The migration and localization of Loa loa infective and fourth-stage larvae in normal and immunosuppressed rodents.

The migration and localization of the human filarial parasite Loa loa in laboratory mice (BALB/c and Swiss) and jirds (Meriones unguiculatus) was investigated. The rodents, either left immunocompetent or immunosuppressed with hydrocortisone, were each inoculated subcutaneously or intraperitoneally with 50 or 200 infective, third-stage larvae (L(3)) of L. loa. Groups of the rodents were killed at various times post-infection, up to day 40, to enable histological studies and permit developing larvae to be recovered. Larvae survived and developed for only 1 week in the immunocompetent rodents but for a mean of 3 weeks in the immunosuppressed. Most of the larvae were found in the subcutaneous tissues (81.9%), peritoneal cavity (14.9%), pleural cavity (1.8%) or the lungs and heart (1.3%) and none was detected in the spleen, kidney, intestine, liver or pancreas. Localization of the larvae appeared unaffected by the site of inoculation, the rodent species or strain, or the dose of L(3) used. The recovery of larvae (as a percentage of the number inoculated) was better among the rodents inoculated with 50 L(3) each than among those given four times as many L(3). The results of the histological studies not only confirmed the presence of larvae in the subcutaneous tissue (72.5%), muscles (11.7%) and peritoneal and pleural cavities (7.8%) of the infected rodents but also revealed worms in the lymphatic vessels of the mesentery and spinal cord (7.3%). These results indicate that most L. loa L(3) inoculated into a mammalian host localize in the cutaneous sites and that only a small proportion of them might migrate, using the lymphatic system, into the internal organs. The observation of migrating L. loa larvae in the lymphatic vessel of the meningeal envelope of the spinal cord, albeit in an experimental host, may explain why, in areas where human loiasis is endemic, neurological manifestations occasionally occur in those with L. loa infections.