Genetic and environmental influences on alpha amylase stress reactivity and shared genetic covariation with cortisol.

Salivary alpha amylase (sAA) is a common measure of stress reactivity, primarily reflecting sympathetic nervous system activity. Salivary cortisol is also a reliable, frequently used biomarker of stress and reflects the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis response. This study examined heritability across varying metrics of sAA in response to a social evaluative stressor, the Trier Social Stress Test (TSST). The goal of this study was to estimate genetic and environmental influences on measurements of sAA stress reactivity. Moreover, we evaluated the shared genetic covariation between sAA and cortisol. Participants included twins aged 15-20 years (54% female). We measured alpha amylase and cortisol reactivity to the TSST via serial salivary cortisol samples collected pre- and post-TSST. Modest to moderate heritability estimates (11-64%) were observed across measures purported to capture alpha amylase stress reactivity (peak, area under the curve, baseline-to-peak change). Findings also indicate that sAA baseline and peak are primarily influenced by a shared genetic factor. There was no evidence of shared genetic influences between sAA and cortisol. These findings suggest the genetic control of the HPA and Sympathetic Adreno-Medullar axis are genetically independent of one another despite both playing a role in response to stressors.

Dental caries prevalence and severity positively associate with AMY1 gene copy number.

OBJECTIVE: To establish the possible relation between total caries (TC) and caries severity (CS) with the AMY1 gene copy number (AMY1GCN). MATERIALS AND METHODS: This was an observational, cross-sectional, population-based, and association study with 303 participants. Each participant underwent a complete anamnesis and stomatological check-up, and peripheral blood was obtained to extract gDNA. TC and CS were determined as the number of caries at the dental exploration and the number of dental surfaces affected by caries, respectively, and AMY1GCN was determined by qPCR. RESULTS: We found an elevated caries prevalence (92.7%); TC and CS were 8 ± 10 and 10 ± 13 (median ± IR). There were higher TC and CS in those participants with AMY1GCN above the mean value (0.02 and 0.01 p values, respectively). A positive correlation between TC and CS with AMY1GCN (0.11 and 0.125 r values, 0.03 and 0.01 p values, respectively) was found, in addition to an association between TC and CS with AMY1GCN (1.5 and 1.6 OR values, 0.48 and 0.26 p values, respectively). CONCLUSION: TC and CS were positively related to the AMY1GCN. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Dental caries has a high prevalence and a multifactorial etiology and has been related to a genetic component. Indeed, the salivary enzyme alpha-amylase could play a significant role in caries susceptibility, considering that its codifying gene (AMY1) can show variation in its gene copy number. This can be considered an important factor for the development of caries at a genetic level.

[From genotype to phenotype: amylase gene in childhood obesity]. / Del genotipo al fenotipo: gen de la amilasa en obesidad infantil.

Worldwide, Mexico is one of the countries with the highest rate of obesity, which is a condition considered the main risk factor for type 2 diabetes. Among the mechanisms that predispose to obesity, the interaction between food intake and genetic components has been little explored. Recently we evidenced a significant association between the copy number (CN) of AMY1A and AMY2A genes, the enzymatic activity of salivary and pancreatic amylase, and the frequency of childhood obesity in Mexico, a particular population due to the high consumption of starch in the diet and the high prevalence of obesity in children and adults. This review aims to find a better understanding of the role of amylase in obesity through a description of the evolution of the CN of its genes, the association of its enzymatic activity with obesity, and the effect of its interaction with starch intake on Mexican children. In addition, it denotes the importance of the experimental perspectives of further investigation regarding the mechanism by which amylase could regulate the abundance of oligosaccharide-fermenting bacteria and producers of short-chain fatty acids and/or branched-chain amino acids that could contribute to the alteration of the physiological processes associated with intestinal inflammation and metabolic deregulation that predispose to the development of obesity.

A nivel mundial, México es uno de los países con la tasa más alta de obesidad, un padecimiento considerado como el principal factor de riesgo de diabetes tipo 2. Dentro de los mecanismos que predisponen a la obesidad, la interacción entre la ingesta alimentaria y el componente genético ha sido poco explorada. Recientemente evidenciamos la asociación del número de copias (NC) de los genes AMY1A y AMY2A, y la actividad enzimática de amilasa salival y pancreática con la frecuencia de obesidad infantil en México, una población que se caracteriza por presentar alto consumo de almidón en la dieta y alta prevalencia de obesidad. La presente revisión busca conseguir un mejor entendimiento del papel de la amilasa en la obesidad por medio de una descripción de la evolución del NC de sus genes, la asociación de su actividad enzimática con la obesidad y el efecto de su interacción con la ingesta de almidón en niños mexicanos. Además, refiere las perspectivas experimentales que permitirían profundizar en la investigación del mecanismo por el cual la amilasa podría regular la abundancia de bacterias fermentadoras de oligosacáridos y productoras de ácidos grasos de cadena corta o aminoácidos de cadena ramificada que podrían contribuir con la alteración de los procesos fisiológicos asociados con la inflamación intestinal y la desregulación metabólica que predispone al desarrollo de obesidad.

Associations of SLC6A4 methylation with salivary cortisol, salivary alpha-amylase, and subjective stress in everyday life.

Dysregulations of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) and sympatho-adrenal medullary (SAM) axis are associated with mental and somatic illness. However, there is lack of knowledge regarding the molecular mechanisms underlying these effects. Epigenetic states in the serotonin transporter gene (SLC6A4) were shown to be associated with stress in various forms. We hypothesized that levels of DNA methylation (DNAm) of SLC6A4 would be associated with altered SAM- and HPA regulation in daily life. N = 74 healthy persons participated in the study. An ecological momentary assessment (EMA) approach was used to assess indicators of stress in daily life. Each day included six concurrent assessments of saliva, to quantify cortisol (sCort; HPA axis) and alpha-amylase (sAA; SAM axis), and to assess self-reports on subjective stress. To assess SLC6A4 DNAm, peripheral blood was drawn and analyzed via bisulfite pyrosequencing. All data were assessed in two waves three months apart, each including two days of EMA and the assessment of SLC6A4 DNAm. Data were analyzed using multilevel models. On the between-person level, higher average levels of SLC6A4 DNAm were associated with higher average levels of sAA, but not with average levels of sCort. On the within-person level, higher levels of SLC6A4 DNAm were associated with lower levels of sAA and sCort. There were no associations of subjective stress with SLC6A4 DNAm. The results help to clarify the association between environmental stress and stress axes regulation, pointing towards an important role of differential within- and between-person effects of SLC6A4 DNAm, which might shape this association.

Salivary amylase gene (AMY1) copy number variation has only a minor correlation with body composition in Chinese adults.

BACKGROUND: According to the WHO, about 39% of the global adult population were overweight or obese in 2016. Obesity has high heritability, with more than 1000 variants so far identified. There have been reports indicating that salivary amylase gene (AMY1) copy number was one of these variants, yet its association with obesity remains controversial. OBJECTIVE: Our research aimed to provide more evidence on the relationship of AMY1 copy number variation (CNV) with body mass index (BMI) and body composition. METHODS: We recruited 133 Chinese adults (65 males, 68 females, 18-25 years old) with normal fasting blood glucose and blood pressure levels. 19 males were selected for a 10-week intervention to change body composition. After anthropometric measurements, BMI was calculated, and body composition was measured using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA). For the 19 selected participants, we collected their height, weight, and body composition data one more time after intervention. All participants were required to leave their saliva samples and their AMY1 copy number was determined by real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR. RESULTS: We failed to find any significant difference in BMI and body composition between different copy number groups. Only a weak correlation was found between body muscle mass and body fat mass. After adjusted for height and weight, AMY1 CNV explained 4.83% of the variance and one single increase in AMY1 CNV can increase 0.214 kg of the body muscle mass, while one single increase in AMY1 CNV can decrease 0.217 kg of the body fat mass and explained 4.69% of the variance. CONCLUSIONS: As a genetic factor, the AMY1 gene copy number variation has only a minor correlation with BMI and body composition, and its effect can easily be hidden by other factors such as individual diet and exercise habit.

Starch intake, amylase gene copy number variation, plasma proteins, and risk of cardiovascular disease and mortality.

BACKGROUND: Salivary amylase, encoded by the AMY1 gene, initiate the digestion of starch. Whether starch intake or AMY1 copy number is related to disease risk is currently rather unknown. The aim was to investigate the association between starch intake and AMY1 copy number and risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and mortality and whether there is an interaction. In addition, we aim to identify CVD-related plasma proteins associated with starch intake and AMY1 copy number. METHODS: This prospective cohort study used data from 21,268 participants from the Malmö Diet and Cancer Study. Dietary data were collected through a modified diet history method and incident CVD and mortality were ascertained through registers. AMY1 gene copy number was determined by droplet digital polymerase chain reaction, a risk score of 10 genetic variants in AMY1 was measured, and a total of 88 selected CVD-related proteins were measured. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to analyze the associations of starch intake and AMY1 copy number with disease risk. Linear regression was used to identify plasma proteins associated with starch intake and AMY1 copy number. RESULTS: Over a median of 23 years' follow-up, 4443 individuals developed CVD event and 8125 died. After adjusting for potential confounders, a U-shape association between starch intake and risk of CVD (P-nonlinearity = 0.001) and all-cause mortality (P-nonlinearity = 0.03) was observed. No significant association was found between AMY1 copy number and risk of CVD and mortality, and there were no interactions between starch intake and AMY1 copy number (P interaction > 0.23). Among the 88 plasma proteins, adrenomedullin, interleukin-1 receptor antagonist protein, fatty acid-binding protein, leptin, and C-C motif chemokine 20 were associated with starch intake after adjusting for multiple testing. CONCLUSIONS: In this large prospective study among Swedish adults, a U-shaped association between starch intake and risk of CVD and all-cause mortality was found. Several plasma proteins were identified which might provide information on potential pathways for such association. AMY1 copy number was not associated with CVD risk or any of the plasma proteins, and there was no interaction between starch intake and AMY1 copy number on disease risk.

Impact of salivary and pancreatic amylase gene copy numbers on diabetes, obesity, and functional profiles of microbiome in Northern Japanese population.

Amylase genes reside in a structurally complex locus, and their copy numbers vary greatly, and several studies have reported their association with obesity. The mechanism of this effect was partially explained by changes in the oral and gut microbiome compositions; however, a detailed mechanism has been unclarified. In this study, we showed their association with diabetes in addition to obesity, and further discovered a plausible mechanism of this association based on the function of commensal bacteria. First, we confirmed that the amylase copy number in the population tends to be larger than that reported in other studies and that there is a positive association between obesity and diabetes (p = 1.89E-2 and 8.63E-3). Second, we identified that relative abundance of some genus level microbiome, Capnocytophaga, Dialister, and previously reported bacteria, were significantly associated with amylase copy numbers. Finally, through functional gene-set analysis using shotgun sequencing, we observed that the abundance of genes in the Acarbose pathway in the gut microbiome was significantly decreased with an increase in the amylase copy number (p-value = 5.80E-4). Our findings can partly explain the mechanism underlying obesity and diabetes in populations with high amylase copy numbers.

Reduced odds of diabetes associated with high plasma salivary α-amylase activity in Qatari women: a cross-sectional study.

The association of salivary α-amylase activity (SAA) activity or low copy number of its coding gene AMY1 with diabetes remains controversial. We aimed to reinvestigate the association of these factors with diabetes in Qatar, where diabetes prevalence is about 16%. We obtained cross-sectional data of 929 Qataris (age > 18 years) from the Qatar Biobank. We estimated AMY1 copy number variants (CNV) from whole-genome data, and quantified the SAA activity in plasma (pSAA). We used adjusted logistic regression to examine the association between pSAA activity or AMY1 CNV and diabetes odds. We found a significant association between high pSAA activity, but not AMY1 CNV, and reduced odds of diabetes in Qatari women. The OR per pSAA activity unit was 0.95 [95% CI 0.92, 0.98] (p = 0.002) (pSAA activity range: 4.7 U/L to 65 U/L) in women. The association is driven largely by the highest levels of pSAA activity. The probability of having diabetes was significantly lower in the fifth pSAA activity quintile relative to the first (0.21 ± 0.03 (Q1) versus 0.82 ± 0.02 (Q5)), resulting in significantly reduced diabetes prevalence in Q5 in women. Our study indicates a beneficial effect of high pSAA activity, but not AMY1 CN, on diabetes odds in Qatari women, and suggests pSAA activity levels as a potential marker to predict future diabetes in Qatari women.

Ethnic variability associating gut and oral microbiome with obesity in children.

Obesity is a growing worldwide problem that generally starts in the early years of life and affects minorities more often than Whites. Thus, there is an urgency to determine factors that can be used as targets as indicators of obesity. In this study, we attempt to generate a profile of gut and oral microbial clades predictive of disease status in African American (AA) and European American (EA) children. 16S rDNA sequencing of the gut and saliva microbial profiles were correlated with salivary amylase, socioeconomic factors (e.g., education and family income), and obesity in both ethnic populations. Gut and oral microbial diversity between AA and EA children showed significant differences in alpha-, beta-, and taxa-level diversity. While gut microbial diversity between obese and non-obese was not evident in EA children, the abundance of gut Klebsiella and Magasphaera was associated with obesity in AA children. In contrast, an abundance of oral Aggregatibacter and Eikenella in obese EA children was observed. These observations suggest an ethnicity-specific association with gut and oral microbial profiles. Socioeconomic factors influenced microbiota in obesity, which were ethnicity dependent, suggesting that specific approaches to confront obesity are required for both populations.

Polymorphisms of AMY1A gene and their association with growth, carcass traits and feed intake efficiency in chickens.

Investigations on the association between chicken traits and genetic variations can provide basic information to improve production performance in chickens. In our previous work, we genotyped 450 male chickens with a 600 K SNP array [1] and found that several SNPs in the genomic regions of the amylase alpha 1A (AMY1A) gene were significantly associated with feed intake efficiency and carcass traits. Given the lower accuracy of the SNP array, we performed direct sequencing with male and female chickens to further test chicken AMY1A polymorphisms and investigate their association with 17 traits in chickens. The results showed that 7 SNPs in the 5' flanking region, exon, intron and 3' UTR (3' untranslated region) of AMY1A, were significantly associated with daily gain (DG), average daily feed intake (ADFI), leg muscle weight (LMW) and abdominal fat (AF) (p < 0.05). Additionally, the haplotypes based on three SNPs, rs15910189, rs314354067 and rs316026696, showed significant associations with DG (p < 0.01), ADFI and AF (p < 0.05). To better understand the transcriptional regulation of AMY1A, we cloned its 5' flanking region and found that the SNPs rs316436216 and rs314213090 which might change the transcriptional regulator binding sites, were in the suppressor and enhancer regions, respectively. In addition, luciferase assays revealed that the SNP rs314613110 in the 3' UTR influenced the binding of the miRNA gga-miR-1764-3p. To validate whether there is any copy number variation in AMY1A in our population, we performed a genome-wide assessment of CNVs through whole-genome resequencing data. However, no CNV was found in AMY1A in our population, which is different from the increased copy number of AMY1A found in humans who consume a high-starch diet. Therefore, the present study provides substantial evidence for the association of AMY1A polymorphisms with growth traits and feed intake efficiency, which might contribute to chicken breeding programs.

Influence of AMY1A copy number variations on obesity and other cardiometabolic risk factors: A review of the evidence.

The rising incidence of obesity and type 2 diabetes is contributing to the escalating burden of disease globally. These metabolic disorders are closely linked with diet and in particular with carbohydrate consumption; hence, it is important to understand the underlying mechanisms that influence carbohydrate metabolism. Amylase, the enzyme responsible for the digestion of starch, is coded by the genes AMY1A, AMY1B, and AMY1C (salivary amylase) and AMY2A and AMY2B (pancreatic amylase). Previous studies demonstrate wide variations in AMY1A copy numbers, which can be attributed to several genetic, nutritional, and geographical diversities seen in populations globally. Current literature suggests that AMY1A copy number variations are important in obesity and other cardiometabolic disorders through their effects on glucose and lipid homeostasis, inflammatory markers, and the gut microbiome. This review synthesizes the available evidence to improve understanding of the role of AMY1A in obesity and related cardiometabolic risk factors and disorders including insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular risk and inflammation, and the gut microbiome.

Alpha-amylase 1A copy number variants and the association with memory performance and Alzheimer's dementia.

BACKGROUND: Previous studies have shown that copy number variation (CNV) in the alpha (α)-amylase gene (AMY1A) is associated with body mass index, insulin resistance, and blood glucose levels, factors also shown to increase the risk of Alzheimer's dementia (AD). We have previously demonstrated the presence of α-amylase in healthy neuronal dendritic spines and a reduction of the same in AD patients. In the current study, we investigate the relationship between AMY1A copy number and AD, memory performance, and brain α-amylase activity. METHODS AND MATERIALS: The association between AMY1A copy number and development of AD was analyzed in 5422 individuals (mean age at baseline 57.5 ± 5.9, females 58.2%) from the Malmö diet and cancer study genotyped for AMY1A copy number, whereof 247 where diagnosed with AD during a mean follow-up of 20 years. Associations between AMY1A copy number and cognitive performance where analyzed in 791 individuals (mean age at baseline 54.7 ± 6.3, females 63%), who performed Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) test. Correlation analysis between α-amylase activity or α-amylase gene expression and AMY1A copy number in post-mortem hippocampal tissue from on demented controls (n = 8) and AD patients (n = 10) was also performed. RESULTS: Individuals with very high ( ≥10) AMY1A copy number had a significantly lower hazard ratio of AD (HR = 0.62, 95% CI 0.41-0.94) and performed significantly better on MoCA delayed word recall test, compared to the reference group with AMY1A copy number 6. A trend to lower hazard ratio of AD was also found among individuals with low AMY1A copy number (1-5) (HR = 0.74, 95% CI 0.53-1.02). A tendency towards a positive correlation between brain α-amylase activity and AMY1A copy number was found, and females showed higher brain α-amylase activity compared to males. CONCLUSION: Our study suggests that the degree of α-amylase activity in the brain is affected by AMY1A copy number and gender, in addition to AD pathology. The study further suggests that very high AMY1A copy number is associated with a decreased hazard ratio of AD and we speculate that this effect is mediated via a beneficial impact of AMY1A copy number on episodic memory performance.

Consequences of Zmat3 loss in c-MYC- and mutant KRAS-driven tumorigenesis.

TP53 is a critical tumor suppressor that is mutated in approximately 50% of human cancers. Unveiling the downstream target genes of TP53 that fulfill its tumor suppressor function is an area of intense investigation. Zmat3 (also known as Wig-1 or PAG608) is one such downstream target of p53, whose loss in hemopoietic stem cells lacking the apoptosis and cell cycle regulators, Puma and p21, respectively, promotes the development of leukemia. The function of Zmat3 in tumorigenesis however remains unclear. Here, to investigate which oncogenic drivers co-operate with Zmat3 loss to promote neoplastic transformation, we utilized Zmat3 knockout mice in models of c-MYC-driven lymphomagenesis and KrasG12D-driven lung adenocarcinoma development. Interestingly, unlike loss of p53, Zmat3 germline loss had little impact on the rate of tumor development or severity of malignant disease upon either the c-MYC or KrasG12D oncogenic activation. Furthermore, loss of Zmat3 failed to rescue KrasG12D primary lung tumor cells from oncogene-induced senescence. Taken together, we conclude that in the context of c-MYC-driven lymphomagenesis or mutant KrasG12D-driven lung adenocarcinoma development, additional co-occurring mutations are required to resolve Zmat3 tumor suppressive activity.

Diagnostic utility of amylase α-1A, MOC 31, and CD 82 in renal oncocytoma versus chromophobe renal cell carcinoma.

OBJECTIVE: Renal oncocytoma (RO) and chromophobe renal cell carcinoma (ChRCC) originate from the same cell origin, that is, the intercalated cells of the collecting duct.[1] In most cases, there are clear morphologic differences between RO and ChRCC; however, in some instances, overlapping features may be encountered and the differentiation between the two entities becomes difficult.[2] Several immunohistochemical markers with different expression patterns in ChRCC and RO have been described to rule out this dilemma. MATERIALS AND METHODS: About 47 primary renal neoplasms that had been diagnosed as RO or ChRCC were submitted for immunohistochemical staining of amylase α-1A (AMY1A), MOC 31, and CD 82. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV), and diagnostic accuracy have been analyzed. RESULTS: AMY1A positivity was observed in all RO cases in our work with 91.7% sensitivity and 100% specificity in the diagnosis of RO. The PPV of its expression was (100%) and NPV (97.2%) with a diagnostic accuracy of 97.9%. A significant high expression of MOC 31 was observed in ChRCC compared to its expression in RO with a statistical significance (P < 0.001). In addition, we obtained 82.9% sensitivity and 91.7% specificity of MOC 31 expression in the diagnosis of ChRCC. The positive predictive value (PPV) was (96.7%), negative predictive value (NPV) (64.7%) with diagnostic accuracy (85.1%). In our studied cases, we detected positive immunoexpression of CD 82 in 10 cases (83.3%) of ChRCC. However, it was lost in all RO cases (100%). CD 82 sensitivity and specificity in differentiating ChRCC from RO were 100% and 83.3%, respectively. CONCLUSION: We propose MOC 31 and CD 82 as negative immunostains for RO, as these markers are commonly expressed in ChRCC. In conjunction with AMY1A strong immunopositivity in RO cases, we provide a triple panel of biomarkers (AMY1A, MOC 31, and CD 82) for the distinction between RO and ChRCC.

AMY1 Gene Copy Number Correlates With Glucose Absorption and Visceral Fat Volume, but Not with Insulin Resistance.

BACKGROUND: The human amylase gene (AMY1) has a broad copy number (CN) variation that may associate with body mass index. METHODS: Deoxyribonucleic acid was extracted from urine (n = 74) and serum (n = 6) samples (Protein, Fiber and Metabolic Syndrome [ProFiMet] cohort), and buccal (n = 17) samples (Oral Starch Challenge [OSC] cohort), and assessed for AMY1 CN by droplet digital polymerase chain reaction. The association of AMY1 CN with comprehensive markers of metabolic status (ProFiMet cohort) were analyzed with Pearson's correlation coefficient (CC). For the healthy, euglycemic OSC cohort, glycemic response to OSC was analyzed with independent sample t-tests (subgroups: high AMY1 CN 9-12, n = 10; low AMY1 CN 4-6, n = 7). RESULTS: There were significant inverse correlations of AMY1 CN with total visceral fat volume (CC -0.33; P = 0.004) and positive correlations of AMY1 CN with oral glucose insulin sensitivity score (derived from an oral glucose tolerance test, CC 0.26; P = 0.02), serum HDL-cholesterol (CC 0.325; P = 0.003), and serum adiponectin (CC 0.249; P = 0.026). Linear regression multivariate analysis (adiponectin as dependent variable), showed independent association of adiponectin with AMY1 CN (Beta = 0.29; P = 0.03). There were no significant associations between AMY1 CN and clamp-derived M-value, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (IR), hepatic endogenous glucose production, fecal floral signature, or macronutrient dietary preference. Delta (mean) change in blood glucose concentration (fasting to 30-minutes post-OSC) was significantly greater in the high versus low AMY1 CN subgroups (mean 1.7 mmol/l [SEM 0.6] vs 0.9 mmol/l [SEM 0.9], respectively; P = 0.016). CONCLUSIONS: High AMY1 CN associates with a favorable metabolic profile (lower visceral fat volume, higher serum adiponectin, enhanced glucose absorption following oral glucose, and OSC), but not with whole-body or hepatic IR.

Cordycepin attenuates Salivary Hypofunction through the Prevention of Oxidative Stress in Human Submandibular Gland Cells.

Xerostomia (dry mouth) is a significant age-related condition. Meanwhile, cordycepin, the natural therapeutic agent, has demonstrated an anti-aging effect. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the preventive effects of cordycepin on secretory function in an in vitro model of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-induced salivary hypofunction. After being exposed to H2O2, human submandibular gland (HSG) cells were treated with various concentrations of cordycepin (6.25-50 µM) for 24, 48, and 72h. To evaluate cell proliferation and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide and 2, 7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate assays were performed. The amylase activity was kinetically measured by 2-chloro-p-nitrophenol linked with maltotrioside. The expression of salivary, antioxidant and apoptotic markers at mRNA and protein levels were performed by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and immunofluorescence analysis, respectively. We demonstrated that cordycepin (6.25-25 µM) contributed to significant increases in expression of the salivary marker genes, alpha-amylase 1 (AMY1A) and aquaporin-5 (AQP5), and in amylase secretion without changes in cell viability. Under oxidative stress, HSG cells showed remarkable dysfunction. Cordycepin rescued the protective effects partially by decreasing ROS generation and restoring the expression of the salivary proteins, AMY and AQP5 via anti-oxidant and anti-apoptotic activity. In addition, the amount of amylase that was secreted from HSG cells cultured in cordycepin was increased. In conclusion, cordycepin demonstrated a protective effect on H2O2 -induced HSG cells by decreasing ROS generation and upregulating the salivary function markers, AMY1A and AQP5, at both the transcriptional and translational levels.

Starch Digestion-Related Amylase Genetic Variants, Diet, and Changes in Adiposity: Analyses in Prospective Cohort Studies and a Randomized Dietary Intervention.

Salivary amylase, encoded by the AMY1 gene, is responsible for the digestion of carbohydrates. We investigated associations of AMY1 genetic variations with general and central adiposity changes considering dietary carbohydrate intake among 32,054 adults from four prospective cohort studies. A genetic risk score (GRS) was calculated based on nine AMY1 single-nucleotide polymorphisms, with higher AMY1-GRS indicating higher activity of salivary amylase. We meta-analyzed interactions between AMY1-GRS and dietary intake for changes in general and central adiposity over 5.5-10 years. We found that carbohydrate food intake significantly altered associations of AMY1-GRS with changes in BMI (P interaction = 0.001) and waist circumference (P interaction < 0.001). Results were consistent and significant in female cohorts rather than in male cohorts. Among women, higher AMY1-GRS was associated with more increases in adiposity if dietary carbohydrate food intake was high, while higher AMY1-GRS was associated with less gains in adiposity when the dietary intake was low. Also, in a 2-year randomized dietary intervention trial, associations of AMY1-GRS with changes in weight (P interaction = 0.023) and waist circumference (P interaction = 0.037) were significantly modified by carbohydrate intake. Our results suggest the importance of precision nutrition strategies considering participants' genetic adaptation to carbohydrate-rich diets in regulating general and central adiposity.

Low AMY1 Copy Number Is Cross-Sectionally Associated to an Inflammation-Related Lipidomics Signature in Overweight and Obese Individuals.

SCOPE: Reduced amylase 1 (AMY1) copy numbers are associated with obesity, insulin resistance, and inflammation. Although mechanisms linking AMY1 copy number with metabolic disorders are poorly understood, recent findings suggest that lipids play a key role. METHODS AND RESULTS: Plasma lipidomic signatures associated with AMY1 copy number are explored in 57 non-diabetic overweight/obese subjects aged 18-60. Serum amylase and inflammatory cytokines levels are also measured. AMY1 copy number is strongly associated with the serum amylase concentration. Participants are divided into low-(≤4) and high-(>4) AMY1 carriers based on the median. Low-AMY1 carriers have higher BMI and fat mass. They also have higher levels of dihexosylceramides (R = -0.27, p = 0.044), cholesterol esters (CE) (R = -0.32, p = 0.020), alkylphosphatidylcholines [PC(O)] (R = -0.33, p = 0.014), and sphingomyelins (SM) (R = -0.38, p = 0.005). From 459 lipid species, 28 differ between low- and high-AMY1 carriers. These include CE species with long-chain PUFA; PC(O) and PC plasmalogens containing arachidonic acid; and PC, mono-, di-, and tri-hexosylceramides, and SM containing saturated fatty acids (mainly C16:0 and C20:0). This lipidomic signature is strongly associated with inflammatory cytokines, which are also negatively associated with the AMY1 copy number. CONCLUSION: A lipidomics signature associated with low AMY1 copy numbers is revealed, which is linked to obesity and chronic low-grade inflammation.

AMY1 diploid copy number among end-stage renal disease patients.

PURPOSE: The salivary amylase gene (AMY1) copy number variation (CNV) is increased as a human adaptation to starch-enriched nutritional patterns. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationship between AMY1 CNV, dietary starch consumption, and anthropometric indices among a known population with elevated cardiovascular risk, being end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients. METHODS: A total of 43 ESRD patients were recruited based on the following inclusion criteria: being (1) adults, (2) on hemodialysis for more than 3 months, (3) able to communicate effectively, and (4) willing to participate. Anthropometric measurements were performed, dietary intake was recorded via food-frequency questionnaires, and AMY1 CNV was quantified in blood samples DNA via real-time PCR. RESULTS: Median AMY1 CNV was 4.0 (2.0-17.0). A total of 21 patients had an even, and 22 had an odd AMY1 copy number (CN). Independent samples t tests revealed that AMY1-odd diploid CN is associated with increased body weight, waist and hip circumferences, and fat mass compared to the respective even diploid CN carrier group. No differences were observed for BMI or nutritional intake. Multiple regression analysis revealed that AMY1-odd diploid CN was positively associated with increased hip circumference (ß = 7.87, 95% CI = 0.34 to 15.39) and absolute fat mass (ß = 6.66, 95% CI = 0.98 to 12.34); however, after applying the Bonferroni correction for multiplicity, all regression analyses lost their significance. CONCLUSIONS: AMY1-odd diploid CN appears to be associated with selected adiposity variables among hemodialysis patients. However, more research is needed to verify this finding in this population with known increased cardiovascular risk.

Association of AMY1A/AMY2A copy numbers and AMY1/AMY2 serum enzymatic activity with obesity in Mexican children.

BACKGROUND: Mexican children are characterized by a high-starch intake diet and high prevalence of obesity. OBJECTIVES: To investigate the association of AMY1A/AMY2A copy numbers (CNs) and AMY1/AMY2 serum enzymatic activity with childhood obesity in up to 427 and 337 Mexican cases and controls. METHODS: Anthropometric and dietary starch intake data were collected. CN of AMY1A/AMY2A and AMY1/AMY2 serum enzymatic activity were determined using droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) and enzymatic colorimetry, respectively. An individual participant level data meta-analysis of association between AMY1A CNVs and obesity was also performed. RESULTS: A positive association between AMY1A/AMY2A CNs and their corresponding AMY1/AMY2 serum enzyme activity was observed in children with normal weight and obesity. The serum enzyme activity of AMY1 and AMY2 was negatively associated with childhood obesity risk, and the association was restricted to kids eating medium/high amount of starch (Pinteraction = .004). While no association between AMY1A and AMY2A CNs and childhood obesity was observed in our sample, we confirmed a significant association between AMY1A CN and obesity in a meta-analysis of 3100 Mexican children. CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggest that genetically determined salivary and pancreatic amylase activity can increase/decrease the risk of obesity in Mexican children, this effect being blunted by a low-starch diet.