A contribution to safety assessment of veterinary drug residues: in vitro/ex vivo studies on the intestinal toxicity and transport of covalently bound residues.

1. The gastrointestinal fate of protein-bound residues of the model compound furazolidone (FZD) was investigated in vitro and ex vivo. Protein-bound residues were generated in rat liver microsomes, isolated by solvent extraction and digested with 0.5% hydrochloric acid and Pronase E. 2. During digestion, 3-amino-2-oxazolidinone (AOZ), the side chain of furazolidone, was partly released from bound residues. 3. The absorption of free AOZ and digested protein-bound residues was tested in isolated perfused rat gut segments (IPGS) and in the intestinal cell line Caco-2. Free AOZ was transfered both in the IPGS model and in Caco-2 monolayer cultures, while no indications for passage of bound residues were obtained. 4. No acute toxicity of AOZ or digested food residues respectively was observed in gut segments and Caco-2 cells at concentrations that were substantially above maximum residue levels to be expected in food of animal origin after administration of therapeutic doses. 5. The results demonstrate that digestive processes can alter the chemical nature of drug residues and yield degradation products that may be bioavailable for the consumer. Thus, the covalent binding of xenobiotics to macromolecular tissue constituents cannot necessarily be regarded as an irreversible endpoint of residue bioavailability and toxicity.