Mad1 function in cell proliferation and transcriptional repression is antagonized by cyclin E/CDK2.

The transcription factors of the Myc/Max/Mad network play essential roles in the regulation of cellular behavior. Mad1 inhibits cell proliferation by recruiting an mSin3-corepressor complex that contains histone deacetylase activity. Here we demonstrate that Mad1 is a potent inhibitor of the G(1) to S phase transition, a function that requires Mad1 to heterodimerize with Max and to bind to the corepressor complex. Cyclin E/CDK2, but not cyclin D and cyclin A complexes, fully restored S phase progression. In addition inhibition of colony formation and gene repression by Mad1 were also efficiently antagonized by cyclin E/CDK2. This was the result of cyclin E/CDK2 interfering with the interaction of Mad1 with HDAC1 and reducing HDAC activity. Our findings define a novel interplay between the cell cycle regulator cyclin E/CDK2 and Mad1 and its associated repressor complex and suggests an additional mechanism how cyclin E/CDK2 affects the G(1) to S phase transition.