The cardioprotective effects of marrubiin, a diterpenoid found in Leonotis leonurus extracts.

ABSTRACT

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Leonotis leonurus L. (Lamiaceae) is used as a traditional medicine for a variety of ailments in South Africa. The diterpene marrubiin is the major product constituent in specimens of this plant occurring in South Africa. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Marrubiin isolated from South African specimens of L. leonurus in addition to an organic extract of L. leonurus were tested in vivo, ex vivo and in vitro for their anticoagulant, antiplatelet and anti-inflammatory activities. RESULTS: Marrubiin and the organic extract suppressed coagulation, platelet aggregation and inflammatory markers. For the coagulation markers it was found that the organic extract and marrubiin significantly prolonged activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT). Fibrin and D-dimer formation were drastically decreased. These findings were observed in an ex vivo model and an obese rat model. Chemokines enhance leukocyte recruitment to inflammatory sites. TNF-α and RANTES secretion were significantly reduced by the extract and marrubiin when determined in the obese rat model relative to the controls. Calcium mobilization and TXB(2) synthesis were suppressed by the extract and marrubiin. An in vitro model was used to elucidate the antiplatelet mechanism and it was found that the extract and marrubiin inhibited platelet aggregation by inhibiting the binding of fibrinogen to glycoprotein (GP) IIb/IIIa receptor in a concentration dependent manner. CONCLUSION: The findings reflect that marrubiin largely contributes to the extract's anticoagulant, antiplatelet and anti-inflammatory effects observed.