Long term p38-a deficiency up-regulates antioxidant enzymes through compensatory NF-?B activation.

p38a MAPK may function as a mediator of reactive oxygen species signaling and thus p38a is considered a sensor of oxidative stress. In liver-specific p38a knock-out (KO) adult mice we previously found glutathione depletion and down-regulation of antioxidant enzymes. Our aim was to assess the influence of long-term p38a deficiency on oxidative stress and on the regulation of antioxidant enzymes in liver of old mice. To this end, wild type or liver-specific KO mice after weaning, at 4-6 months of age, or at 24 months of age were used. Reduced glutathione (GSH) and oxidized glutathione levels were determined by mass spectrometry, gene expression of antioxidant enzymes was determined by RT-PCR, and induction of NRF-2 and PGC-1a as well as activation of NF-?B were assessed by western blotting. We report that GSH levels decreased upon aging only in liver of wild-type mice, but not in p38a KO mice. The mRNA expression of glutathione peroxidase, Cu-Zn superoxide dismutase, Mn-superoxide dismutase, and glutamate cysteine ligase was up-regulated in adult wild-type in comparison with mice after weaning, but their gene expression was down-regulated in old wild-type mice. Although the mRNA expression of glutathione peroxidase, Cu-Zn superoxide dismutase, Mn-superoxide dismutase, and glutamate cysteine ligase was down-regulated in adult KO mice vs KO mice after weaning, their gene expression was up-regulated in old KO mice. This up-regulation was not associated with nuclear translocation of NRF-2, which decreased upon aging in KO mice, nor with up-regulation of PGC-1a. However, phosphorylation of p65 was markedly increased in old KO mice as an index of NF-?B activation. In conclusion, long term deficiency of p38a in the liver causes compensatory activation of NF?B that is likely to be responsible for the up-regulation of antioxidant enzymes upon aging, independently of Nrf-2 and PGC-1a.