Comparison of pharmacokinetics, intracellular localizations and sonodynamic efficacy of endogenous and exogenous protoporphyrin IX in sarcoma 180 cells.

ABSTRACT

PURPOSE: The aim of the present study was to investigate the differences in pharmacokinetics, sub-cellular localizations and sonodynamic efficacy between endogenous and exogenous protoporphyrin IX (endo-PpIX and exo-PpIX) in sarcoma 180 (S180) cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA)-derived endo-PpIX and exo-PpIX pharmacokinetic profiles were determined by the fluorescence intensity of cell extracts with a spectrophotometer based on a standard curve. The changes in their sub-cellular localization patterns over a prolonged incubation time were evaluated by laser scanning confocal microscopy. The cytotoxic effects of 5-ALA-mediated sonodynamic therapy (ALA-SDT) and exogenous PpIX-mediated sonodynamic therapy (PpIX-SDT) were also evaluated by the MTT assay. RESULTS: The exo-PpIX showed dose-dependent pharmacokinetics in which a plateau of intra- and extracellular content was observed 45min after administration. However, the amount of ALA-derived endogenous intracellular PpIX, as well as extracellular PpIX in the same samples, showed linear accumulation with incubation time, which was independent of ALA concentration. Fluorescent imaging revealed that the exo-PpIX mainly accumulated at the plasma membrane in the early stage, whereas the ALA-derived PpIX initially localized in the mitochondria. Cells displayed sonodynamic damage by the synthesized endo-PpIX after addition of 1mM ALA for 12h, but the cytotoxicity induced by the equivalent amount of exo-PpIX was much more significant with increasing ultrasound intensities. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that endo- and exo-PpIX in S180 cells differ not only in pharmacokinetics but also in sub-cellular localizations, which may affect their sonodynamic efficacy and mechanisms of inducing cell death.