic Nervous System Activity, heart rate variability as measure for Parasympathetic Nervous System (PNS) activity, and cortisol as measure for activity of the hypothalamic-pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis will be assessed at six time points throughout the experimental session. Furthermore, inflammatory markers (i.e., IL-6, C-reactive protein (CRP), and secretory immunoglobulin-A) will be assessed before and after the task as well as 24 hours after it (IL-6 and CRP only). Main outcomes will be the time course of these physiological stress markers. Reactivity of these measures will be compared between the experimental conditions (dual-tasking, work interruptions, and multitasking) with the control conditions (single-tasking and passive control). DISCUSSION: With this study protocol, we present a comprehensive experiment, which will enable an extensive investigation of physiological stress-responses to multitasking and work interruptions. Our planned study will contribute to a better understanding of physiological response patterns to modern (digital) stressors. Potential risks and limitations are discussed. The findings will have important implications, especially in the context of digital health in modern working and living environments.
Assuntos
Comportamento Multitarefa/fisiologia , Estresse Fisiológico/fisiologia , Adulto , Ensaios Clínicos como Assunto/métodos , Feminino , Alemanha , Voluntários Saudáveis , Frequência Cardíaca/fisiologia , Humanos , Masculino , Projetos de Pesquisa , alfa-Amilases Salivares/análise , Estresse Psicológico , Análise e Desempenho de Tarefas , Local de TrabalhoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The use of salivary biomarkers has garnered attention because the composition of saliva reflects the body's physiological state. Saliva contains a wide range of components, including peptides, nucleic acids, electrolytes, enzymes, and hormones. It has been reported that salivary alpha-amylase and cortisol are biomarkers of stress related biomarker in diseased dogs; however, evaluation of salivary alpha-amylase and cortisol pre- and post- operation has not been studied yet. The aim of this study was to evaluate salivary alpha-amylase and cortisol levels in dogs before and after they underwent surgery and investigate the association between the salivary alpha-amylase and cortisol activity and pain intensity. For this purpose, a total of 35 dogs with disease-related pain undergoing orthopedic and soft tissue surgeries were recruited. Alpha-amylase and cortisol levels in the dogs' saliva and serum were measured for each using a commercially available canine-specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit, and physical examinations (measurement of heart rate and blood pressure) were performed. In addition, the dogs' pre- and post-operative pain scores determined using the short form of the Glasgow Composite Measure Pain Scale (CMPS-SF) were evaluated. RESULTS: After surgery, there was a significant decrease in the dogs' pain scores (0.4-fold for the CMPS-SF, p < 0.001) and serum cortisol levels (0.73-fold, p < 0.01). Based on their pre-operative CMPS-SF scores, the dogs were included in either a high-pain-score group or a low-pain-score group. After the dogs in the high-pain-score group underwent surgical intervention, there was a significant decrease in their CMPS-SF scores and levels of salivary alpha-amylase, serum alpha-amylase, and serum cortisol. Additionally, there was a positive correlation between salivary alpha-amylase levels and CMPS-SF scores in both the high- and low-pain-score groups. CONCLUSIONS: The measurement of salivary alpha amylase can be considered an important non-invasive tool for the evaluation of pain-related stress in dogs.
Assuntos
Doenças do Cão , Hidrocortisona , Dor Pós-Operatória , alfa-Amilases Salivares , Estresse Psicológico , Animais , Biomarcadores/química , Doenças do Cão/diagnóstico , Cães , Hidrocortisona/análise , Dor Pós-Operatória/diagnóstico , Dor Pós-Operatória/veterinária , Saliva/química , alfa-Amilases Salivares/análise , Estresse Psicológico/diagnósticoRESUMO
In forensic investigations involving stolen and crashed vehicles, examining airbags for the presence of saliva is useful strategy in order to try and establish who the driver of the vehicle may have been. The use of an evaluative approach in these types of investigations allows the forensic scientist to evaluate the significance of the evidence with regard to two alternative hypothesis. The presence of saliva on an airbag may be the result of the driver coming into contact with it during an impact. Alternatively, the saliva may have transferred to the airbag from another area in the vehicle following its deployment. To address this question and attach significance to this finding, a dataset on the prevalence and persistence of saliva is required, alongside relevant background information on the case. The purpose of this study was to determine if saliva matching the main driver of a vehicle is present in the areas immediately surrounding the driver's section, and also to determine the persistence of saliva in vehicles. Salivary-α-amylase was detected in 53% of all samples collected from vehicles. Saliva positive samples yielded statistically significantly (p<0.05) more DNA than saliva negative samples. There was no statistical difference in DNA yields from the different areas sampled in the vehicles. The steering wheel was observed to have the greatest number of saliva positive samples (80%). The driver's DNA profile was detected in 72% of the total samples taken. We demonstrated that saliva can persist for at least ten days in vehicles in daily use. This study has produced a useful dataset that can be utilised under certain conditions by forensic investigators when taking an evaluative approach to these particular types of forensic investigations.
Assuntos
Automóveis , DNA/análise , Saliva/química , Impressões Digitais de DNA , Humanos , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase , Prevalência , alfa-Amilases Salivares/análise , Manejo de EspécimesRESUMO
Oral fluid is a matrix well suited to use in teletherapy. However, in cases where direct observation is not possible, validity of the specimen is in question. We have adapted a commercial salivary amylase assay for use with the Quantisal™ oral fluid collection system. We have demonstrated acceptable analytical performance and determined a cutoff to distinguish valid from invalid oral fluid specimens. We determined that washing a donor's mouth with water was unlikely to a produce a falsely invalid result if the normal 10 min passes between drinking or eating and oral fluid collection. We conclude that the measurement of salivary amylase is useful for the determination of oral fluid specimen validity in cases where direct observation of the specimen collection is not possible. This feature would be most important in a teletherapy setting, which often does not include a video component. This study describes how an assay for salivary amylase may be used to establish possible substitution. This assay does not rule out adulteration.
Assuntos
Saliva/enzimologia , alfa-Amilases Salivares/análise , Manejo de Espécimes/métodos , Humanos , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Fatores de Tempo , Água/químicaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Nicotine is beneficial to mood, arousal and cognition in humans. Due to the importance of cognitive functioning for archery athletes, we investigated the effects of nicotine supplementation on the cognitive abilities, heart rate variability (HRV), and sport performance of professional archers. METHODS: Eleven college archers were recruited and given 2 mg of nicotine supplementation (NIC group) and placebo (PLA group) in a crossover design. RESULTS: The results showed that at 30 min after the intake of nicotine gum, the "correct rejection" time in the NIC group was significantly lower than that of the PLA group (7.29 ± 0.87 vs. 8.23 ± 0.98 msec, p < 0.05). In addition, the NIC group completed the grooved pegboard test in a shorter time than the PLA group (48.76 ± 3.18 vs. 53.41 ± 4.05 s, p < 0.05), whereas motor reaction times were not different between the two groups. Saliva α-amylase activity was significantly lower after nicotine supplementation (p < 0.01) but increased immediately after the archery test in the NIC group (p < 0.05). In addition, nicotine supplementation significantly decreased HRV and increased the archery score (290.58 ± 10.09 vs. 298.05 ± 8.56, p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Nicotine enhances the performance of archery athletes by increasing cognitive function and stimulating the sympathetic adrenergic system.